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1. In the year that king Uzziah died. This is usually the beginning of the sixth chapter; but some think that it is the beginning of the book itself, and that in collecting the prophecies of Isaiah an error was committed. The reason which they assign is, that the Prophet here declines the office of a teacher, which he would not have refused if he had hitherto discharged it; that he appears to be a mere novice as yet unacquainted with his calling; and besides, that he declares that he has now seen the Lord, and that he has not seen him, before. But such arguments I consider, as I have already noticed, to be too feeble and unsatisfactory; and I reply that it ought not to be thought strange that he was so completely overpowered by this extraordinary vision as to forget that he was a prophet. For there was no feeling in him which was not overpowered by the presence of God, so that, like one who had lost his senses, he willingly plunged himself in darkness, or rather, like one who despaired of life, he of his own accord chose to die. And it is necessary that the godly should be affected in this manner, when the Lord gives them tokens of his presence, that they may be brought low and utterly confounded. Besides, in the person of his servant God intended to strike his rebellious people with alarm; and therefore we need not wonder if he offers an apology for himself under the overwhelming influence of fear, and likewise because he had not felt the weight of his office, as he now felt it, after having beheld an illustrious display of the majesty of God. But why was not this vision exhibited to him at the beginning? I answer, it was necessary in regard to the time, that he might be more and more confirmed in the discharge of his office. We have an instance of this in the Apostles themselves; for at first they were sent out with an injunction not to pass beyond the limits of Judea, ( Matthew 10:5 ;) but after that Christ had risen, he again set them apart in a new and solemn manner, breathed on them, bidding them receive the Holy Ghost , ( John 20:21 ;) and not only so, but sending his Spirit from heaven in the forms of tongues of fire , invested them with extraordinary power. ( Acts 2:3 .) Thus, on account of the various changes of times and of kings, it was necessary that Isaiah should be encouraged and again attested by a new vision; that he might be excited to perseverance, and might afterwards proceed with greater cheerfulness in his course; and also that the Jews might perceive his ministry to be supported by heavenly authority. This appears to me to be a sufficient reason why this vision was not exhibited to him at the very beginning, but after that he had for some time discharged the office of a teacher. That this was not the beginning of the prophecy is evident enough from the consideration that the preface, which we have already examined, is much better adapted for the commencement, and more appropriate than what is contained in this chapter; and every approach having been shut up by the hard-hearted obstinacy of the people, it was proper that he should burst forth in this vehement manner. Besides, it is probable that he had long performed the office of a teacher under King Uzziah, who, I think, was dead before this prediction was published. In short, the Prophet means that it was not till he had commenced his course that God appeared to him. Some think that death here means leprosy , which undoubtedly was a civil death, when the king was compelled to withdraw from the society of men, and to lay down the reins of government, ( 2 Kings 15:5 ;) but I choose rather to take death in its literal sense. So then, I think that Isaiah uttered the former predictions during the reign of Uzziah, even after he had been struck with leprosy; and that when he had died, and Jotham had succeeded him, this vision was presented to Isaiah. We know what various commotions are produced by a change of kings, so that we need not wonder that Isaiah had his calling again sealed. But the prophecy itself, which follows, will sufficiently show that he had been a public teacher for some time before he saw the Lord; for it relates that the blinding of the people, whose obstinacy he had experienced to such an extent that he might have been induced to cease from his undertaking, for he saw that he was doing no good. The Lord, therefore, confirms him by this vision, that the opposition may not prevent him from boldly discharging his office, and performing what he undertook at the commandment of God. I saw the Lord It is asked, How could Isaiah see God who is a Spirit , ( John 4:24 ,) and, therefore, cannot be seen with bodily eyes? Nay, more, since the understandings of men cannot rise to his boundless height, how can he be seen in a visible shape? But we ought to be aware that, when God exhibited himself to the view of the Fathers, he never appeared such as he actually is, but such as the capacity of men could receive. Though men may be said to creep on the ground, or at least dwell far below the heavens, there is no absurdity in supposing that God comes down to them in such a manner as to cause some kind of mirror to reflect the rays of his glory. There was, therefore, exhibited to Isaiah such a form as enabled him, according to his capacity, to perceive the inconceivable majesty of God; and thus he attributes to God a throne , a robe , and a bodily appearance. Hence we learn a profitable doctrine, that whenever God grants any token of his presence, he is undoubtedly present with us, for he does not amuse us by unmeaning shapes, as men wickedly disfigure him by their contrivances. since, therefore, that exhibition was no deceitful representation of the presence of God, Isaiah justly declares that he saw him . In like manner, when it is said that John saw the Holy Spirit in the shape of a dove, ( John 1:32 ) the name of the Holy Spirit is applied to the outward sign, because in the representation there was no deception; a
Pericope (part_of)
- part_of
pericope/per-isa-6-001
절 (explains)
Source
source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
"웃시야 왕이 죽던 해에" — 이것은 보통 6장의 시작이다. 하지만 일부는 이것이 책 자체의 시작이며, 이사야의 예언들을 수집할 때 오류가 발생했다고 생각한다. 그들이 제시하는 이유는, 선지자가 여기서 교사의 직분을 거절하는데, 이미 그것을 수행했다면 거부하지 않았을 것이라는 점이다. 그는 아직 자신의 소명을 알지 못하는 단순한 초보자처럼 보인다. 또한 이제 주님을 보았으며 이전에는 보지 못했다고 선언한다는 것이다.
하지만 그런 논거들은 이미 언급했듯이 너무 미약하고 불충분하다고 본다. 나는 이 비범한 환상에 의해 그가 자신이 선지자임을 잊을 만큼 완전히 압도되었다는 것이 이상할 것 없다고 답한다. 하나님의 임재에 압도되지 않은 감정이 그에게 하나도 없었다. 그래서 마치 제정신을 잃은 사람처럼 기꺼이 어둠에 자신을 던지거나, 오히려 삶을 절망한 사람처럼 자발적으로 죽기를 선택했다. 그리고 주님이 그분의 임재의 표시를 그들에게 주실 때, 경건한 자들은 이런 방식으로 영향을 받아야 한다. 낮아지고 완전히 혼란에 빠져야 한다.
또한 하나님은 자신의 종의 모습으로 반역하는 백성을 두려움으로 치려 하셨다. 따라서 그가 두려움의 압도적인 영향 아래 자신을 위해 사과하고, 이제 하나님의 위엄의 찬란한 나타남을 보고 나서야 자신의 직분의 무게를 느꼈기 때문에 그렇게 하는 것을 이상하게 여길 필요가 없다. 그러나 이 환상이 왜 처음부터 그에게 나타나지 않았는가? 시간에 관하여 그것이 필요했다고 답한다. 직분의 수행에서 더욱더 확고해지기 위함이다. 우리는 사도들 자신에게서도 이런 사례를 본다.
처음에 그들은 유대 경계를 넘지 말라는 명령을 받으며 파송되었다(마 10:5). 하지만 그리스도가 부활하신 후 새롭고 장엄한 방식으로 다시 그들을 구별하셔서 숨을 불어넣으시며 성령을 받으라 하셨다(요 20:21). 그뿐 아니라 불의 혀로 하늘에서 성령을 보내셔서 그들에게 비범한 능력을 주셨다(행 2:3). 마찬가지로 시대와 왕들의 다양한 변화 때문에 이사야가 새 환상으로 격려받고 다시 확증받는 것이 필요했다. 인내에 분발하고 이후 더 기쁘게 자신의 길을 나아갈 수 있도록. 또한 유대인들이 그의 사역이 천상의 권위로 지지받음을 인식하도록.
이것이 이 환상이 맨 처음이 아니라 한동안 교사의 직분을 수행한 후에야 나타난 충분한 이유로 보인다. 이것이 예언의 시작이 아님은, 이미 검토한 서문이 이 장의 내용보다 시작에 훨씬 더 적합하고 적절하다는 고려에서 충분히 명백하다. 또한 백성의 완고한 완강함으로 모든 진입이 막혔으므로, 이런 강렬한 방식으로 폭발하는 것이 적절했다.
"나는 주님을 보았다" — 어떻게 이사야가 영이신(요 4:24) 하나님을, 따라서 육안으로는 볼 수 없는 분을 볼 수 있었는가 하는 질문이 제기된다. 더욱이 인간의 이해력이 그분의 무한한 높이에 오를 수 없는데, 가시적인 형태로 그분을 볼 수 있겠는가? 그러나 우리는 하나님이 조상들의 시야에 자신을 나타내실 때 결코 실제 그대로가 아니라 인간의 능력이 받을 수 있는 것으로 나타나셨음을 알아야 한다. 사람들이 땅을 기어 다닌다 할지라도, 또는 최소한 하늘 아래 훨씬 멀리 살더라도, 하나님이 자신의 영광의 광선을 어떤 거울에 반사시키는 방식으로 그들에게 내려오신다고 상정하는 데 불합리함이 없다.
따라서 이사야에게는 자신의 능력에 따라 하나님의 파악할 수 없는 위엄을 인식할 수 있게 하는 형태가 나타났다. 따라서 그는 하나님께 보좌와 옷과 육체적 외양을 부여한다. 여기서 유익한 교리를 배운다. 즉 하나님이 임재의 어떤 표시를 허락하실 때마다 그분은 의심할 여지 없이 우리와 함께 계신다는 것이다. 무의미한 형상으로 우리를 희롱하지 않으시기 때문이다. 사람들이 자신들의 고안으로 그분을 악하게 변형시키듯이. 그 나타남이 하나님의 임재에 대한 기만적인 표현이 아니었으므로, 이사야는 자신이 그분을 보았다고 정당하게 선언한다.
원주석
- 번역원본
commentary-section/cal-isa-6-1-1(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역
2절 카드 ↗
2. And the seraphim stood upon it. Having declared that God appeared to him full of majesty and of glory, he adds, that God was attended by angels, whom the Prophet calls seraphim on account of their fervor. Though the etymology of this word is well known, yet various reasons are adduced. Some think that they are called seraphim because they burn with the love of God; others, because they are swift like fire; others, because they are bright. However that may be, this description holds out to us, as in sunbeams, the brightness of God’s infinite majesty, that we may learn by it to behold and adore his wonderful and overwhelming glory. Many think that there were two seraphim , as there were two cherubim that encompassed the ark of the testimony. This opinion I willingly adopt, though I do not venture to make any assertion where Scripture is silent. As it is customary with the sacred writers to accommodate their descriptions of God to those outward signs which were commonly used and familiarly known among the godly, it is possible that the Prophet saw a representation of this kind. While I hold this to be a probable conjecture, I leave room for other interpretations which some may be disposed to prefer; for Daniel saw not two angels only, but thousands of thousands of angels. ( Daniel 7:10 .) Each one had six wings. This representation is instructive; for those wings thus arranged contained some mystery which it was the will of the Lord should not remain wholly unknown. The two wings with which the angels fly mean nothing else than their ready and cheerful performance of the commandments of God. On this point the resemblance is so clear and manifest, that it will be at once admitted by all who do not take delight in controversy. The two wings with which they cover their face show plainly enough that even angels cannot endure God’s brightness, and that they are dazzled by it in the same manner as when we attempt to gaze upon the radiance of the sun. And if angels are overwhelmed by the majesty of God, how great will be the rashness of men if they venture to intrude so far! Let us, therefore, learn that our inquiries concerning God ought never to go beyond what is proper and lawful, that our knowledge may soberly and modestly taste what is far above our capacity. And yet the angels do not cover their face in such a manner as not to be favored with beholding God in some degree; for their flight is not at random. In like manner we too ought to look at God, but only so far as our capacity shall enable us. As to the remaining two wings, which were placed lower, the difficulty is somewhat greater. Some think that the angels covered their feet , that they might not touch the earth, and contract any defilement from it, as human beings like ourselves are wont to do; for in walking we gather filth and dust, and accordingly, so long as we dwell on earth, we are always tainted by some kind of contagion. This reminds believers that they will have no intercourse with angels till they raise themselves high, and are no longer fastened to the earth. Such is the interpretation given by some expositors. But I rather agree with those who think that the use of those wings was opposite to that of the upper wings ; for, as by the upper wings they cover their face , that they may not be overpowered by God’s brightness, so they have also lower wings to conceal them from our view. Now, if it be true that we cannot behold the small and feeble rays of the Divine brightness without being altogether overpowered, how could we gaze upon that unspeakably bright and glorious majesty which lays prostrate all our faculties? Let men learn, therefore, that they are far distant from a perfect knowledge of God, since they cannot even reach to the angels. The latter appears to me to be the more correct exposition, but I do not disapprove of the former. return to ' Top of Page ' <a name="verse-3" class="com-number"
Pericope (part_of)
- part_of
pericope/per-isa-6-001
절 (explains)
Source
source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
"스랍들이 서 있었는데" — 그는 하나님이 온전한 위엄과 영광으로 자신에게 나타나셨다고 선언한 후, 하나님이 천사들과 함께 하셨음을 더한다. 선지자는 그들의 열기로 인해 스랍이라 부른다. 이 단어의 어원은 잘 알려져 있지만 다양한 이유가 제시된다. 일부는 그들이 하나님의 사랑으로 타오르기 때문에 스랍이라 불린다고 생각한다. 다른 이들은 불처럼 빠르기 때문에, 또 다른 이들은 밝기 때문에 그렇다고 한다.
어쨌든 이 묘사는 우리에게 마치 햇빛처럼 하나님의 무한한 위엄의 밝음을 제시한다. 그것으로 우리가 그분의 놀랍고 압도적인 영광을 보고 경배하는 법을 배우도록. 많은 이들은 증거 궤를 감싸고 있던 두 그룹처럼 두 스랍이 있었다고 생각한다. 나는 성경이 침묵하는 곳에서 어떤 주장도 감히 하지 않지만 이 의견을 기꺼이 받아들인다.
"각각 여섯 날개가 있었다" — 이 묘사는 교훈적이다. 그렇게 배열된 날개들에는 주님의 뜻이 완전히 알려지지 않은 채 남겨지지 않도록 원하셨던 어떤 비밀이 담겨 있기 때문이다. 천사들이 나는 두 날개는 하나님의 명령을 기꺼이 기쁘게 수행함을 나타내는 것 외에 다른 것이 아니다. 이 점에서 유사성이 너무 명확하고 분명하여 논쟁을 즐기지 않는 모든 사람이 즉시 인정할 것이다.
얼굴을 가리는 두 날개는 천사들조차도 하나님의 밝음을 견딜 수 없으며, 우리가 태양의 광채를 응시하려 할 때와 같은 방식으로 눈이 부심을 충분히 보여 준다. 천사들이 하나님의 위엄에 압도된다면, 사람들이 그처럼 감히 침입한다면 얼마나 큰 무모함이겠는가! 따라서 우리의 하나님에 관한 탐구가 적절하고 합법적인 것을 넘어서지 말아야 함을 배우자. 우리의 지식이 우리 능력을 훨씬 넘는 것을 분별력 있게 겸손하게 맛볼 수 있도록.
그러나 천사들이 어느 정도 하나님을 보는 특혜를 받지 못하는 방식으로 얼굴을 가리는 것은 아니다. 그들의 비행이 무작위가 아니기 때문이다. 마찬가지로 우리도 하나님을 바라보아야 하지만, 우리 능력이 허락하는 범위에서만.
아래에 있는 나머지 두 날개에 관해서는 다소 어렵다. 일부는 천사들이 땅에 닿지 않고 거기서 어떤 더러움도 얻지 않도록 발을 가렸다고 생각한다. 우리 같은 인간들은 걸을 때 오물과 먼지를 모으기 때문이다. 따라서 우리가 땅에 거하는 한 항상 어떤 전염에 오염된다. 이것은 신자들에게 자신을 높이 들어올리고 더 이상 땅에 붙잡혀 있지 않게 되기 전까지는 천사들과 교류가 없을 것임을 상기시킨다. 이것이 일부 주석가들의 해석이다.
하지만 나는 그 날개들의 사용이 위쪽 날개들과 반대되는 것이라고 생각하는 이들과 더 동의한다. 위쪽 날개들로 얼굴을 가려 하나님의 밝음에 압도되지 않듯이, 우리 눈에서 자신을 숨기기 위한 아래쪽 날개들도 있다. 이제 우리가 하나님의 신성한 밝음의 작고 희미한 광선들도 완전히 압도됨 없이 바라볼 수 없다면, 우리의 모든 능력을 굴복시키는 말할 수 없이 밝고 영광스러운 위엄을 어떻게 응시할 수 있겠는가? 따라서 사람들은 자신이 하나님에 대한 완전한 지식에서 멀리 있음을 배우자. 천사들에게까지도 미치지 못하기 때문이다.
원주석
- 번역원본
commentary-section/cal-isa-6-2-2(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역
3절 카드 ↗
3. And they cried one to another. It was necessary that all these things should be presented to the Prophet in vision, in order to produce a stronger impression on the people, and on Isaiah himself; for the vision was not less necessary to him than to the whole nation, because sharp and painful struggles awaited him, and he could not have boldly announced those events if he had not been previously confirmed. The people also, being warned by this vision how great and how dreadful was the majesty of God, by whom this condemnation was pronounced, had good reason for being alarmed. He who now came forth to public view is God, at the sight of whom the very angels tremble, whose praises they continually and loudly utter, and whom, in a word, they serve and obey; but men, whom he had been pleased to adopt as his children, obstinately and rebelliously opposed him. Now, when we are informed that the angels are employed in uttering the glory of God, let us know that their example is set before us for imitation; for the most holy service that we can render to him is, to be employed in praising his name. When he associates us with angels, it is in order that, while we sojourn on earth, we may resemble and be joined to the inhabitants of heaven. That the harmony between us and the angels may be in every respect complete, we must take care not only that the praises of God may be sounded by our tongues, but likewise that all the actions of our life may correspond to our professions; and this will only be done if the chief aim of our actions be the glory of God. Holy, holy, holy, is Jehovah of hosts. The ancients quoted this passage when they wished to prove that there are three persons in one essence of the Godhead. I do not disagree with their opinion; but if I had to contend with heretics, I would rather choose to employ stronger proofs; for they become more obstinate, and assume an air of triumph, when inconclusive arguments are brought against them; and they might easily and readily maintain that, in this passage, as in other parts of Scripture, the number “three” denotes perfection. Although, therefore, I have no doubt that the angels here describe One God in Three Persons, (and, indeed, it is impossible to praise God without also uttering the praises of the Father, of the Son, and of the Spirit,) yet I think that it would be better to employ more conclusive passages, lest, in proving an article of our faith, we should expose ourselves to the scorn of heretics. And, indeed, this repetition rather points out unwearied perseverance, as if the Prophet had said, that the angels never cease from their melody in singing the praises of God, as the holiness of God supplies us with inexhaustible reasons for them. The whole earth is full of his glory. Literally it is, the fullness of the whole earth , which might be understood to refer to the fruits, and animals, and manifold riches with which God has enriched the earth, and might convey this meaning, that in the ornaments and great variety of furniture of the world the glory of God shines, because they are so many proofs of a father’s love. But the more simple and natural interpretation is, that the glory of God fills the whole world , or is spread through every region of the earth. There is also, I think, an implied contrast, by which he puts down the foolish boasting of the Jews, who thought that the glory of God was nowhere to be seen but among themselves, and wished to have it shut up within their own temple. But Isaiah shows that it is so far from being confined to so narrow limits, that it fills the whole earth . And to this agrees the prophecy which immediately follows, (verse 10,) about the blinding of the Jews, which opened up for the Gentiles admission into the Church of God; for they occupied that place which the Jews had forsaken and left empty. return to ' Top of Page ' <a name="verse-4" class="com-number"
Pericope (part_of)
- part_of
pericope/per-isa-6-001
절 (explains)
Source
source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
"서로 창화하여 이르되" — 이 모든 것들이 선지자에게 환상으로 제시되어야 했다. 더 강한 인상을 백성과 이사야 자신에게 줄 수 있도록. 환상이 온 민족에게 못지않게 그에게도 필요했기 때문이다. 날카롭고 고통스러운 싸움들이 그를 기다리고 있었고, 이전에 확증받지 않았다면 담대하게 그 사건들을 선언하지 못했을 것이다.
또한 이 정죄가 선포된 하나님의 위엄이 얼마나 크고 무서운지 이 환상으로 경고를 받은 백성도 두려워할 충분한 이유가 있었다. 이제 공적 시야로 나오신 분은 그 앞에 천사들도 떠는 하나님이시다. 그들이 끊임없이 크게 그분의 찬양을 드리며, 한마디로 그들이 섬기고 순종하는 분이시다. 하지만 그분이 기꺼이 자녀로 입양하신 사람들은 완강하고 반역적으로 그분께 반대했다.
이제 천사들이 하나님의 영광을 선포하는 일에 사용됨을 알 때, 우리에게도 모방할 그들의 본보기가 제시된다는 것을 알자. 우리가 그분께 드릴 수 있는 가장 거룩한 섬김은 그분의 이름을 찬양하는 일에 종사하는 것이기 때문이다. 그분이 우리를 천사들과 연합시키실 때, 이것은 우리가 땅에 거하는 동안 하늘의 주민들을 닮고 합류하기 위함이다.
우리와 천사들 사이의 화합이 모든 면에서 완전하려면, 하나님의 찬양이 우리 혀에서 울려 퍼질 뿐만 아니라 우리 삶의 모든 행위도 우리의 고백에 상응하도록 주의해야 한다. 그리고 이것은 우리 행위의 주된 목표가 하나님의 영광일 때만 이루어진다.
"거룩하다, 거룩하다, 거룩하다, 만군의 여호와여" — 고대인들은 신격의 한 본질 안에 세 위격이 있음을 증명하고자 할 때 이 구절을 인용했다. 나는 그들의 의견에 동의하지 않는 것이 아니다. 하지만 이단자들과 논쟁해야 한다면, 나는 오히려 더 강력한 증거들을 사용하겠다. 결론적이지 않은 논거들이 제시될 때 그들이 더 완고해지고 승리의 기색을 보이기 때문이다. 그들은 성경의 다른 부분들에서처럼 이 구절에서도 "셋"이라는 숫자가 완전함을 나타낸다고 쉽고 빠르게 주장할 수 있다.
그러므로 나는 천사들이 여기서 세 위격의 한 하나님을 묘사한다는 데 의심하지 않지만(실로 아버지와 아들과 성령의 찬양을 함께 드리지 않고는 하나님을 찬양할 수 없다), 이 신앙의 조항을 증명하는 데 이단자들의 비웃음에 노출되지 않도록 더 결정적인 구절들을 사용하는 것이 더 나을 것 같다. 실로 이 반복은 오히려 끊임없는 인내를 나타낸다. 마치 선지자가 천사들이 하나님의 찬양을 노래함으로써 자신의 멜로디를 결코 그치지 않는다고 말하는 것처럼. 왜냐하면 하나님의 거룩하심이 그것들에 대한 무한한 이유를 우리에게 공급하기 때문이다.
"온 땅에는 그의 영광이 충만하도다" — 문자적으로는 "온 땅의 충만함"이다. 이것은 하나님이 땅을 풍성하게 하신 열매들과 동물들과 다양한 풍요로움을 가리키는 것으로 이해될 수 있다. 세상의 장식들과 다양한 가구에서 하나님의 영광이 빛난다는 의미를 전할 수 있다. 그것들이 아버지의 사랑의 증거들이기 때문이다. 그러나 더 단순하고 자연스러운 해석은 하나님의 영광이 온 세상을 가득 채우거나 땅의 모든 지역에 퍼져 있다는 것이다.
또한 유대인들의 어리석은 자랑을 꺾는 암묵적인 대조가 있다고 생각한다. 그들은 하나님의 영광이 자신들 사이에서밖에 보이지 않는다고 생각했으며, 자신들의 성전 안에 가두어 두기를 원했다. 하지만 이사야는 그처럼 좁은 한계에 제한되지 않고 온 땅을 가득 채운다는 것을 보여 준다. 그리고 이것은 즉시 뒤따르는 예언, 즉 유대인들의 눈 멀게 됨에 관한 것과 일치한다. 이것이 이방인들에게 하나님의 교회로 들어오는 문을 열었기 때문이다. 유대인들이 버리고 비워 둔 자리를 그들이 차지했다.
원주석
- 번역원본
commentary-section/cal-isa-6-3-3(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역
4절 카드 ↗
4. And the lintels of the posts were moved. This noise was an indication that it was not a human voice which the Prophet had heard; for no mortal man has a voice so powerful as to be capable of making the lintels and posts shake. Now, the Lord intended not only to establish the authority of his voice over the Prophet, but to confirm it to posterity in all ages, that it might never be forgotten. Let us, therefore, know that this noise confirms at this day the voice of God, that we may tremble whenever he speaks; for if inanimate and dumb creatures are moved, what ought we to do, who feel, smell, taste, and understand, for no other purpose than that we may obey his word in a holy and reverent manner? And the house was filled with smoke. This was the common and ordinary sign which the Lord employed with his ancient people; for we read that, whenever Moses entered into the tabernacle, smoke was wont to be diffused through it in such a manner that the people could not see either Moses or the tabernacle. ( Exodus 33:9 .) The smoke , therefore, which Isaiah describes was not an unusual occurrence; but in the ordinary way God intended to demonstrate that he would display his power in executing judgment on the people. But it may be asked, Why did God manifest his presence by this sign rather than by any other? This question may be answered in two ways. First, it was always the will of God to repress the insolence of men, in pushing their inquiries about his majesty beyond what is proper; for on this point almost all men are too rash and daring. They wish to rise above the clouds, and to penetrate into the secrets of God, while they do not see what lies at their feet. Hence arises a labyrinth of errors, and when the minds of men have been entangled in it, they adopt false and pretended modes of worship; for when men allow themselves to adopt any false notions about God, there is nothing which they will not venture to attempt against him. It was not without good reason, therefore, that he made use of smoke , in order to remind men of their weakness; and yet he did not intend that they should be blind or stupid, that is, that they should have the stupidity and error which the papists disguise under the name of simplicity; but he forbids us to inquire or search beyond what he has revealed to us in his word; for, as Augustine says, “that is a learned ignorance.” Whenever, therefore, smoke of this kind is mentioned, let us know that it lays a restraint upon us from indulging curiosity in our researches into the purpose of God. Secondly, this smoke ought to strike terror, as David, when describing an angry and terrible God, says that clouds and darkness are round about him . ( Psalms 97:2 .) This also agrees well with the present passage; for he pronounces a dreadful judgment, namely, the blinding of the Jews. Others think that it indicated the burning by which he consumed the temple; but the view which I have given is more probable. return to ' Top of Page ' <a name="verse-5" class="com-number"
Pericope (part_of)
- part_of
pericope/per-isa-6-001
절 (explains)
Source
source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
"문지방의 터가 움직였다" — 이 소음은 선지자가 들은 것이 인간의 목소리가 아님을 나타내는 표시였다. 어떤 필멸의 인간도 문지방과 기둥을 흔들 만큼 강력한 목소리를 갖지 않기 때문이다. 이제 주님은 선지자에 대한 자신의 목소리의 권위를 확립할 뿐만 아니라 모든 시대의 후대를 위해 확증하려 하셨다. 결코 잊혀지지 않도록. 따라서 이 소음이 오늘날에도 하나님의 목소리를 확증하여, 그분이 말씀하실 때마다 우리가 떨게 됨을 알자.
생명이 없고 말 없는 피조물들이 움직인다면, 우리는 무엇을 해야 하겠는가? 우리는 그분의 말씀에 거룩하고 경외하는 방식으로 순종하는 것 외에 다른 어떤 목적을 위해서도 느끼고, 냄새 맡고, 맛보고, 이해하지 않는다.
"성전에 연기가 충만했다" — 이것은 주님이 자신의 옛 백성에게 사용했던 일반적이고 통상적인 표시였다. 모세가 성막에 들어갈 때마다 연기가 그것을 통해 퍼져 백성이 모세나 성막을 볼 수 없었다(출 33:9). 따라서 이사야가 묘사하는 연기는 이례적인 일이 아니었다. 하지만 통상적인 방식으로 하나님은 백성에 대한 심판을 집행하는 데 자신의 능력을 나타낼 것임을 보여 주려 하셨다.
왜 하나님이 이 표시로 자신의 임재를 나타내셨는가? 두 가지 방법으로 답할 수 있다. 첫째, 그분의 위엄에 관한 탐구를 적절한 것 이상으로 추진하는 인간들의 오만함을 억제하는 것이 항상 하나님의 뜻이었다. 이 점에서 거의 모든 사람이 너무 무모하고 대담하다. 그들은 구름 위로 올라가 하나님의 비밀에 침투하기를 원하면서도 발 아래 놓인 것을 보지 못한다. 여기서 오류의 미로가 생긴다.
하지만 그분은 그들이 맹목적이거나 어리석기를, 즉 교황주의자들이 단순함이라는 이름으로 위장하는 어리석음과 오류를 갖기를 의도하지 않으신다. 오히려 그분이 말씀으로 우리에게 계시하신 것 이상을 탐구하거나 찾는 것을 금하신다. 아우구스티누스가 말한 것처럼 "그것이 배운 무지이기" 때문이다.
둘째, 이 연기는 공포를 일으켜야 한다. 다윗이 화내고 무서운 하나님을 묘사할 때 구름과 어둠이 그 주위에 있다고 말하듯(시 97:2). 이것도 현재 구절과 잘 일치한다. 무서운 심판, 즉 유대인들의 눈 멀게 됨을 선언하기 때문이다.
원주석
- 번역원본
commentary-section/cal-isa-6-4-4(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역
5절 카드 ↗
5. Wo to me! for I am undone. The Prophet now relates how powerfully he was affected by that vision; namely that he was so terrified by seeing God; that he expected immediate destruction. He assigns the reason for believing that it is all over with him; because , says he, I am a man of unclean lips I wonder why Jerome renders it, because I was silent ; seeing that there is no ambiguity in the expression. דמה ( damah ) does indeed signify to be silent , but here the undoubted mark of a passive verb is added. This passage may likewise be rendered, Wo to me! for I have been reduced to silence . In the Scriptures silence is often taken for death and those who have been buried are said to have been reduced to silence . But as the meaning is the same, I will not dispute much about the translation. The Prophet therefore means, that he was so terrified as to resemble a dead man. And certainly we need not wonder at this; for the whole man, so far as relates to the flesh, must be reduced to nothing, that it may be renewed according to God. Whence comes it that men live, that is, imagine that they live, and are swelled with vain confidence in their wisdom or strength, but because they know not God? Accordingly, until God reveal himself to us, we do not think that we are men, or rather, we think that we are gods; but when we have seen God, we then begin to feel and know what we are. Hence springs true humility, which consists in this, that a man makes no claims for himself, and depends wholly on God; and therefore on this point the present and similar passages ought to be carefully studied. It was customary with the godly fathers, whenever they saw God, to break out into these words: I am gone; I am utterly undone. ( Judges 13:22 .) Our life, therefore, until our minds earnestly draw near to God, is a vain delusion; we walk in darkness, and can with difficulty distinguish truth from falsehood; but when we come into the light it is easy to perceive the difference. So when God draws near to us, he brings light with him, that we may perceive our worthlessness, which we could not formerly see, while we entertained a false opinion of ourselves. And yet mine eyes have seen the king, Jehovah of hosts. (93) But does the sight of God bring death to men? For it appears strange that the sight of God or approach to him should take away life, of which he is the source and giver. I reply that this is an accidental result; for it takes place through our fault, and not on account of the nature of God. Death is within us; but we do not perceive it, unless when it is compared with the life of God. This is unquestionably what the Prophet means; for he does not merely say that he is dead, but assigns the reason, because he has unclean lips. But why does he confine the pollution to the lips ? Was he pure in understanding, or in the other parts of the body? I answer: the Prophet mentions that which he regarded as the most valuable, his tongue, which was consecrated to God; for God had appointed him to be a Prophet. Even though he was in other respects a sinner, yet because the office which he held was holy, this part of his body was sacred; and as it does not correspond to the divine holiness, he confesses that, even in that part which in itself is more holy, he is polluted . Such appears to me to be the true and natural meaning of this passage, in the explanation of which commentators have hitherto been unsuccessful. And I dwell in the midst of a people of unclean lips. This is added by way of explanation; for he includes himself as an individual in the number of the common people, tainted with that pollution which extends to the whole body, and forgets the purity which he had received from God, because it cannot dwell in his presence. Hence it is evident that they are mistaken who imagine that the Prophet spoke under erroneous views; as the common people are wont to contrive a variety of false notions concerning God. For, as I have said, the presence of God and approach to him is the destruction of our flesh; because it shows that we are nothing in ourselves. When he who is conscious of his wretchedness sees God, what can he expect but destruction? For God is our judge, to whom, we know, nothing is concealed or unknown, in whose sight our purity is impure. And if this happened to the Prophet, what ought we to think of ourselves? For what are we in comparison of him? Even if the LORD hath begun to cleanse us, yet we ought to acknowledge our pollution, the remains of which always continue in our flesh. Hence also we ought to draw a universal doctrine, that the lips of all men are impure and polluted , till the Lord has cleansed them; from which it also follows, that human doctrines have an uncleanness which betrays them, and that there is nothing pure but what has come from God. (93) For mine eyes have seen the king, the LORD of hosts . — Eng. Ver. return to ' Top of Page ' <a name="verse-6" class="com-number"
Pericope (part_of)
- part_of
pericope/per-isa-6-001
절 (explains)
Source
source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
"화로다 나여, 망하게 되었도다" — 선지자는 이제 그 환상에 자신이 얼마나 강력하게 영향을 받았는지 이야기한다. 즉, 하나님을 봄으로써 너무나 두려워 즉각적인 파멸을 예상했다는 것이다. 자신에게 모든 것이 끝났다고 믿는 이유를 제시한다: "나는 부정한 입술의 사람이라" — 그가 "입술에 한정하여 오염을 고백하는" 이유가 무엇인가? 이해나 몸의 다른 부분에서는 순수했는가?
선지자가 자신이 가장 가치 있게 여기는 것, 즉 하나님을 위해 봉헌된 자신의 혀를 언급한다고 나는 답한다. 하나님이 그를 선지자로 임명하셨기 때문이다. 그가 다른 면에서는 죄인이었더라도 자신이 가진 직분이 거룩했으므로 몸의 이 부분이 거룩했다. 그것이 신성한 거룩함에 상응하지 않으므로, 그 자체로 더 거룩한 그 부분에서조차 자신이 오염되어 있음을 고백한다. 이것이 주석가들이 지금까지 성공적으로 설명하지 못한 이 구절의 참되고 자연스러운 의미로 보인다.
"나는 입술이 부정한 백성 중에 거하면서" — 이것이 설명을 위해 더해진다. 그는 자신을 개인으로서 전체 몸으로 퍼지는 오염에 오염된 일반 백성의 수에 포함시키며, 하나님의 임재 안에서 거할 수 없기 때문에 자신이 그분께 받은 순결을 잊는다. 여기서 선지자가 잘못된 견해 아래 말했다고 상상하는 자들이 틀렸음이 명백하다.
우리가 하나님을 볼 때 우리는 우리 자신이 무엇인지를 느끼고 알기 시작한다. 여기서 참된 겸손이 생긴다. 그 안에서 사람이 자신을 위해 아무것도 주장하지 않고 전적으로 하나님께 의존한다. 따라서 이 점에서 현재와 유사한 구절들을 신중하게 연구해야 한다. 경건한 조상들이 하나님을 볼 때마다 이 말들로 폭발하는 것이 관례였다: "나는 망했다; 나는 완전히 끝났다"(삿 13:22).
따라서 우리 마음이 하나님께 진지하게 가까이 가기 전까지 우리 삶은 헛된 환상이다. 우리는 어둠 속을 걷고 진리와 거짓을 거의 구별하기 어렵다. 하지만 빛 속에 올 때는 차이를 쉽게 인식할 수 있다. 그래서 하나님이 우리에게 가까이 오실 때 우리가 이전에 자신에 대해 거짓된 의견을 갖는 동안 볼 수 없었던 우리의 무가치함을 인식할 수 있도록 빛을 가져오신다.
원주석
- 번역원본
commentary-section/cal-isa-6-5-5(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역
6절 카드 ↗
6. Then flew one of the seraphim to me. The Prophet shows what kind of relief was brought to him, when he was so terrified as to think that he was a dead man; and this confirms what we have already said, that purity of lips comes from God alone; for men can produce nothing of themselves but what is filthy and abominable. If it be objected that it is absurd to say that the Lord now cleansed him, as if his tongue had formerly been impure and profane, though it had been the instrument employed by the Holy Spirit, I have already replied sufficiently to that objection. The Lord had already cleansed him, but according to his degree. The cleansing which is now added is greater; for it has its enlargements and additions, which no man can obtain all at once. We must not conclude, therefore, that Isaiah’s lips were impure, because they are now cleansed; but we ought to inquire why it is done. It was because the Lord intended to enlarge and extend his favor towards him, and to raise him to higher dignity, that he might have greater influence over the people; and this was rendered necessary by the character of the times, and the change which had taken place in the state. The fire was taken from the altar , to intimate that it was divine or heavenly; for the law forbade any strange fire to be brought to it, ( Leviticus 10:1 ,) because in sacred things every human mixture is absolute profanation. By this figure, therefore, Isaiah was taught that all purity flows from God alone. return to ' Top of Page ' <a name="verse-7" class="com-number"
Pericope (part_of)
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pericope/per-isa-6-002
절 (explains)
Source
source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
"그때에 스랍 중 하나가 날아와 내게 이르러" — 선지자는 죽은 사람처럼 두렵게 여겼을 때 어떤 구제가 왔는지 보여 준다. 이것이 우리가 이미 말한 것, 즉 입술의 순결이 하나님으로부터만 온다는 것을 확증한다. 사람들은 스스로 더럽고 역겨운 것 외에 아무것도 만들어 낼 수 없기 때문이다. 주님이 이제 그를 정결케 하셨다는 것이 불합리하다는 반론이 제기된다면 — 그의 혀가 이전에 성령이 사용하신 도구였는데 부정하고 세속적이었다는 것처럼.
나는 이미 그 반론에 충분히 답했다. 주님이 이미 그의 정도에 따라 그를 정결케 하셨다. 이제 더해진 정결케 함은 더 크다. 그것이 확장과 추가를 가지기 때문이다. 어떤 사람도 단번에 모두를 얻을 수 없다. 따라서 이사야의 입술이 이제 정결케 됨으로써 불순했다고 결론 내려서는 안 된다. 오히려 그것이 행해지는 이유를 탐구해야 한다.
그것은 주님이 그를 향한 자신의 은혜를 확장하고 늘리려 하셨으며, 그를 더 높은 품위로 올리셔서 백성에게 더 큰 영향력을 갖게 하려 하셨기 때문이다. 이것은 시대의 특성과 상태에서 일어난 변화로 인해 필요했다.
불은 제단에서 가져왔다. 그것이 신성하거나 하늘에서 왔음을 암시하기 위함이다. 율법이 이상한 불을 그것에 가져오는 것을 금했기 때문이다(레 10:1). 거룩한 것들에서는 모든 인간적 혼합이 절대적인 모독이기 때문이다. 따라서 이 형상으로 이사야는 모든 순결이 하나님으로부터만 흘러나온다는 것을 배웠다.
원주석
- 번역원본
commentary-section/cal-isa-6-6-6(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역
7절 카드 ↗
7. And applying it to my mouth. (94) We see how God condescends to meet the weakness of human sense. He puts the tongs into the hand of a seraph, that by means of it he may take a coal from the altar and apply it to the Prophet’s mouth. This was, no doubt, done in vision; but by the aid of the outward sign God assisted the Prophet’s understanding. There is no reason to believe that the coal possessed any virtue, as superstitious persons imagine that in the magical arts there is some hidden power. Nothing of this sort is to be found here; for it is God alone who can cleanse our pollution, in whatever part it exists. Here the angel administered the cleansing, but was not the author of it; so that we must not ascribe to another what belongs to God alone. This is expressly stated by the angel himself, who claims nothing as his own, but bringing forward the sacred pledge which he had received from God, laid it as a sacrament on the lips of the Prophet; not that he could not be cleansed without the coal , but because the visible sign was useful for the confirmation and proof of the fact. And such is the use of sacraments, to strengthen us in proportion to our ignorance; for we are not angels, that can behold the mysteries of God without any assistance, and therefore he raises us to himself by gradual advances. Lo, this hath touched thy lips. He shows that the confirmation which was obtained by the sign was not without effect, but that the blessing signified by it was at the same time bestowed, so that Isaiah knew that he had not been deceived. Hence we may infer, that in the sacraments the reality is given to us along with the sign; for when the Lord holds out a sacrament, he does not feed our eyes with an empty and unmeaning figure, but joins the truth with it, so as to testify that by means of them he acts upon us efficaciously. And this ought to be the more carefully observed, because there are few persons in the present day who understand the true use of sacraments, and because many godly and learned men are engaged in frequent disputes respecting them. First of all, we ought to believe that the truth must never be separated from the signs, though it ought to be distinguished from them. We perceive and feel a sign, such as the bread which is put into our hands by the minister in the Lord’s Supper; and because we ought to seek Christ in heaven, our thoughts ought to be carried thither. By the hand of the minister he presents to us his body, that it may be actually enjoyed by the godly, who rise by faith to fellowship with him. He bestows it, therefore, on the godly, who raise their thoughts to him by faith; for he cannot deceive. Unbelievers indeed receive the sign; but because they linger in the world, and do not arrive at Christ’s heavenly kingdom, they have no experience of the truth; for he who has not faith cannot raise his thoughts to God, and therefore cannot partake of Christ. Faith alone opens for us the gate of the kingdom of God; and therefore, whoever wishes to eat the flesh of Christ must be carried by faith to heaven beyond human conception. In short, it is the Spirit of God alone who can make us partakers of that fellowship. And yet it does not follow that the unbelief of men takes anything away from the truth of the sacrament, since God always presents to us a spiritual matter, but wicked men treat it with scorn; just as the grace of God is offered by the gospel, but all do not receive it, though they actually hear it, and are compelled to yield assent to the truth. Besides, we learn from this passage that the sacraments are never separated from the word. The angel does not here act the part of a dumb man, but, after having given the sign, immediately adds the doctrine, in order to show what was intended by it; for it would have been no sacrament, if doctrine had not been added, from which Isaiah could learn for what purpose the coal was applied to his mouth. Let us therefore learn that the chief part of the sacraments consists in the word, and that without it they are absolute corruptions, such as we see every day in popery, in which the sacraments are turned into stage-plays. The amount of the whole is, that there is nothing to prevent Isaiah, who has been perfectly cleansed, and is free from all pollution, from appearing as God’s representative. (94) And he laid it upon (marg., caused it to touch ) my mouth . — Eng. Ver. return to ' Top of Page ' <a name="verse-8" class="com-number"
Pericope (part_of)
- part_of
pericope/per-isa-6-002
절 (explains)
Source
source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
"내 입에 대며" — 하나님이 얼마나 인간 감각의 연약함을 만나기 위해 내려오시는지를 본다. 스랍의 손에 집게를 두시어 그것으로 제단에서 숯을 가져다 선지자의 입에 대게 하신다. 이것은 의심할 여지 없이 환상 가운데 행해졌다. 하지만 외적 표시의 도움으로 하나님은 선지자의 이해를 도우셨다.
숯에 어떤 능력이 있다고 믿을 이유가 없다. 미신을 믿는 자들이 마술 기법에 어떤 숨겨진 능력이 있다고 상상하는 것처럼. 이런 것은 여기서 전혀 찾을 수 없다. 우리의 오염, 그것이 어느 부분에 존재하든, 정결케 할 수 있는 것은 하나님뿐이기 때문이다. 여기서 천사가 정결케 함을 집행했지만 그것의 저자가 아니었다. 그래서 하나님께만 속하는 것을 다른 이에게 돌려서는 안 된다.
이것이 천사 자신에 의해 분명히 진술된다. 자신의 것은 아무것도 주장하지 않고, 하나님으로부터 받은 거룩한 담보를 가져다 성례처럼 선지자의 입술에 두었다. 숯 없이는 정결케 될 수 없어서가 아니라, 가시적인 표시가 사실의 확증과 증거를 위해 유용했기 때문이다. 성례들의 사용이 그런 것이다. 우리의 무지에 비례하여 우리를 강하게 하는 것이다. 우리가 어떤 도움 없이 하나님의 신비들을 바라볼 수 있는 천사가 아니기 때문이다. 그러므로 그분이 점진적인 발전으로 우리를 자신에게로 이끄신다.
"보라 이것이 네 입술에 닿았으니" — 표시로 얻은 확증이 효과 없이 않고 그것이 동시에 그것이 의미하는 복이 주어졌음을 보여 준다. 이사야가 속지 않았음을 알도록. 여기서 성례들에서 실재가 표시와 함께 우리에게 주어진다는 것을 추론할 수 있다. 주님이 성례를 내미실 때 공허하고 무의미한 형상으로 우리 눈을 먹이지 않으시고, 그것과 진리를 결합하여 그것들로 그분이 우리에게 효과적으로 역사하심을 증언하신다.
원주석
- 번역원본
commentary-section/cal-isa-6-7-7(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역
8절 카드 ↗
8. Afterwards I heard the voice of the Lord. The Prophet now begins to discourse about the design of this vision, why God appeared to him with such glorious majesty, in order to ordain him anew as a prophet. It was because he was called to deliver an incredible message about blinding the Jews. On this revolting occasion, therefore, he is more fully assured of his calling, that he may lay aside fear and obey the command of God; for nothing gives greater confidence to pious minds than to know that they obey God. He had also another proof, namely, that the Lord had cleansed him; and this was sufficient to lead him to undertake any task, however difficult. Whom shall I send? The Prophet represents the Lord as speaking, as if he could not find a man qualified for such a message. Some think that this is intended to reprove the ignorance of the priests and prophets; because, though they are very numerous, still not one of them was qualified to teach. This reason carries some probability, but I would rather view it as referring to the certainty of Isaiah’s calling, as implying that it was not at random, but from choice, that the Lord appointed him. There is here, therefore, a weighty deliberation whom the Lord will be pleased to send; not that he hesitates, but such modes of expression are used on our account, just as these words, I will go down and see . ( Genesis 18:21 .) For God, to whom all things are known, has no need to make any inquiry; but, lest men should think that he acts with precipitation, he thus accommodates himself to the ordinary modes of speaking among men. In like manner, when he asks whom he shall send , the meaning is, that he needs not an ordinary person, but a teacher of uncommon excellence on a subject of the greatest importance. Hence we infer that the authority of Isaiah was confirmed, so that he was reckoned to be not only a prophet, but eminent among the prophets. Who will go for us? I am rather favorable to the opinion that this passage points to Three Persons in the Godhead, just as we elsewhere read, Let us create man in our likeness. ( Genesis 1:26 .) For God talks with himself, and in the plural number; and unquestionably he now holds a consultation with his eternal Wisdom and his eternal Power, that is, with the Son and the Holy Spirit. Here am I. So ready a reply shows how great is that cheerfulness which springs from faith; for he who but lately lay like a dead man dreads no difficulty. Hence we see that the amazement of which we have formerly spoken did not spring from rebellion, in wishing to flee from God, or to refuse the charge which had been laid upon him; but because he needed new grace, that he might know that he would be able to endure the burden. On this account it ought to be observed, that we cannot undertake anything in a proper manner without the evidence of our calling; otherwise we shall pause and hesitate at every step. Besides, it is a powerful aid to our confidence, when we know that we are not destitute of the necessary gifts, but that God has bestowed them on us, in order that we may be better enabled to discharge our office. Now, this remarkable instance of obedience ought to produce such an effect on our minds that we shall readily and cheerfully undertake any task which he may be pleased to enjoin, and shall never refuse any task, however difficult we may imagine it to be. When the Prophet says, Here am I, the meaning is, that he is ready to obey the commands of God; for this mode of expression is frequently employed in Scripture to denote obedience. return to ' Top of Page ' <a name="verse-9" class="com-number"
Pericope (part_of)
- part_of
pericope/per-isa-6-002
절 (explains)
Source
source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
"그후에 내가 주의 음성을 들으니" — 선지자는 이제 이 환상의 의도, 즉 왜 하나님이 그처럼 찬란한 위엄으로 그에게 나타나셔서 선지자로 새로 임명하려 하셨는지에 대해 이야기하기 시작한다. 유대인들을 눈 멀게 하는 것에 대한 믿기 어려운 메시지를 전하도록 부름받았기 때문이다.
"내가 누구를 보내며 누가 우리를 위하여 갈꼬?" — 선지자는 마치 그분이 그처럼 메시지를 위한 자격 있는 사람을 찾을 수 없는 것처럼 말씀하시는 것으로 주님을 표현한다. 일부는 이것이 제사장들과 선지자들의 무지를 꾸짖으려는 의도라고 생각한다. 그들이 매우 많음에도 불구하고 가르칠 자격이 있는 자가 하나도 없기 때문이다. 이 이유가 어느 정도 개연성을 갖지만, 나는 오히려 그것을 이사야의 소명의 확실성에 관한 것으로 보겠다. 주님이 무작위가 아니라 선택으로 그를 임명하셨음을 암시하는 것이다.
"우리를 위하여 갈꼬" — 이 구절이 신격의 세 위격을 가리킨다는 의견에 나는 오히려 우호적이다. "우리의 형상대로 사람을 만들자"고 읽는 다른 곳처럼(창 1:26). 하나님이 자신과 이야기하시며 복수를 사용하신다. 그리고 의심할 여지 없이 이제 자신의 영원한 지혜와 영원한 능력, 즉 아들과 성령과 상의하신다.
"내가 여기 있나이다" — 이처럼 준비된 답이 믿음에서 나오는 기쁨이 얼마나 큰지를 보여 준다. 방금 전에 죽은 사람처럼 누워 있었던 자가 어떤 어려움도 두려워하지 않는다. 따라서 우리가 앞서 말한 놀라움이 반역에서 나온 것이 아님을 본다. 하나님에게서 도망가거나 자신에게 맡겨진 임무를 거부하려는 것이 아니었다. 오히려 새 은혜가 필요했다. 짐을 질 수 있음을 알기 위해서.
원주석
- 번역원본
commentary-section/cal-isa-6-8-8(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역
9절 카드 ↗
9. Then he said, Go, and tell that people. (95) This shows still more clearly how necessary the vision was, that Isaiah might not all at once fail in his course. It was a grievous stumblingblock, that he must endure such obstinacy and rebellion in the people of God, and that not only for a year or two, but for more than sixty years. On this account he needed to be fortified, that he might be like a brazen wall against such stubbornness. The Lord, therefore, merely forewarns Isaiah that he will have to do with obstinate men, on whom he will produce little effect; but that so unusual an occurrence must not lead him to take offense, and lose courage, or yield to the rebellion of men; that, on the contrary, he must proceed with unshaken firmness, and rise superior to temptations of this nature. For God gives him due warning beforehand as to the result; as if he had said, “You will indeed teach without any good effect; but do not regret your teaching, for I enjoin it upon you; and do not refrain from teaching, because it yields no advantage; only obey me, and leave to my disposal all the consequences of your labors. I give you all this information in good time, that the event may not terrify you, as if it had been strange and unexpected.” Besides, he is commanded openly to reprove their blind obstinacy, as if he purposely taunted them. “My labors will do no good; but it matters not to me: it is enough that what I do obtains the approbation of God, to whom my preaching will be a sweet smell, though it bring death to you.” ( 2 Corinthians 2:15 .) (95) And he said, Go, and tell this people . — Eng. Ver. return to ' Top of Page ' <a name="verse-10" class="com-number"
Pericope (part_of)
- part_of
pericope/per-isa-6-002
절 (explains)
Source
source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
"그가 이르시되 가서 이 백성에게 이르기를" — 이것이 환상이 얼마나 필요했는지를 더욱 명확히 보여 준다. 이사야가 처음부터 자신의 길에서 실패하지 않도록. 하나님의 백성 안에서 그처럼 완고함과 반역을 견뎌야 한다는 것이 심각한 걸림돌이었다. 1~2년이 아니라 60년 이상. 그 때문에 그는 그처럼 완강함에 맞서 구리 성벽처럼 되도록 강해질 필요가 있었다.
따라서 주님은 이사야에게 그가 작은 효과를 낼 완고한 사람들을 상대할 것임을 단지 미리 경고하신다. 하지만 이런 이례적인 일이 그로 하여금 불쾌하게 여기거나, 용기를 잃거나, 사람들의 반역에 굴복하게 해서는 안 된다. 오히려 흔들리지 않는 확고함으로 나아가 이 성격의 시험들을 이겨내야 한다.
하나님이 결과에 대해 미리 충분한 경고를 주시기 때문이다. 마치 이렇게 말씀하시는 것처럼: "그대는 아무런 좋은 효과 없이 가르칠 것이다. 하지만 가르침을 후회하지 말라. 내가 그것을 그대에게 명하기 때문이다. 그리고 어떤 이익도 없기 때문에 가르치기를 그치지 말라. 단지 나에게 순종하고, 그대의 수고의 모든 결과를 내 처분에 맡겨라. 이 모든 정보를 그대에게 제때에 주어 그 사건이 낯설고 예상치 못한 것처럼 그대를 두렵게 하지 않도록 한다."
원주석
- 번역원본
commentary-section/cal-isa-6-9-9(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역
10절 카드 ↗
10. Harden the heart of this people. (96) Here the former statement is more fully expressed; for God informs Isaiah beforehand, not only that his labor in teaching will be fruitless, but that by his instruction he will also blind the people, so as to be the occasion of producing greater insensibility and stubbornness, and to end in their destruction. He declares that the people, bereft of reason and understanding, will perish, and there will be no means of obtaining relief; and yet he at the same time affirms that the labors of the Prophet, though they bring death and ruin on the Jews, will be to him an acceptable sacrifice. This is a truly remarkable declaration; not only because Isaiah here foretold what was afterwards fulfilled under the reign of Christ, but also because it contains a most useful doctrine, which will be of perpetual use in the Church of God; for all who shall labor faithfully in the ministry of the word will be laid under the necessity of meeting with the same result. We too have experienced it more than we could have wished; but it has been shared by all the servants of Christ, and therefore we ought to endure it with greater patience, though it is a very grievous stumbling-block to those who serve God with a pure conscience. Not only does it give great offense, but Satan powerfully excites his followers to raise a dislike of instruction on the pretense of its being not merely useless, but even injurious; that it renders men more obstinate, and leads to their destruction. At the present day, those who have no other reproach to bring against the doctrine of the gospel maintain that the only effect produced by the preaching of it has been, that the world has become worse. But whatever may be the result, still God assures us that our ministrations are acceptable to him, because we obey his command; and although our labor appear to be fruitless, and men rush forward to their destruction, and become more rebellious, we must go forward; for we do nothing at our own suggestion, and ought to be satisfied with having the approbation of God. We ought, indeed, to be deeply grieved when success does not attend our exertions; and we ought to pray to God to give efficacy to his word. A part of the blame we ought even to lay on ourselves, when the fruits are so scanty; and yet we must not abandon our office, or throw away our weapons. The truth must always be heard from our lips, even though there be no ears to receive it, and though the world have neither sight nor feeling; for it is enough for us that we labor faithfully for the glory of God, and that our services are acceptable to him; and the sound of our voice is not ineffectual, when it renders the world without excuse. Hence arises a most excellent and altogether invaluable consolation to godly teachers, for supporting their minds against those grievous offenses which daily spring from the obstinacy of men, that, instead of being retarded by it, they may persevere in their duty with unshaken firmness. As it is also a general offense, that the lively word of God, at the hearing of which the whole world ought to tremble, strikes their ears to no purpose, and without any advantage, let weak men learn to fortify themselves by this declaration. We wonder how it is possible that the greater part of men can furiously oppose God; and hence also arises a doubt if it be the heavenly truth of God which is rejected without bringing punishment; for it can hardly be believed that God addresses men for the purpose of exciting their scorn. That our faith may not fail, we ought to employ this support, that the office of teaching was enjoined on Isaiah, on the condition that, in scattering the seed of life, it should yield nothing but death; and that this is not merely a narrative of what once happened, but a prediction of the future kingdom of Christ, as we shall find to be stated shortly afterwards. We ought also to attend to this circumstance, that Isaiah was not sent to men indiscriminately, but to the Jews. Accordingly, the demonstrative particle הנה , ( hinneh ,) behold , is emphatic, and implies that the people whom the Lord had peculiarly chosen for himself do not hear the word, and shut their eyes amidst the clearest light. Let us not wonder, therefore, if we appear to be like persons talking to the deaf, when we address those who boast of the name of God. It is undoubtedly a harsh saying, that God sends a prophet to close the ears, stop up the eyes, and harden the heart of the people ; because it appears as if these things were inconsistent with the nature of God, and therefore contradicted his word. But we ought not to think it strange if God punishes the wickedness of men by blinding them in the highest degree. Yet the Prophet shows, a little before, that the blame of this blindness lies with the people; for when he bids them hear, he bears witness that the doctrine is fitted for instructing the people, if they choose to submit to it; that light is given to guide them, if they will but open their eyes. The whole blame of the evil is laid on the people for rejecting the amazing kindness of God; and hence is obtained a more complete solution of that difficulty to which we formerly adverted. At first sight it seems unreasonable that the Prophets should be represented as making men’s hearts more hardened. They carry in their mouth the word of God, by which, as by a lamp, the steps of men ought to be guided ; for this encomium, we know, has been pronounced on it by David. ( Psalms 119:105 .) It is not the duty of the Prophets, therefore, to blind the eyes, but rather to open them. Again, it is called perfect wisdom , ( Psalms 19:9 ;) how then does it stupify men and take away their reason? Those hearts which formerly were of brass or iron ought to be softened by it; how then is it possible that it can harden them, as I have already observed? Such blinding and hardening influence does not arise out of the nature of the word, but is acci
Pericope (part_of)
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pericope/per-isa-6-002
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source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
"이 백성의 마음을 둔하게 하며" — 여기서 앞의 진술이 더 충분히 표현된다. 하나님이 이사야에게 미리 알리신다. 그의 가르침의 수고가 열매 없을 뿐만 아니라, 그의 교훈으로 백성이 더 눈 멀어 더 큰 무감각과 완강함이 생기게 하고 결국 파멸에 이르는 계기가 될 것임을. 이성과 이해력을 박탈당한 백성이 멸망하고 구제를 얻을 방법이 없을 것임을 선언한다. 그러나 동시에 선지자의 수고가 유대인들에게 죽음과 파멸을 가져올지라도 그분에게 받아들여질 희생이 될 것임을 확언한다.
이것은 참으로 주목할 만한 선언이다. 이사야가 여기서 이후 그리스도의 통치 아래 성취된 것을 예언했을 뿐만 아니라, 하나님의 교회에서 영구적으로 사용될 가장 유익한 교리를 담고 있기 때문이다. 말씀 사역에서 충실하게 수고하는 모든 이들이 같은 결과를 만나는 필연성에 처하게 될 것이다.
교사가 마치 죽은 이들에게 이야기하는 사람들처럼 보일 때, 하나님의 이름을 자랑하는 자들에게 이야기한다면 이상할 것이 없다. 또한 이 진술이 이사야에게 한 번 말해졌더라도, 우리에게도 말씀하신 것임을 이해하자. 이 형벌이 하나님께 완고하게 불순종하거나 목을 뻣뻣이 하여 그분의 멍에에 씨름하는 모든 자에게 선언되었기 때문이다.
원주석
- 번역원본
commentary-section/cal-isa-6-10-10(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역
11절 카드 ↗
11. And I said, How long, O LORD? Although the Prophets are severe in denouncing the wrath of God against men, yet they do not lay aside human feelings. It is therefore necessary that they sustain a twofold character; for they must proclaim the judgment of God with high and unshaken courage, so that they would rather choose that the world should be destroyed and utterly ruined than that any part of His glory should be taken away. And yet they are not devoid of feeling, so as to be unmoved by compassion for their brethren, whose destruction their office lays them under the necessity of foretelling. These two feelings, though they appear to be inconsistent, are in full harmony, as appears from the instance of Jeremiah, who at first complains of the hard task assigned him of proclaiming destruction to the people, but afterwards revives his courage, and proceeds boldly in discharging the duties of his office ( Jeremiah 1:6 .) Such was also the state of Isaiah’s mind; for, being desirous to obey God, he earnestly proclaimed His judgments; and yet he had some regard to the people, which led him to entreat, that if this blindness must come upon them, it might not be permanent. There can be no doubt, that when he thus prayed to God, he was moved with compassion, and desired that so dreadful a punishment should be mitigated. Natural affections, ( στοργαὶ φυσικαὶ ,) therefore, ought not to prevent us from performing what is our duty. For instance, there is the natural affection of a husband to a wife, and of a father to a son; but it ought to be checked and restrained, so that we may chiefly consider what is suitable to our calling, and what the Lord commands. This ought to be carefully observed; for when we wish to give loose reins to ourselves, we commonly plead this excuse, that we are willing and ready to do what God requires, but are overpowered by natural affection. But those feelings ought to be restrained in such a manner as not to obstruct our calling; just as they did not hinder the Prophet from proceeding in the discharge of his duty; for to such an extent ought we to acknowledge the authority of the Lord over us, that when he orders and commands, we should forget ourselves and all that belongs to us. But although the godly anxiety of Isaiah about the salvation of the people is here expressed, still the severity of the punishment is likewise stated, that wicked men may not, as they are wont to do, indulge the hope of some mitigation. Nor can it be doubted that the Prophet was led by a secret impulse from God to ask this, that the stern and dreadful reply which immediately follows might be more fully brought out; from which it is evident what kind of destruction awaits unbelievers, that they will receive no light or moderate punishment, but will be utterly destroyed and cut off. Until the houses be without man, and the land become a desolation. This is an additional aggravation; for it is possible that countries might be wasted, and yet that one city might remain; that even cities might be stormed and laid desolate, and yet very many houses be left. But here the slaughter, he tells us, will be so great, that not only the cities, but even the very houses will be thrown down, and the whole land will be reduced to frightful and lamentable desolation; though even amidst the heaviest calamities some remnant is still left. Though Isaiah said this but once, yet let us understand that it is also spoken to us; for this punishment has been pronounced against all who obstinately disobey God, or who with a stiff neck struggle against his yoke. The more violent their opposition, the more resolutely will the Lord pursue them till they are utterly destroyed. return to ' Top of Page ' <a name="verse-12" class="com-number"
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source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
"내가 이르되 주여, 어느 때까지니이까?" — 비록 선지자들이 하나님의 진노를 사람들에게 선언하는 데 엄격하지만, 인간적인 감정을 버리지 않는다. 따라서 그들은 이중의 역할을 유지해야 한다. 세상이 파괴되고 완전히 망하는 것보다 하나님의 영광의 어느 부분이라도 빼앗기는 것을 더 선택하지 않도록 굳건하고 흔들리지 않는 용기로 하나님의 심판을 선포해야 한다. 그러나 그들은 또한 감정이 없는 것이 아니다. 직분의 필연성에 의해 파멸을 예언해야 하는 형제들에 대한 연민으로 움직이지 않을 수 없다.
이 두 감정이 상반되는 것처럼 보여도 완전히 조화를 이룬다. 예레미야의 사례에서 나타나는 것처럼. 처음에 백성에게 파멸을 선포하는 어려운 과제를 맡은 것에 대해 불평하지만, 이후 용기를 회복하여 자신의 직분의 의무들을 대담하게 수행한다(렘 1:6). 이사야의 마음 상태도 그러했다. 하나님께 순종하기를 원하여 그분의 심판을 열심히 선포했다. 그러나 백성에 대한 어느 정도의 배려가 있어 이 눈 멀음이 그들에게 임해야 한다면, 영구적이지 않기를 간구하게 했다.
그가 이렇게 하나님께 기도했을 때 연민에 의해 움직이고, 그처럼 무서운 형벌이 완화되기를 원했음이 의심할 여지 없다. 따라서 자연적 애정이 우리가 해야 할 의무를 행하는 것을 막아서는 안 된다.
원주석
- 번역원본
commentary-section/cal-isa-6-11-11(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역
12절 카드 ↗
12. Till the Lord have removed men far away. These words contain nothing new, but merely an explanation of the former verse, and a description by other words of the ruin that shall overtake Judea; namely, that God will send the inhabitants far away . He asserts that those who shall survive the war will not be exempted from punishment, for they will be led into captivity. And next he adds a general clause about the desolation of the land; as if he had said that it would be desolate and bereft of inhabitants, because some would flee away, others would be driven into banishment, and others would perish by the sword. Such is the reward prepared for obstinate and rebellious persons, who add crime to crime, till the indignation of God rise to such a height that it cannot be appeased. return to ' Top of Page ' <a name="verse-13" class="com-number"
Pericope (part_of)
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pericope/per-isa-6-002
절 (explains)
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source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
"여호와께서 사람들을 멀리 옮기실 때까지라" — 이 말들은 새로운 것을 담지 않고 앞 절의 설명일 뿐이다. 다른 말들로 유대에 닥칠 파멸을 묘사한다. 즉 하나님이 주민들을 멀리 보내실 것이다. 전쟁에서 살아남은 자들이 형벌을 면하지 못할 것임을 주장한다. 그들이 포로로 끌려갈 것이기 때문이다. 그 다음에 땅의 황폐에 대한 일반적인 구절을 더한다. 마치 이렇게 말하는 것처럼: 일부는 도망가고, 다른 이들은 추방되고, 또 다른 이들은 칼에 의해 멸망할 것이므로 황폐하고 주민이 없게 될 것이다. 이것이 하나님의 분노가 진정될 수 없을 만큼 높아질 때까지 범죄에 범죄를 더하는 완강하고 반역하는 자들을 위해 준비된 보상이다.
원주석
- 번역원본
commentary-section/cal-isa-6-12-12(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역
13절 카드 ↗
13. Till there shall be in it a tenth (99) There is some obscurity in the words; but let us first ascertain the meaning, and then we shall easily find out what is the signification of the words. There are two ways of explaining this passage. Some explain עשיריה ( asiriyah ) to mean decimation ; others make it to mean a tenth part , and consider it to be a collective noun. Undoubtedly, the Hebrew word עשירית , ( asirith ,) and not עשיריה , ( asiriyah ,) denotes a tenth part , though the difference between them is not great. Those who render it decimation think that a truce is promised to the people, because from the reign of Uzziah to the destruction of Jerusalem there would be ten kings; and undoubtedly that is the number of kings, reckoning from Uzziah to Zedekiah. His prophetical doctrine would derive no small support from the circumstance, that he could tell the number of kings who should reign even after his death, and that he described not only the fact itself, but likewise the time, and the day. Yet I know not if another meaning be not somewhat more appropriate; for the Prophet appears to hold out to the people this consolation, that they will retain some hidden vigor, and will be capable of sprouting out, though they may appear for a time to be entirely dead; just as, when the winter is past, the trees renew their foliage. But as the former exposition carries sufficient probability, I shall therefore explain the whole verse according to the opinion of those who think that mention is here made of ten kings, so as to mean that, when the ten kings shall have completed their reign, the people will be carried into captivity, and then, as by a conflagration, the whole land will be consumed. At the same time, the reader ought to be aware that whether עשיריה ( asiriyah ) be rendered a tenth part , or decimation , it may with the utmost propriety be viewed as referring to the people; and then the meaning will be, Till the people be diminished to a tenth part . He had formerly spoken of a remnant , and a very small remnant , ( Isaiah 1:9 ,) and afterwards he will speak of it again, ( Isaiah 10:22 ;) for it was a very small number that remained. It might therefore be naturally viewed as meaning, that out of a thousand there would be left a hundred; out of a hundred, ten; and out of ten, one. And shall return. That is, a change will take place for the better: the Jews will return from captivity to their native country, and the land will assume a new aspect. But this may be thought to be somewhat at variance with what follows; for the Prophet immediately adds, It shall be destruction . How cold comfort will it yield to the people to be restored, if shortly afterwards they shall be again destroyed! Some commentators solve this difficulty, by supposing that Isaiah spoke about the final destruction of the people. But in my opinion he rather means that the destruction will not be complete, but such as happens to trees, when their leaves fall off in the winter, and nothing appears but dead timber; but when spring returns, they bud forth anew: and so also will this people. לבער ( lebaer ) means to burn , (100) and therefore it means here that they will be consumed by a conflagration: but we ought to read it in connection with the metaphor which immediately follows; for Isaiah does not barely mean that it will be consumed , but that it will be consumed like the teil-tree , that is, with the hope of immediate recovery. When Jerome rendered it for exhibition , I know not on what he supposed that opinion to be founded, if it were not that he made a free translation, looking rather to the meaning than to the etymology of the word; for when trees blossom or put forth leaves, their life is again brought forth and displayed; and this meaning will be very appropriate. As a teil-tree and an oak. It appears that Isaiah did not select at random those two kinds of trees; for one of them puts forth its leaves, and likewise sheds them, sooner than the other. So it happened to the tribe of Judah; for first the ten tribes, with the half tribe of Benjamin, were carried into captivity; and thus they who were the first to blossom were likewise the first to decay. This tribe was the latest of all in decaying, not without high expectation of blossoming again; for here the hope of deliverance is held out, and this was different from the captivity of the Israelites. There appears, therefore, to be some appropriateness in this metaphor of the trees; but I would not choose to press it very far. When they cast their leaves. By the phrase, casting of leaves , must be understood that throwing of them down which takes place when trees are stripped of their leaves as of their garment; for trees, in that state of nakedness, appear to be dry and withered; though there remains in them a hidden vigor, through which they are at length quickened by the returning mildness of the season. So in it shall be substance. This is the application of the metaphor, which is exceedingly forcible; for when we see the spiritual grace of God in the very order of nature, we are strongly confirmed. As Paul holds out a likeness of the resurrection in the sowing of corn, which is a daily occurrence, ( 1 Corinthians 15:36 ,) so in like manner Isaiah in this passage describes the restoration of the Church, by taking a metaphor from trees, which wither at the end of autumn, but again blossom at the return of spring, and put forth new leaves; which could not happen, did they not retain some vigor during the winter, though to outward appearance they are dead. He foretells that a similar event will happen to this people; so that, although during their hard and oppressive captivity they resemble dry timber, and it may be thought that they can never be delivered, still there will always be preserved in them some vigor, by which they shall be supported amidst those calamities, and shall at length come forth and blossom. This doctrine, we have said, is not peculia
Pericope (part_of)
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pericope/per-isa-6-002
절 (explains)
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source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
"거기에 십분의 일이 남아 있을지라도" — 그 말들에 다소 모호함이 있다. 하지만 먼저 의미를 확인하면 그 단어의 의미를 쉽게 찾을 수 있을 것이다. 이 구절을 설명하는 두 가지 방법이 있다. 일부는 에쉬리야흐(asiriyah)를 "십 분의 일 추리기"를 의미하는 것으로 설명한다. 다른 이들은 "십 분의 일"로 만들고 집합 명사로 본다.
선지자가 백성에게 위로를 제시하는 것처럼 보인다. 비록 잠시 완전히 죽은 것처럼 보일지라도 어떤 숨겨진 활력을 유지하고 싹을 틔울 수 있을 것임을. 겨울이 지난 후 나무들이 잎을 새로이 하는 것처럼.
요점은 이렇다. 비록 그들이 포로 중 마른 재목처럼 보이고 결코 해방될 수 없다고 생각되더라도, 항상 어떤 활력이 보존되어 그 재앙들 가운데 지지받고 결국 나오고 꽃피울 것이다. 이것이 본 민족에게만 특별한 교리가 아니라 모든 시대에 교회의 보편적인 것이다.
"벌목당한 것 같은 상수리나무나 떡갈나무라도" — 이 나무들의 두 종류가 무작위로 선택되지 않은 것으로 보인다. 하나가 다른 것보다 먼저 잎을 내고 또한 먼저 떨어트리기 때문이다. 유다 지파에게 그렇게 일어났다. 먼저 열 지파가, 베냐민 지파 반과 함께, 포로로 끌려갔다. 따라서 처음에 꽃 피운 자들이 또한 처음에 쇠락했다. 이 지파는 모두 중에 마지막에 쇠락했다. 다시 꽃 필 높은 기대 없이가 아니라. 여기서 구원의 희망이 제시되며, 이것이 이스라엘인들의 포로와 달랐다.
"거룩한 씨가 그 그루터기니라" — 이것이 은유의 적용이다. 나무들이 가을 끝에 시들지만 봄의 귀환으로 다시 꽃 피고 새 잎을 내는데, 이것은 겨울 동안, 비록 외관상으로는 죽어 보이지만, 그들 안에 어떤 활력이 남아 있지 않다면 일어날 수 없다는 사실에서 은유를 취하여 교회의 회복을 묘사한다.
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