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Matthew 23:1 . Then Jesus spoke to the multitudes. This warning was highly useful, that, amidst contentions and the noise of combats, amidst the trouble and confusion of public affairs, amidst the destruction of proper and lawful order, the authority of the word of God might remain entire. The design of Christ was, that the people might not, in consequence of being offended at the vices of the scribes, (88) throw away reverence for the Law. For we know how prone the minds of men are to entertain dislike of the Law; and more especially when the life of their pastors is dissolute, and does not correspond to their words, almost all grow wanton through their example, as if they had received permission to sin with impunity. The same thing happens — and something worse — when contentions arise; for the greater part of men, having thrown off the yoke, give utterance to their wicked desires, and break out into extreme contempt. At that time the scribes burned with covetousness and swelled with ambition; their extortions were notorious; their cruelty was formidable; and such was their corruption of manners, that one would think they had conspired for the destruction of the Law. Besides, they had perverted by their false opinions the pure and natural meaning of the Law, so that Christ was constrained to enter into a sharp conflict with them; because their amazing rage hurried them on to extinguish the light of truth. So then, because there was danger that many persons, partly on account of such abuses, and partly on account of the din of controversies, would come to despise all religion, Christ seasonably meets them, and declares that it would be unreasonable if, on account of the vices of men, true religion were to perish, or reverence for the Law to be in any degree diminished. As the scribes were obstinate and inveterate enemies, and as they held the Church oppressed through their tyranny, Christ was compelled to expose their wickedness; for if good and simple men had not been withdrawn from bondage to them, the door would have been shut against the Gospel. There was also another reason; for the common people think themselves at liberty to do whatever they see done by their rulers, whose corrupt manners they form into a law. But that no man might put a different interpretation on what he was about to say, he begins by stating, that whatever sort of men the teachers were it was altogether unreasonable, either that on account of their filth the word of God should receive any stain, or that on account of their wicked examples men should hold themselves at liberty to commit sin. And this wisdom ought to be carefully observed; for many persons, having no other object in view than to bring hatred and detestation on the wicked and ungodly, mix and confound every thing through their inconsiderate zeal. All discipline is despised, and shame is trampled under foot; in short, there remains no respect for what is honorable, and, what is more, many are emboldened by it, and intentionally blazon the sins of priests, that they may have a pretext for sinning with less restraint. But in attacking the scribes, Christ proceeds in such a manner, that he first vindicates the Law of God from contempt. We must attend to this caution also if we desire that our reproofs should be of any service. But, on the other hand, we ought to observe, that no dread of giving offense prevented Christ from exposing ungodly teachers as they deserved; only he preserved such moderation, that the doctrine of God might not come to be despised on account of the wickedness of men. To inform us that he spoke publicly about their vices, not to raise envy against their persons, but to prevent the contagion from spreading more widely, Mark expressly states that he spoke to them in his doctrine ; by which words he means that the hearers were profitably warned to beware of them. Now, though Luke appears to restrict it to the disciples, yet it is probable that the discourse was addressed indiscriminately to the whole multitude; which appears more clearly from Matthew, and, indeed, the subject itself required that Christ should have his eye on all without exception. (88) “ Offensé et scandalizé des vices qu’on voyoit és scribes ;” — “offended and scandalized at the vices which they saw in the scribes.” return to ' Top of Page ' <a name="verse-2" class="com-number"
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pericope/per-mat-23-001
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source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
마태복음 23:1 — 그때에 예수께서 무리에게 말씀하셨다. 이 경고는 매우 유익한 것이었다. 논쟁의 소란과 전투의 소음 속에서, 공적 질서의 혼란과 붕괴 속에서도, 하나님의 말씀의 권위는 온전히 보존되어야 했기 때문이다. 그리스도의 의도는 백성들이 서기관들의 악행에 충격을 받아 율법에 대한 경외심마저 내던지지 않도록 하는 것이었다. 우리는 인간의 마음이 율법을 혐오하는 쪽으로 얼마나 쉽게 기우는지를 잘 안다. 특히 목자들의 삶이 방탕하여 그 말과 일치하지 않을 때, 거의 모든 이들이 그 본을 따라 방종해지며, 마치 자유롭게 죄를 지어도 좋다는 허락이라도 받은 듯이 행동한다.
분쟁이 일어날 때는 이보다 더 심각한 일이 벌어진다. 대다수가 멍에를 벗어던지고 자신의 악한 욕망을 거리낌 없이 쏟아내며, 모든 것을 극도로 경멸하게 된다. 당시 서기관들은 탐욕에 불타고 야망으로 가득 차 있었으며, 그들의 착취는 공공연했고 잔인함은 두렵기까지 했으며, 그들의 도덕적 타락은 마치 율법을 파괴하려고 공모이라도 한 것처럼 보였다. 게다가 그들은 율법의 순수하고 자연스러운 의미를 거짓 견해들로 변질시켰기에, 그리스도께서는 그들과 첨예한 논쟁을 벌이지 않을 수 없었다. 그들의 놀라운 광기가 진리의 빛을 꺼버리려 했기 때문이다.
따라서 많은 사람들이 이러한 남용과 논쟁의 소음으로 인해 모든 종교를 멸시하게 될 위험이 있었으므로, 그리스도께서는 때를 맞추어 개입하시어, 인간의 악행 때문에 참된 신앙이 무너지거나 율법에 대한 경외심이 조금이라도 줄어드는 것은 옳지 않다고 선언하셨다. 서기관들이 완고하고 뿌리 깊은 원수들이었고 그들의 독재로 교회가 억압받고 있었으므로, 그리스도께서는 그들의 악행을 폭로할 수밖에 없었다. 선하고 단순한 이들이 그들에 대한 예속에서 벗어나지 못하면, 복음의 문이 닫힐 것이었기 때문이다. 또 다른 이유도 있었다. 백성은 자신들의 지도자들이 하는 것을 무엇이든 따라 할 자유가 있다고 생각하며, 그들의 타락한 행습을 법으로 삼기 때문이다.
그러나 자신이 하려는 말이 다르게 해석될 소지가 없도록, 그리스도께서는 먼저 이렇게 말씀하신다. 교사들이 어떤 사람들이든 간에, 그들의 더러움 때문에 하나님의 말씀이 오염되거나, 그들의 악한 본보기 때문에 사람들이 죄를 범할 자유를 누린다고 여기는 것은 전혀 이치에 맞지 않는다고. 이 지혜는 주의 깊게 살펴야 한다. 많은 이들이 오직 악하고 불경건한 자들에게 증오와 혐오를 불러일으키는 것만을 목표로 삼아, 경솔한 열심으로 모든 것을 혼합하고 혼란에 빠뜨리기 때문이다. 모든 훈련이 무시되고 수치심이 짓밟히며 고귀한 것에 대한 존중이 사라진다. 심지어 많은 이들이 이것으로 담대해져서, 사제들의 죄악을 일부러 드러내어 더 거리낌 없이 죄를 짓는 구실로 삼는다. 그러나 그리스도께서는 서기관들을 공격할 때, 먼저 하나님의 율법을 경멸로부터 지켜내는 방식으로 나아가신다.
원주석
- 번역원본
commentary-section/cal-mat-23-1-1(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역
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2. In the chair of Moses. Reasons were not wanting for inserting here what Luke relates at a different place. Besides that the doctrine is the same, I have no doubt that Luke, after having said that the scribes were sharply and severely reproved by our Lord, added also the other reproofs which Matthew delayed till the proper place; for already we have frequently seen that the Evangelists, as occasion required, collected into one place various discourses of Christ. But as the narrative of Matthew is more full, I choose rather to take his words as the subject of exposition. Our Lord gives a general exhortation to believers to beware of conforming their life to the wicked conduct of the scribes, but, on the contrary, to regulate it by the rule of the Law which they hear from the mouth of the scribes; for it was necessary (as I have lately hinted) that he should reprove many abuses in them, that the whole people might not be infected. Lest, through their crimes, the doctrine of which they were the ministers and heralds should be injured, he enjoins believers to attend to their words, and not to their actions; as if he had said, that there is no reason why the bad examples of pastors should hinder the children of God from holiness of life. That the word scribes, agreeably to the Hebrew idiom, denotes the teachers or expounders of the Law, is well known; and it is certain that Luke calls the same persons lawyers (89) Now our Lord refers peculiarly to the Pharisees, who belonged to the number of the scribes, because at that time this sect held the highest rank in the government of the Church, and in the exposition of Scripture. For we have formerly mentioned that, while the Sadducees and Essenes preferred the literal interpretation of Scripture, the Pharisees followed a different manner of teaching, which had been handed down, as it were, to them by their ancestors, which was, to make subtle inquiries into the mystical meaning of Scripture. This was also the reason why they received their name; for they are called Pherusim, that is, expounders. (90) And though they had debased the whole of Scripture by their false opinions, yet, as they plumed themselves on that popular method of instruction, their authority was highly esteemed in explaining the worship of God and the rule of holy life. The phrase ought, therefore, to be thus interpreted: “The Pharisees and other scribes, or, the scribes, among whom the Pharisees are the most highly esteemed, when they speak to you, are good teachers of a holy life, but by their works they give you very bad instructions; and therefore attend to their lips rather than to their hands.” It may now be asked, Ought we to submit to all the instructions of teachers without exception? For it is plain enough, that the scribes of that age had wickedly and basely corrupted the Law by false inventions, had burdened wretched souls by unjust laws, and had corrupted the worship of God by many superstitions; but Christ wishes their doctrine to be observed, as if it had been unlawful to oppose their tyranny. The answer is easy. He does not absolutely compare any kind of doctrine with the life, but the design of Christ was, to distinguish the holy Law of God from their profane works. For to sit in the chair of Moses is nothing else than to teach, according to the Law of God, how we ought to live. And though I am not quite certain whence the phrase is derived, yet there is probability in the conjecture of those who refer it to the pulpit which Ezra erected, from which the Law was read aloud, ( Nehemiah 8:4 .) Certainly, when the Rabbis expounded Scripture, those who were about to speak rose up in succession; but it was perhaps the custom that the Law itself should be proclaimed from a more elevated spot. That man, therefore, sits in the chair of Moses who teaches, not from himself, or at his own suggestion, but according to the authority and word of God. But it denotes, at the same time, a lawful calling; for Christ commands that the scribes should be heard, because they were the public teachers of the, Church. The Papists reckon it enough, that those who issue laws should possess the title and occupy the station; for in this way they torture the words of Christ to mean, that we are bound to receive obediently whatever the ordinary prelates of the Church enjoin. But this calumny is abundantly refuted by another injunction of Christ, when he bids them beware of the leaven of the Pharisees , ( Matthew 16:6 .) If Christ pronounces it to be not only lawful, but even proper, to reject whatever of their own the scribes mingle with the pure doctrine of the Law, certainly we are not bound to embrace, without discrimination or the exercise of judgment, whatever they are pleased to enjoin. Besides, if Christ had intended here to bind the consciences of his followers to the commandments of men, there would have been no good ground for what he said in another passage, that it is in vain to worship God by the commandments of men , ( Matthew 15:9 .) Hence it is evident, that Christ exhorts the people to obey the scribes, only so far as they adhere to the pure and simple exposition of the Law. For the exposition of, Augustine is accurate, and in accordance with Christ’s meaning, that, “the scribes taught the Law of God while they sat in the chair of Moses; and, therefore, that the sheep ought to hear the voice of the Shepherd by them, as by hirelings.” To which words he immediately adds: “God therefore teaches by them; but if they wish to teach any thing of their own, refuse to hear, refuse to do them.” With this sentiment accords what the same writer says in his Fourth Book of Christian Doctrine: “Because good believers do not obediently listen to any sort of man, but to God himself; therefore we may profitably listen even to those whose lives are not profitable.” It was, therefore, not the chair of the scribes, but the chair of Moses, that constrained them to teach what was good, even when th
Pericope (part_of)
- part_of
pericope/per-mat-23-001
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source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
모세의 자리. 누가복음이 다른 곳에 기록한 내용이 여기에 삽입된 데에는 이유가 없지 않다. 그 교훈 자체는 동일하므로, 나는 누가가 주님에 의해 서기관들이 날카롭고 혹독하게 책망받았다고 말한 후, 마태가 제자리에 배치할 다른 책망들도 덧붙인 것이라고 확신한다. 우리는 복음서 기자들이 필요에 따라 그리스도의 다양한 말씀들을 한 곳에 모아 정리한 경우를 이미 여러 번 보았다. 마태의 서술이 더 완전하므로, 나는 그의 말씀을 중심으로 설명하겠다.
주님은 신자들에게, 서기관들의 악한 행실을 본받지 말고, 오히려 그들의 입에서 나오는 율법의 규범에 따라 삶을 규율하라는 일반적인 권고를 하신다. 이것이 필요했던 이유는, 앞서 암시했듯이, 그들 안에 있는 많은 남용들을 책망해야 했기에 온 백성이 전염되지 않도록 해야 했기 때문이다. 그들의 범죄로 인해 그들이 사역자요 전령인 교훈이 손상되지 않도록, 그리스도께서는 신자들에게 그들의 행동이 아닌 그들의 말에 주의를 기울이라고 명하신다. 마치 "목사들의 악한 본보기가 하나님의 자녀들이 거룩한 삶을 사는 데 방해가 될 이유가 없다"고 하신 것 같다.
서기관이라는 말이 히브리 용법에 따라 율법의 교사 또는 해설자를 뜻한다는 것은 잘 알려져 있다. 루가도 같은 사람들을 율법사라고 부른다. 주님은 특별히 바리새인들을 가리키시는데, 당시 그들은 교회 통치와 성경 해석에서 최고 지위를 차지하고 있었기 때문이다. 사두개인들과 에세네인들이 성경의 문자적 해석을 선호한 반면, 바리새인들은 선조들로부터 물려받은 다른 방식의 가르침을 따랐다. 성경의 신비한 의미를 세밀하게 탐구하는 것이었다. 이것이 그들의 이름의 유래이기도 하다. 그들은 페루심, 즉 해설자라 불린다. 비록 거짓 견해로 성경 전체를 타락시켰지만, 그 대중적인 가르침 방식을 자랑삼았기에, 하나님 예배의 방식과 거룩한 삶의 규범을 설명하는 데서 그들의 권위는 높이 평가받았다.
따라서 이 구절은 이렇게 해석해야 한다. "바리새인들과 다른 서기관들이 너희에게 말할 때, 그들은 거룩한 삶의 훌륭한 교사들이다. 그러나 그들의 행위는 매우 나쁜 가르침을 준다. 그러므로 그들의 손보다 그들의 입에 주의를 기울여라." 이제 이런 질문이 생길 수 있다. 우리는 예외 없이 모든 교사의 가르침에 복종해야 하는가? 그 시대의 서기관들이 거짓 발명으로 율법을 사악하고 비열하게 왜곡하고, 부당한 율법으로 불쌍한 영혼들에게 짐을 지우며, 많은 미신으로 하나님께 드리는 예배를 타락시켰음은 충분히 분명하다. 그런데도 그리스도께서는 마치 그들의 독재에 저항하는 것이 불법인 것처럼 그들의 교훈이 준수되기를 원하시는 것인가?
대답은 간단하다. 그리스도는 어떤 종류의 교훈도 절대적으로 삶과 비교하시는 것이 아니다. 그리스도의 의도는 하나님의 거룩한 율법을 그들의 불경스러운 행위와 구별하는 것이었다. 모세의 자리에 앉는다는 것은 자기 자신이나 자신의 제안에서가 아니라 하나님의 권위와 말씀에 따라 어떻게 살아야 하는지를 가르친다는 것 외에 다른 의미가 없다. 또한 이것은 합법적인 부르심을 의미한다. 그리스도께서는 그들이 교회의 공식 교사였기 때문에 서기관들을 들으라고 명하신 것이다. 교황주의자들은 율법을 제정하는 자들이 그 직함을 갖고 그 자리를 차지하는 것으로 충분하다고 생각한다. 그러나 이 해석은 그리스도의 다른 명령에 의해 충분히 논박된다. 그리스도께서 바리새인들의 누룩을 조심하라고 하셨을 때, 서기관들이 순수한 율법 교훈에 자신들의 것을 혼합하는 것을 거부하는 것이 합법적일 뿐만 아니라 마땅하다고 하셨기 때문이다.
따라서 그리스도는 율법의 순수하고 단순한 해설에 충실한 한에서만 서기관들에게 복종하라고 백성을 권고하신다는 것이 분명하다. 아우구스티누스의 해석이 정확하고 그리스도의 뜻에 부합한다. "서기관들은 모세의 자리에 앉아서 하나님의 율법을 가르쳤으니, 양들은 고용된 자들을 통하더라도 목자의 음성을 들어야 했다." 여기에 그는 즉시 이렇게 덧붙인다. "그러므로 하나님께서 그들을 통해 가르치신다. 그러나 만약 그들이 자기 자신의 것을 가르치려 한다면, 들으려 하지 말고, 행하려 하지 말라."
원주석
- 번역원본
commentary-section/cal-mat-23-2-2(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역
4절 카드 ↗
4. For they bind heavy and intolerable burdens. He does not charge the scribes with oppressing and tyrannizing over souls by harsh and unjust laws; for, though they had introduced many superfluous ceremonies — as is evident from other passages — yet Christ does not at present refer to that vice, because his design is, to compare right doctrine with a wicked and dissolute life. That the Law of God should be called a heavy and intolerable burden is not wonderful, and more especially in reference to our weakness. But though the scribes required nothing but what God had enjoined, yet Christ reproves the stern and rigid manner of teaching which was usually followed by those proud hypocrites, who authoritatively demand from others what they owe to God, and are rigorous in enforcing duties, and yet indolently dispense with the performance of what they so strictly enjoin on others, and allow themselves to do whatever they please. In this sense Ezekiel ( Ezekiel 34:4 ) reproaches them for ruling with sternness and rigor. For those who truly fear God, though they sincerely and earnestly endeavor to bring their disciples to obey Him, yet as they are more severe towards themselves than towards others, they are not so rigid in exacting obedience, and, being conscious of their own weakness, kindly forgive the weak. But it is impossible to imagine any thing that can exceed the insolence in commanding, or the cruelty, of stupid despisers of God, because they give themselves no concern about the difficulty of doing those things from which they relieve themselves; and therefore no man will exercise moderation in commanding others, unless he shall first become his own teacher. (91) (91) “ Si premierement il ne se regle luy-mesme, et s’assul jetit aux mesmes choses qu’il commande ;” — “if he do not first rule himself, and submit to the same things which he commands.” return to ' Top of Page ' <a name="verse-5" class="com-number"
Pericope (part_of)
- part_of
pericope/per-mat-23-001
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Source
source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
그들은 무겁고 견디기 어려운 짐을 묶어 사람들의 어깨에 지운다. 그리스도께서 서기관들이 가혹하고 부당한 율법으로 영혼을 억압하고 독재한다고 고발하시는 것이 아니다. 그들이 많은 불필요한 의식들을 도입했음은 다른 구절들에서 분명히 드러나지만, 그리스도는 지금 그 악행을 언급하지 않으신다. 그분의 의도는 올바른 교훈과 악하고 방탕한 삶을 대비시키는 것이기 때문이다. 하나님의 율법이 무겁고 견디기 어려운 짐이라 불리는 것은 당연하며, 특히 우리의 연약함을 고려할 때 더욱 그렇다. 그러나 서기관들이 하나님께서 명하신 것 외에 아무것도 요구하지 않는다 하더라도, 그리스도는 그 교만한 위선자들이 일반적으로 따르는 엄하고 가혹한 가르침 방식을 책망하신다. 그들은 권위 있게 다른 이들에게서 하나님께 빚진 것들을 요구하고 의무를 이행하도록 엄하게 강요하면서도, 자신들이 엄격하게 명령한 것들을 이행하는 데는 태만하며, 자신들에게는 하고 싶은 것을 무엇이든 허용한다.
에스겔도 그들이 엄격함과 완고함으로 다스린다고 책망한다(겔 34:4). 진정으로 하나님을 두려워하는 자들은 제자들이 하나님께 순종하도록 진심으로 열심히 노력하지만, 자신에게 더 엄격하기 때문에 복종을 요구하는 데 그토록 가혹하지 않으며, 자신의 연약함을 알기에 연약한 자들을 친절하게 용서한다. 그러나 하나님을 어리석게 멸시하는 자들처럼 명령하는 데서의 오만함이나 잔인함을 능가할 것은 없다. 그들이 면제해주는 그 일들의 어려움에 대해 전혀 걱정하지 않기 때문이다. 따라서 자신이 먼저 자기 자신의 교사가 되지 않으면, 아무도 다른 이들에게 명하는 데서 절도를 발휘하지 못할 것이다.
원주석
- 번역원본
commentary-section/cal-mat-23-4-4(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역
5절 카드 ↗
5. And all their works they do that they may be seen by men. He had lately said that the scribes live very differently from what they teach; but now he adds that, if they have any thing which is apparently good, it is hypocritical and worthless, because they have no other design than to please men, and to vaunt themselves. And here zeal for piety and a holy life is contrasted with the mask of those works which serve no purpose but for ostentation; for an upright worshipper of God will never give himself up to that empty parade by which hypocrites are puffed up. Thus not only is the ambition of the scribes and Pharisees reproved, but our Lord, after having condemned the transgression and contempt of the Law of God in their whole life, that they might not shield themselves by their pretended holiness, anticipates them by replying, that those things of which they boast are absolute trifles, and of no value whatever, because they spring from mere ostentation. He afterwards produces a single instance, by which that ambition was easily perceived, which was, that by the fringes of their robes they held themselves out to the eyes of men as good observers of the Law. And make their phylacteries broad, and enlarge the fringes of their robes. For why were their fringes made broader, and their phylacteries more magnificent , than what was customary, except for idle display? The Lord had commanded the Jews to wear, both on their forehead and on their raiment, some remarkable passages selected out of the Law, ( Deuteronomy 6:8 .) As forgetfulness of the Law easily creeps upon the flesh, the Lord intended in this manner to keep it constantly in the remembrance of his people; for they were likewise enjoined to inscribe such sentences on the posts of their houses, ( Deuteronomy 6:9 ,) that, wherever they turned their eyes, some godly warning might immediately meet them. But what did the scribes do? In order to distinguish themselves from the rest of the people, they carried about with them the commandments of God more magnificently inscribed on their garments; and in this boasting there was displayed an offensive ambition. Let us also learn from this, how ingenious men are in mixing up vain deception, in order to conceal their vices under some pretext and cloak of virtues, by turning to the purposes of their own hypocrisy those exercises of piety which God has enjoined. Nothing was more profitable than to exercise all their senses in the contemplation of the Law, and it was not without good reason that this was enjoined by the Lord. But so far were they from profiting by these simple instructions, that, by making perfect righteousness to consist in the adorning of robes, they despised the Law throughout their whole life. For it was impossible to treat the Law of God with greater contempt, than when they imagined that they kept it by pompous dress, or pronounced masks contrived for enacting a play to be a keeping of the Law. What Mark and Luke say about the robes relates to the same subject. We know that the inhabitants of Eastern countries commonly used long robes , — a custom which they retain to this day. But it is evident from Zechariah ( Zechariah 13:4 ) that the prophets were distinguished from the rest of the people by a particular form of a cloak. And, indeed, it was highly reasonable that the teachers should dress in this manner, that there might be a higher degree of gravity and modesty in their dress than in that of the common people; but the scribes had made an improper use of it by turning it into luxury and display. Their example has been followed by the Popish priests, among whom robes are manifestly nothing more than the badges of proud tyranny. return to ' Top of Page ' <a name="verse-6" class="com-number"
Pericope (part_of)
- part_of
pericope/per-mat-23-001
절 (explains)
Source
source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
그들의 모든 행위를 사람들에게 보이려 한다. 그리스도께서는 방금 서기관들이 가르치는 것과 매우 다르게 산다고 하셨지만, 이제 그들에게 겉보기에 선한 것이 있다 해도 그것은 위선적이고 가치 없는 것이라고 덧붙이신다. 그들의 유일한 목적이 사람들을 기쁘게 하고 자기 자신을 자랑하는 것이기 때문이다. 여기서 경건에 대한 진실한 열심은 오직 과시에만 기여하는 행위의 가면과 대조된다. 하나님의 정직한 예배자는 위선자들이 우쭐대는 그 공허한 과시에 결코 자신을 내어주지 않을 것이기 때문이다.
이처럼 그분은 그들의 전체 삶에서 하나님의 율법에 대한 범죄와 멸시를 정죄하신 후, 그들이 가식적인 경건으로 자신을 방어하지 못하도록, 그들이 자랑하는 것들이 순전한 허식에 불과하여 아무 가치도 없다고 미리 말씀하신다. 그것들은 순수한 과시에서 나오기 때문이다. 그 후 그분은 단 하나의 사례를 드신다. 그들의 겉옷 가장자리를 넓게 만들고 경문갑을 더 화려하게 하여 율법을 잘 지키는 자로 사람들의 눈에 드러내는 것이다.
경문갑을 넓게 하며 옷 가장자리를 길게 한다. 경문갑이 더 화려해지고 옷 가장자리가 더 넓어진 것은, 공허한 과시를 위한 것이 아니면 무엇이겠는가? 주님은 유대인들에게 이마와 옷에 율법에서 선택된 주목할 만한 구절들을 새겨 달고 다니라고 명하셨다(신 6:8). 육신이 율법을 쉽게 잊어버리므로, 주님은 이 방법으로 그것을 그 백성의 기억 속에 항상 유지시키려 하셨다. 그들은 또한 집의 기둥에 그런 문장들을 새기라는 명령도 받았다(신 6:9). 어디에 눈을 돌리든 즉각 경건한 경고가 눈에 띄도록 하기 위해서였다. 그런데 서기관들은 무엇을 했는가? 나머지 백성과 자신들을 구별하기 위해, 하나님의 계명을 더 화려하게 옷에 새겨 지니고 다녔다. 이 자랑에서 불쾌한 야망이 드러난다.
이로써 우리는, 사람들이 자신의 악덕을 미덕의 구실과 가면 뒤에 숨기기 위해 허황된 속임수를 혼합하는 데 얼마나 영리한지, 하나님께서 명하신 경건의 훈련을 자신의 위선의 목적으로 전용하는 데 얼마나 능한지를 배운다. 율법을 온갖 감각으로 묵상하는 것보다 더 유익한 것은 없었고, 주님께서 이것을 명하신 데는 충분한 이유가 있었다. 그러나 그들은 이 단순한 가르침에서 유익을 얻기는커녕, 완전한 의로움이 옷을 화려하게 꾸미는 데 있다고 상상함으로써 평생 율법을 멸시하였다.
원주석
- 번역원본
commentary-section/cal-mat-23-5-5(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역
6절 카드 ↗
6 And love the first places at entertainments.. He proves, by evident signs, that no zeal for piety exists in the scribes, but that they are wholly devoted to ambition. For to seek the first places and the first seats belongs only to those who choose rather to exalt themselves among men, than to enjoy the approbation of God. But above all, Christ condemns them for desiring to be called masters; for, though the name Rabbi in itself denotes excellence, yet at that time the prevailing practice among the Jews was, to give this name to the masters and teachers of the Law. But Christ asserts that this honor does not belong to any except himself; from which it follows that it cannot, without doing injury to him, be applied to men. But there is an appearance of excessive harshness, and even of absurdity, in this, since Christ does not now teach us in his own person, but appoints and ordains masters for us. Now it is absurd to take away the title from those on whom he bestows the office, and more especially since, while he was on earth, he appointed apostles to discharge the office of teaching in his name. If the question be about the title, Paul certainly did not intend to do any injury to Christ by sacrilegious usurpation or boasting, when he declared that. he was a master and teacher of the Gentiles, ( 1 Timothy 2:7 .) But as Christ had no other design than to bring all, from the least to the greatest, to obey him, so as to preserve his own authority unimpaired, we need not give ourselves much trouble about the word. Christ therefore does not attach importance to the title bestowed on those who discharge the office of teaching, but restrains them within proper limits, that they may not rule over the kith of brethren. We must always attend to the distinction, that Christ alone ought to be obeyed, because concerning him alone was the voice of the Father heard aloud from heaven, Hear him, ( Matthew 17:5 ;) and that teachers are his ministers in such a manner that he ought to be heard in them, and that they are masters under him, so far as they represent his person. The general meaning is, that his authority must remain entire, and that no mortal man ought to claim the smallest portion of it. Thus he is the only Pastor; but yet he admits many pastors under him, provided that he hold the preeminence over them all, and that by them he alone govern the Church. And you are all brethren. This opposite clause must be observed. For, since we are brethren, he maintains that no man has a right to hold the place of a master over others; and hence it follows, that he does not condemn that authority of masters which does not violate brotherly intercourse among the godly. In short, nothing else is here enjoined than that all should depend on the mouth of Christ alone. Nearly to the same purpose does Paul argue, when he says that we have no right to judge one another, for all are brethren, and all must stand before the judgment seat of Christ, ( Romans 14:10 .) return to ' Top of Page ' <a name="verse-9" class="com-number"
Pericope (part_of)
- part_of
pericope/per-mat-23-001
절 (explains)
Source
source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
잔치 자리에서 상석을 원한다. 그리스도께서는 서기관들 안에 경건에 대한 열심이 전혀 없고 그들이 온전히 야망에 바쳐져 있음을 명백한 표시들로 증명하신다. 으뜸 자리와 첫 번째 좌석을 구하는 것은 오직 하나님의 인정보다 사람들 사이에서 자신을 높이기를 선택하는 자들에게만 속하기 때문이다.
무엇보다 그리스도는 그들이 랍비라고 불리기를 원하는 것을 정죄하신다. 랍비라는 이름 자체는 탁월함을 의미하지만, 그 당시 유대인들 사이에서는 율법의 교사들에게 이 이름을 붙이는 관행이 있었다. 그러나 그리스도는 이 영예가 오직 자기 자신에게만 속한다고 주장하신다. 따라서 그것은 그분에게 해를 가하지 않고는 사람들에게 적용될 수 없다는 것이 따라온다. 그런데 이것은 지나치게 엄격하고 심지어 불합리하게 보이는 점이 있다. 그리스도께서는 이제 자신의 인격으로 우리를 가르치시는 것이 아니라, 우리를 위해 교사들을 임명하고 세우시기 때문이다. 직무를 수여하시면서 그 직함을 빼앗는 것은 불합리하다.
그러나 그리스도는 크고 작은 모든 자를 그에게 복종시켜 자신의 권위를 온전히 보존하는 것 외에 다른 의도를 가지고 계시지 않았으므로, 우리는 그 말씀에 대해 지나치게 염려할 필요가 없다. 그러므로 그리스도는 가르치는 직분을 수행하는 자들에게 붙여진 직함을 중요시하지 않으시고, 그들을 적절한 한계 안에 두어 형제들을 다스리지 않도록 억제하신다.
"너희는 다 형제이다"라는 반대 조항을 주목해야 한다. 우리가 형제들이므로, 아무도 다른 이들 위에서 스승의 자리를 차지할 권리가 없다는 것을 그분은 주장하신다. 따라서 경건한 자들 사이의 형제적 교제를 침해하지 않는 교사들의 권위를 그분이 정죄하지 않으신다는 것이 따라온다. 요컨대, 여기서 명령되는 것은 모두가 오직 그리스도의 말씀에만 의존해야 한다는 것이다.
원주석
- 번역원본
commentary-section/cal-mat-23-6-6(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역
9절 카드 ↗
9. And call no man on earth your Father. He claims for God alone the honor of Father, in nearly the same sense as he lately asserted that he himself is the only Master; for this name was not assumed by men for themselves, but was given to them by God. And therefore it is not only lawful to call men on earth fathers , but it would be wicked to deprive them of that honor. Nor is there any importance in the distinction which some have brought forward, that men, by whom children have been begotten, are fathers according to the flesh, but that God alone is the Father of spirits. I readily acknowledge that in this manner God is sometimes distinguished from men, as in Hebrews 12:5 , but as Paul more than once calls himself a spiritual father, ( 1 Corinthians 4:15 ,) we must see how this agrees with the words of Christ. The true meaning therefore is, that the honor of a father is falsely ascribed to men, when it obscures the glory of God. Now this is done, whenever a mortal man, viewed apart from God, is accounted a father, since all the degrees of relationship depend on God alone through Christ, and are held together in such a manner that, strictly speaking, God alone is the Father of all. return to ' Top of Page ' <a name="verse-10" class="com-number"
Pericope (part_of)
- part_of
pericope/per-mat-23-001
절 (explains)
Source
source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
땅에 있는 어떤 사람도 아버지라 부르지 말라. 그분은 방금 자신만이 유일한 스승이라고 주장하신 것과 거의 같은 의미로 하나님만을 위해 아버지의 영예를 주장하신다. 왜냐하면 이 이름은 사람들이 스스로를 위해 취한 것이 아니라, 하나님께서 그들에게 주신 것이기 때문이다. 따라서 땅의 사람들을 아버지라고 부르는 것은 합법적일 뿐만 아니라, 그들에게서 그 영예를 박탈하는 것은 사악한 일이 될 것이다.
어떤 이들이 제시한 구분, 즉 자녀를 낳은 사람들은 육신에 따른 아버지들이고 하나님만이 영들의 아버지라는 구분도 크게 중요하지 않다. 나는 하나님이 이런 방식으로 사람들과 구별되는 경우가 있음을 인정한다. 그러나 바울이 자신을 영적 아버지라고 한 번 이상 부르므로, 이것이 그리스도의 말씀과 어떻게 일치하는지 살펴보아야 한다. 따라서 참된 의미는, 아버지의 영예가 하나님의 영광을 모호하게 만들 때 그것이 사람들에게 거짓으로 귀속된다는 것이다. 필멸의 인간이 하나님과 별개로 아버지로 여겨질 때 이런 일이 일어난다. 모든 관계의 단계들이 오직 그리스도를 통한 하나님에게만 달려 있으며, 엄밀히 말해 하나님만이 모두의 아버지이시기 때문이다.
원주석
- 번역원본
commentary-section/cal-mat-23-9-9(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역
10절 카드 ↗
10. For one is your Master, even Christ. He repeats a second time the former statement about Christ’s office as Master, in order to inform us that the lawful order is, that God alone rule over us, and possess the power and authority of a Father, and that Christ subject all to his doctrine, and have them as disciples; as it is elsewhere said, that Christ is the only head of the whole Church, ( Ephesians 1:22 ) because the whole body ought to be subject to him and obey him. return to ' Top of Page ' <a name="verse-11" class="com-number"
Pericope (part_of)
- part_of
pericope/per-mat-23-001
절 (explains)
Source
source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
하나는 너희의 선생이시니 그리스도이시다. 그리스도의 스승으로서의 직분에 관한 앞의 진술을 두 번째로 반복하신다. 이는 합법적인 질서가 하나님만이 우리를 다스리시고 아버지의 권세와 권위를 소유하시며, 그리스도께서 모든 이들을 자신의 교훈에 복종시켜 그들을 제자로 삼으신다는 것임을 알리기 위함이다. 다른 곳에서 그리스도가 교회 전체의 유일한 머리라고 말해지듯, 온 몸이 그에게 복종하고 그에게 순종해야 하기 때문이다(엡 1:22).
원주석
- 번역원본
commentary-section/cal-mat-23-10-10(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역
11절 카드 ↗
11. He who is greatest among you. By this conclusion he shows that he did not, after the manner of the sophists, dispute about words, but, on the contrary, looked to the fact, that no man, through forgetfulness of his rank, might claim more than was proper. He therefore declares that the highest honor in the Church is not government, but service. Whoever keeps himself within this limit, whatever may be the title which he bears, takes nothing away either from God or from Christ; as, on the other hand, it serves no good purpose to take the name of a servant for the purpose of cloaking that power which diminishes the authority of Christ as a Master. For of what avail is it that the Pope, when he is about to oppress wretched souls by tyrannical laws, begins with styling himself the servant of servants of God, but to insult God openly, and to practice shameful mockery on men? Now while Christ does not insist on words, he strictly forbids his followers to aspire or desire to rise any higher than to enjoy brotherly intercourse on an equal footing under the heavenly Father, and charges those who occupy places of honor to conduct themselves as the servants of others. He adds that remarkable statement which has been formerly explained, (92) he that humbleth himself shall be exalted. (92) Harmony , vol. 2, p. 165. return to ' Top of Page ' <a name="verse-13" class="com-number"
Pericope (part_of)
- part_of
pericope/per-mat-23-001
절 (explains)
Source
source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
너희 중에 큰 자는 너희의 종이 되어야 한다. 그분은 이 결론으로, 자신이 소피스트들처럼 말에 대해 논쟁한 것이 아니라 사실을 주목하셨음을 보여주신다. 누구도 자신의 자리를 잊고 마땅한 것 이상을 요구하지 않도록 하기 위해. 따라서 그분은 교회에서의 가장 높은 영예는 통치가 아니라 섬김이라고 선언하신다. 이 한계 안에 자신을 지키는 자는 어떤 직함을 갖든 간에 하나님이나 그리스도로부터 아무것도 빼앗지 않는다. 반면에 그리스도의 교사로서의 권위를 줄이는 권력을 가리기 위해 종이라는 이름을 취하는 것은 아무 소용이 없다. 교황이 불쌍한 영혼들을 독재적인 율법으로 억압하려 할 때 하나님의 종들의 종이라고 자칭하는 것이 무슨 소용이 있는가? 그것은 하나님을 공공연히 모욕하고 사람들을 부끄럽게 조롱하는 것이다. 이제 그리스도는 자신의 추종자들이 하늘의 아버지 아래 동등한 토대 위에서 형제적 교제를 누리는 것 이상으로 더 높이 오르거나 원하려는 열망을 엄히 금하시고, 높은 자리를 차지하는 자들에게 다른 이들의 종으로 처신하도록 명하신다. 그분은 앞서 설명된 주목할 만한 진술을 덧붙이신다. 자신을 낮추는 자는 높아질 것이다.
원주석
- 번역원본
commentary-section/cal-mat-23-11-11(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역
13절 카드 ↗
Matthew 23:13 . You shut up the kingdom of heaven. Christ pronounces a curse on them, because they pervert their office to the general destruction of the whole people; for since the government of the Church was in their hands, they ought to have been, as it were, porters for the kingdom of heaven. What purpose is served by religion and holy doctrine but to open heaven to us? For we know that all mankind are banished from God, and excluded from the inheritance of eternal salvation. Now the doctrine of religion may be said to be the door by which we enter into life, and therefore Scripture says metaphorically, that the keys of the kingdom of heaven are given to pastors, as I have explained more fully under Matthew 16:19 . And we ought to abide by this definition, which appears still more strongly from the words of Luke, in which Christ reproaches the lawyers with having taken away the key of knowledge, which means that, though they were the guardians of the Law of God, they deprived the people of the true understanding of it. As, therefore, in the present day, the keys of the kingdom of heaven are committed to the custody of pastors, that they may admit believers into eternal life, and exclude unbelievers from all expectation of it, so the priests and scribes anciently under the Law held the same office. From the word knowledge we infer how absurdly the Papists forge false keys, as if they possessed some magical power apart from the word of God; for Christ declares that none but those who are ministers of doctrine have the use of keys. If it be objected, that the Pharisees, though they were perverse expounders of the Law still held the keys, I reply: Though, in respect of their office, the keys were entrusted to them, yet they were suppressed by malice and deceit, so that they no longer retained the use of them. And therefore Christ says, that they took away, or stole that key of knowledge, by which they ought to have opened the gate of heaven. In like manner, heaven is shut by Popery against the wretched people, while the very pastors—or, at least, those who hold that office—prevent them by their tyranny from being opened. If we are not excessively indifferent, we will not willingly enter into a league with wicked tyrants, who cruelly shut against us the entrance into life. return to ' Top of Page ' <a name="verse-14" class="com-number"
Pericope (part_of)
- part_of
pericope/per-mat-23-002
절 (explains)
Source
source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
마태복음 23:13 — 너희는 사람들에게 천국의 문을 닫는다. 그리스도는 그들이 온 백성의 전반적인 파멸을 위해 자신들의 직분을 왜곡한다는 이유로 저주를 선언하신다. 교회의 통치가 그들의 손에 있었으므로, 그들은 마치 천국의 문지기와 같은 역할을 해야 했기 때문이다. 종교와 거룩한 교훈의 목적이 무엇인가? 우리에게 하늘을 열어주는 것이 아닌가? 우리는 모든 인류가 하나님으로부터 추방되어 영원한 구원의 기업에서 제외되었음을 알고 있다. 종교의 교훈은 우리가 생명으로 들어가는 문이라고 할 수 있다. 그러므로 성경은 목사들에게 천국의 열쇠가 주어졌다고 은유적으로 말한다(마 16:19에서 더 자세히 설명했다). 누가복음에서 그리스도께서 율법사들이 지식의 열쇠를 빼앗았다고 책망하신 말씀에서 이것이 더욱 강하게 드러난다. 즉, 그들이 하나님의 율법의 수호자이면서도 백성들에게서 그것의 참된 이해를 박탈했다는 것이다.
그러므로 현재에도 천국의 열쇠들이 목사들의 관리에 맡겨졌듯이, 율법 아래서도 제사장들과 서기관들이 같은 직분을 수행했다. "지식"이라는 말에서 우리는, 교황주의자들이 하나님의 말씀과 별개로 어떤 마법적인 권능을 가진 것처럼 거짓 열쇠들을 위조하는 것이 얼마나 불합리한지를 추론한다. 그리스도는 교훈의 사역자들만이 열쇠를 사용한다고 선언하시기 때문이다.
바리새인들이 율법의 사악한 해설자였지만 열쇠를 보유했다면, 나는 이렇게 대답한다. 직분의 측면에서 열쇠가 그들에게 맡겨졌지만, 악의와 속임수로 억압되어 더 이상 그 사용을 유지하지 못했다. 따라서 그리스도는 그들이 하늘의 문을 열어주어야 할 지식의 열쇠를 빼앗거나 훔쳤다고 하신다. 이와 마찬가지로, 교황제도의 독재로 그 불쌍한 백성에게 문이 닫혀 열리지 않는다. 우리가 지나치게 무관심하지 않다면, 생명으로의 입구를 잔인하게 닫아버리는 사악한 독재자들과 기꺼이 연합하지 않을 것이다.
원주석
- 번역원본
commentary-section/cal-mat-23-13-13(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역
14절 카드 ↗
14. For you devour widows’ houses. He now proceeds farther, for he not only accuses them of open crimes which demand hatred and detestation, but even tears away the disguises of virtues, by which they deceived the common people. If it be objected, that there was no need of reproving those things which could do no harm by their example, we ought to recollect that it was impossible to promote the salvation of those who were held bound by the errors of the scribes, unless they turned away entirely from such persons. This reason, therefore, constrained Christ to expose the vain appearance of virtues, which nourishes superstitions. And that under the pretense of a long prayer. He says in general that, even when they appear to do what is right, they wickedly abuse the pretense of religion. Long prayers contained some evidence of remarkable piety; for the more holy a man is, the more eminently is he devoted to prayer. But Christ says that the Pharisees and scribes were so impure, that even the chief part of the worship of God was not used by them without committing sin, because constancy in prayer was with them, trap for base gain. For they sold their prayers in exactly the same manner as hirelings dispose of their daily labor. (97) Hence also we infer that our Lord does not exactly reprove long prayers, as if in itself it were an impropriety—particularly since pastors ought to be eminently devoted to prayer —but to condemn this abuse, because a thing laudable in itself was turned to a wicked purpose. For when men aim at gain by means of hired prayers, the more fervent the appearance of what they call devotion becomes, the more is the name of God profaned. And as this false conviction had been long and deeply seated in the minds of the common people, on this account Christ employs harsher threatenings; for the pollution of so sacred a thing was no light offense. That it was chiefly widows that were imposed on need not excite surprise, because silly women are more prone to superstition, and therefore it has always been customary for base men to make gain of. them. Thus Paul brings a charge against the false teachers of his age, that they lead captive silly women laden with sins, ( 2 Timothy 3:6 .) (97) “ Que les mercenaires et ouvriers ont accoustumé de vendre leur labeur, et se loer à la journee ;” — “as hirelings and laborers are wont to sell their labor, and to hire themselves out for the day.” return to ' Top of Page ' <a name="verse-15" class="com-number"
Pericope (part_of)
- part_of
pericope/per-mat-23-002
절 (explains)
Source
source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
너희는 과부들의 가산을 삼킨다. 이제 그분은 더 나아가신다. 그분은 그들을 단지 혐오와 증오를 요구하는 공공연한 범죄만으로 고발하지 않으시고, 그들이 일반 백성을 기만하는 데 사용한 미덕의 위장마저 벗겨버리신다. 만약 나쁜 본보기가 될 수 없는 것들을 책망할 필요가 없었다고 반박한다면, 서기관들의 오류에 얽매인 이들의 구원을 촉진하려면 그들에게서 완전히 등을 돌리지 않는 한 불가능했음을 기억해야 한다. 따라서 이 이유가 그리스도로 하여금 미신을 육성하는 미덕의 빈 외양을 폭로하도록 강요하였다.
긴 기도를 핑계로. 그분은 일반적으로, 그들이 옳은 일을 하는 것처럼 보일 때도 악하게 종교의 구실을 남용한다고 말씀하신다. 오랜 기도는 뛰어난 경건의 어떤 증거를 담고 있었다. 사람이 더 거룩할수록 기도에 더 탁월하게 헌신하기 때문이다. 그러나 그리스도는 바리새인들과 서기관들이 너무도 불순하여, 심지어 하나님 예배의 주된 부분조차 죄 없이는 사용하지 않았다고 말씀하신다. 기도의 지속성이 그들에게는 비천한 이득을 위한 덫이었기 때문이다. 그들은 하루 품삯을 위해 자신의 노동을 파는 일용 노동자들이 그러하듯이 기도를 팔았다.
이로부터 주님이 오랜 기도 자체를 책망하시는 것이 아님을 우리는 추론한다. 목사들은 기도에 특히 헌신해야 하기 때문이다. 다만 칭찬할 만한 것이 사악한 목적으로 전용된 이 남용을 정죄하시는 것이다. 사람들이 고용된 기도로 이득을 취하려 할 때, 그들이 헌신이라고 부르는 것의 외양이 더 열렬해질수록 하나님의 이름이 더욱 모독된다. 또한 이러한 거짓 확신이 일반 백성의 마음에 오래도록 깊이 자리 잡아 왔으므로, 그리스도는 더 가혹한 위협을 사용하신다. 그토록 거룩한 것을 더럽히는 것은 가벼운 죄가 아니었기 때문이다.
원주석
- 번역원본
commentary-section/cal-mat-23-14-14(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역
15절 카드 ↗
15. For you compass sea and land. The scribes had also acquired celebrity by their zeal in laboring to bring over to the Jewish religion the strangers and uncircumcised. And so, if they had gained any one by their false appearances, or by any other stratagem, they gloried wonderfully over it as an increase of the Church. On this account also they received great applause from the common people, that by their diligence and ability they brought strangers into the Church of God. Christ declares, on the contrary, that so far is this zeal from deserving applause, that they more and more provoke the vengeance of God, because they bring under heavier condemnation those who devote themselves to their sect. We ought to observe how corrupt their condition at that time was, and what confusion existed in religion; for as it was a holy and excellent work to gain disciples to God, so to allure the Gentiles to the Jewish worship—which was at that time degenerate, and was even full of wicked profanation — was nothing else than to hurry them from Scylla to Charybdis. (98) Besides, by a sacrilegious abuse of the name of God, they drew down upon themselves a heavier condemnation, because their religion allowed them grosser licentiousness of crime. An instance of the same kind may be seen at the present day among the monks; for they are diligent in culling proselytes from every quarter, but those proselytes, from being lascivious and debauched persons, they render altogether devils: for such is the filthiness of those puddles, within which they carry on their reveling, that it would corrupt even the heavenly angels. (99) Yet the monk’s habit is a very suitable mantle for concealing enormities of every description. (98) “ Ce n’estoit autre chose que de les oster d’un danger, pour les precipiter en un plus grand ;” — “it was nothing else than to rescue them from one danger to plunge them into a greater.” The allusion in the text is to Scylla a rocky promontory on the Italian side of the Strait of Messina, and to Charybdis, a whirlpool opposite to it, on the coast of Sicily. Either of them singly would have rendered the navigation formidable, but their vicinity to ly aggravated the danger; for the very exertions which kept the mariner at a distance from the one unavoidably brought him nearer to the other. This appalling scene meets us frequently in the ancient mythology, in the allusions of poets and orators, and on many other occasions. He who, by avoiding one evil, fell into one still greater, was proverbially said to have avoided Scylla and fallen into Charybdis. — Ed. (99) “ Les anges de Paradis ;” — “the angels of Paradise.” return to ' Top of Page ' <a name="verse-16" class="com-number"
Pericope (part_of)
- part_of
pericope/per-mat-23-003
절 (explains)
Source
source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
너희는 교인 하나를 얻기 위해 바다와 육지를 두루 다닌다. 서기관들은 또한 이방인들과 할례받지 않은 자들을 유대교로 개종시키는 수고에서의 열심으로 명성을 얻었다. 거짓 외양이나 다른 책략으로 누군가를 얻으면, 교회가 증가되었다고 굉장히 자랑하였다. 이 이유로 그들은 일반 백성에게 큰 갈채를 받았다. 그들의 부지런함과 능력으로 이방인들을 하나님의 교회로 데려왔기 때문이다.
그러나 그리스도는 반대로, 이 열심이 갈채를 받기는커녕, 오히려 하나님의 진노를 더욱 자극한다고 선언하신다. 왜냐하면 자신들의 분파에 헌신하는 자들에게 더 무거운 정죄를 가져오기 때문이다. 우리는 그 당시 그들의 상태가 얼마나 부패했고 종교에 얼마나 큰 혼란이 있었는지 주목해야 한다. 하나님께 제자들을 얻는 것이 거룩하고 탁월한 일이었지만, 이방인들을 유대 예배로 끌어들이는 것은 죄악스러운 모독으로 가득 차 있었기에, 스킬라에서 카리브디스로 서둘러 몰아가는 것 외에 다른 것이 아니었다. 더욱이 하나님의 이름을 신성모독적으로 남용함으로써, 그들은 더 무거운 정죄를 자신들에게 불러내렸다. 종교가 그들에게 범죄에서의 더 큰 방종을 허용했기 때문이다.
원주석
- 번역원본
commentary-section/cal-mat-23-15-15(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역
16절 카드 ↗
Matthew 23:16 . Woe to you, blind guides, As ambition is almost always connected with hypocrisy, so the superstitions of the people are usually encouraged by the covetousness and rapacity of pastors. The world has, indeed, a natural propensity to errors, and even draws down upon itself, as if on purpose, every kind of deceit and imposture; but improper modes of worship come to gain a footing only when they are confirmed by the rulers (100) themselves. And it generally happens, that those who possess authority not only, by their connivance, fawn upon errors, because they perceive that they are a source of gain to them, but even assist in fanning the flame. Thus we see that the superstitions of Popery were heightened by innumerable expedients, while the priests opened their mouths for the prey; and even now they daily contrive many things by which they delude still more the foolish multitude. And when minds have once fallen under the darkening influence of the enchantments of Satan, nothing is so absurd or monstrous as not to be eagerly swallowed. It was on this account that the Jews had more reverence for the gold of the temple, and for the sacred offerings, than for the temple and the altar. But the sacredness of the offerings depended on the temple and the altar, and was only something inferior and accessory. It may readily be believed that this dream proceeded from the scribes and priests, because it was a scheme well fitted for collecting prey. And this was not only a foolish but a highly dangerous error, because it led the people into ridiculous fancies. There is nothing to which men are more prone than to fall away from the pure worship of God: and therefore, under the covering of this veil, it was easy for Satan to withdraw from the contemplation of God those who were too strongly inclined to foolish imaginations. This is the reason why Christ so severely chastises that error. And yet the Papists were not ashamed to prostitute the sacred name of God to a mockery still more detestable; for they reckon it of more importance to touch a morsel of a stinking carcass, than to peruse the sacred volume of the Old and New Testaments, or even to raise their hands towards heaven. And in this way arises a carnal worship of God, by which the proper fear of God is gradually obliterated. It is nothing. By this phrase he does not mean that they entirely took away the honor of the temple, but he speaks comparatively. For when they represented in extravagant terms the sacredness of offerings, the common people were led to entertain such veneration for them, that the majesty of the temple and of the altar was undervalued, and they reckoned it a less heinous crime to violate it by perjuries than to swear by the sacred offerings with too little reverence. (100) “ Quand les prelates les conferment ;” — “when the prelates confirm them.” return to ' Top of Page ' <a name="verse-18" class="com-number"
Pericope (part_of)
- part_of
pericope/per-mat-23-004
절 (explains)
Source
source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
마태복음 23:16 — 소경된 인도자들아. 야망은 거의 항상 위선과 연결되듯이, 백성들의 미신도 보통 목사들의 탐욕과 착취로 조장된다. 세상은 실로 오류에 자연적인 성향이 있고, 마치 일부러 모든 종류의 속임수와 사기를 자초하는 것 같다. 그러나 부적절한 예배 방식은 지도자들 스스로에 의해 확인될 때만 발판을 얻는다. 권위를 가진 자들이 그것이 이득의 원천임을 알아차리기 때문에 오류를 묵인하는 데 그치지 않고, 더 나아가 불길을 부채질하는 것을 돕는 일이 일반적으로 일어난다.
이처럼 우리는 교황제도의 미신이 무수한 책략으로 고조된 것을 본다. 사제들이 먹이를 향해 입을 벌렸기 때문이다. 사탄의 마법의 어두운 영향 아래 마음이 한번 떨어지면, 열렬하게 삼켜지지 않을 만큼 불합리하거나 괴물 같은 것은 없다.
바로 이런 이유로 유대인들은 성전의 금과 거룩한 예물에 대해 성전과 제단 자체보다 더 큰 경외심을 가졌다. 그러나 예물의 신성함은 성전과 제단에 의존했으며, 단지 부속적인 것이었다. 이 오류가 서기관들과 제사장들에게서 나왔다고 쉽게 믿을 수 있다. 먹이를 모으기에 매우 적합한 계략이었기 때문이다. 이것은 어리석을 뿐만 아니라 매우 위험한 오류였다. 하나님의 순수한 예배로부터 사람들을 떠나게 하기 때문이다. 그리스도께서 이 오류를 그토록 가혹하게 책망하시는 이유가 여기에 있다. "아무것도 아니다"라는 표현으로 그분은 성전의 존귀함을 완전히 빼앗는다는 뜻이 아니라, 비교의 의미로 말씀하신다.
원주석
- 번역원본
commentary-section/cal-mat-23-16-16(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역
18절 카드 ↗
18. And whosoever shall swear by the altar. Here our Lord does what ought to be done in correcting errors; for he leads us up to the source, and shows, by the very nature of an oath, that the temple is far more valuable than the gifts which are offered in it. He accordingly assumes this principle, that it is not lawful to swear but by the name of God alone. Hence it follows that, whatever forms men may employ in swearing, they must give to God the honor which is due to him; and hence also it follows in what manner and to what extent we are at liberty to swear by the temple, namely, because it is the residence or sanctuary of God; and by heaven, because there the glory of God shines. God permits himself to be called as a witness and judge, by means of such symbols of his presence, provided that he retain his authority unimpaired; for to ascribe any Divinity to heaven would be detestable idolatry. Now so far as God holds out to us a brighter mirror of his glory in the temple than in offerings, so much the greater reverence and sacredness is due to the name of the temple. We now perceive, therefore, in what sense Christ says that we swear by him who inhabits heaven, when we swear by heaven itself. His design is, to direct all forms of swearing to their lawful end and object. return to ' Top of Page ' <a name="verse-23" class="com-number"
Pericope (part_of)
- part_of
pericope/per-mat-23-004
절 (explains)
Source
source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
제단으로 맹세하는 자. 여기서 주님은 오류를 교정할 때 해야 할 일을 하신다. 우리를 근원으로 이끄시어, 맹세의 본질상 성전이 그 안에 드려지는 예물보다 훨씬 더 가치 있음을 보여주신다. 따라서 맹세는 오직 하나님의 이름으로만 허용된다는 원칙을 전제로 하신다. 이로부터 사람들이 맹세에서 어떤 형식을 사용하든, 그들은 하나님께 마땅한 영예를 돌려야 한다는 것이 따라온다. 그리고 우리가 성전으로, 또 하늘로 맹세할 수 있는 방식과 정도가 따라온다. 성전은 하나님의 거소 또는 성소이기 때문이며, 하늘은 거기서 하나님의 영광이 빛나기 때문이다. 하나님께서는 자신의 권위를 온전히 유지하는 한, 그러한 임재의 상징들을 통해 자신이 증인과 심판자로 불리는 것을 허용하신다. 이제 하나님이 예물에서보다 성전에서 더 밝은 자신의 영광의 거울을 우리에게 내미시는 만큼, 그만큼 더 큰 경외심과 신성함이 성전의 이름에 마땅하다. 따라서 우리는 그리스도께서 왜 하늘로 맹세할 때 하늘에 거하시는 그분으로 맹세한다고 하시는지 이해한다. 그분의 의도는 모든 맹세의 형식을 그 합법적인 목적과 대상으로 향하게 하시는 것이다.
원주석
- 번역원본
commentary-section/cal-mat-23-18-18(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역
23절 카드 ↗
Matthew 23:23 . The former you ought to have done. This is intended to anticipate their calumny; for they might have put an unfavorable interpretation on his discourse, and charged him with setting no value on what the Law of God had enjoined. He therefore acknowledges that whatever God has enjoined ought to be performed, and that no part of it ought to be omitted, but maintains that zeal for the whole Law is no reason why we ought not to insist chiefly on the principal points. Hence he infers that they overturn the natural order who employ themselves in the smallest matters, when they ought rather to have begun with the principal points; for tithes were only a kind of appendage. Christ therefore affirms that he has no intention to lessen the authority even of the smallest commandments, though he recommends and demands due order in keeping the Law. It is therefore our duty to preserve entire the whole Law, which cannot be violated in any part without contempt for its Author; for He who has forbidden us to commit adultery, and to kill, and to steal, has likewise condemned all impure desire. Hence we conclude that all the commandments are so interwoven with each other, that we have no right to detach one of them from the rest. Wherefore it is also written, Cursed is every one that performeth not all things that are written, ( Deuteronomy 27:26 ; Galatians 3:10 ;) by which words the righteousness of the whole Law, without exception, is enforced. But this reverence, as we have said, does not take away the distinction between the commandments, or the true design of the Law, to which those who truly observe it direct their mind, that they may not merely amuse themselves on the surface. return to ' Top of Page ' <a name="verse-24" class="com-number"
Pericope (part_of)
- part_of
pericope/per-mat-23-005
절 (explains)
Source
source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
마태복음 23:23 — 이것도 행했어야 했다. 이것은 그들의 중상모략을 미리 차단하기 위한 것이다. 그들이 그리스도의 말씀에 불리한 해석을 붙여, 하나님의 율법이 명하신 것에 아무 가치를 두지 않는다고 고발할 수도 있었기 때문이다. 따라서 그분은 하나님께서 명하신 것은 무엇이든 이행되어야 하며, 그것의 어떤 부분도 생략되어서는 안 됨을 인정하신다. 그러나 전체 율법에 대한 열심이 우리가 주된 요점들을 주로 강조하지 않아도 되는 이유가 될 수 없다고 주장하신다. 따라서 주된 요점에서 시작해야 했을 때 가장 작은 사소한 것들에 몰두하는 이들은 자연적인 질서를 뒤엎는다고 추론하신다. 십일조는 일종의 부록에 불과했기 때문이다. 그러므로 그리스도는 가장 작은 계명들의 권위조차 줄이려는 의도가 없음을 확언하시면서도, 율법을 지키는 데서 마땅한 질서를 권고하고 요구하신다. 따라서 전체 율법을 온전하게 지키는 것이 우리의 의무이다. 율법은 어느 한 부분도 그것을 만드신 분에 대한 경멸 없이는 위반될 수 없기 때문이다. "율법 책에 기록된 모든 것을 행하지 않는 자는 저주를 받은 자"라고 기록되어 있다(신 27:26; 갈 3:10).
원주석
- 번역원본
commentary-section/cal-mat-23-23-23(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역
24절 카드 ↗
24. Blind guides. This is s proverbial saying, by which he beautifully describes the affected scrupulousness of hypocrites about trifling matters; for they utterly shrink from very small faults, as if a single transgression appeared to them more revolting than a hundred deaths, and yet they freely permit themselves and others to commit the most heinous crimes. They act as absurdly as if a man were to strain out a small crumb of bread, and to swallow a whole loaf. Straining out (101) a gnat, and swallowing a camel. We know that a gnat is a very small animal, and that a camel is a huge beast. Nothing therefore could be more ridiculous than to strain out the wine or the water, so as not to hurt the jaws by swallowing a gnat, and yet carelessly to gulp down a camel. (102) But it is evident that hypocrites amuse themselves with such distinctions; for while they pass by judgment, mercy, and faith, and even tear in pieces the whole Law, they are excessively rigid and severe in matters that are of no great importance; and while in this way they pretend to kiss the feet of God, they proudly spit in his face. (101) In rendering the words, οἱ διυλιζοντες τὸυ κύνωπα , Campbell resorts to a circumlocution, who strain your liquor, to avoid swallowing a gnat; and he adds the following note:— E.T. Who strain at a gnat. I do not understand the import of this expression. Some have thought that it has sprung originally from a mere typographical error of some printer, who has made it strain at, instead of strain out.” — The conjecture mentioned by Campbell is strongly confirmed by the earlier English versions. “Blinde leders; clensenge a gnat, but swolowynge a camel.” — (Wyclif, 1380.) “Ye blinde gydes, which strayne out a gnat, and swalowe a cammyll.” — (Tyndale, 1534.) “Ye blynde gydes, which strayne out a gnat, and swalowe a camell.” — (Cranmer, 1539.) “Ye blynde gydes, which strayne out a gnate, and swalow a cammel.” — (Geneva, 1557.) “Blinde guides, that strain a gnat, and swallow a camel.” — (Rheims, 1582.) The coincidence of those versions in supporting the true reading is very remarkable, and the substitution of at for out is more likely to have been the effect of accident than of design. — Ed. (102) “ Et cependant ne faire point de difficulté d’engloutir un chameau tout entier ;” — “and yet make no difficulty about swallowing a whole camel.” return to ' Top of Page ' <a name="verse-25" class="com-number"
Pericope (part_of)
- part_of
pericope/per-mat-23-005
절 (explains)
Source
source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
소경된 인도자들이여. 이것은 사소한 문제들에 대한 위선자들의 가식적인 세심함을 잘 묘사하는 속담적 표현이다. 그들은 아주 작은 잘못에서는 완전히 움츠러드는데, 마치 단 하나의 위반이 백 번의 죽음보다 더 혐오스럽게 보이는 것 같다. 그러면서도 가장 가증스러운 범죄들은 자신과 다른 이들이 자유롭게 저지르도록 허용한다. 그들이 하는 것은 마치 작은 빵 부스러기는 걸러내면서 통째로 삼키는 것만큼이나 불합리하다.
하루살이는 걸러내고 낙타는 삼키는 것이다. 우리는 하루살이가 매우 작은 동물이고 낙타는 거대한 짐승임을 알고 있다. 따라서 하루살이를 삼켜 턱이 상하지 않도록 포도주나 물을 걸러내면서도 낙타는 태연히 삼키는 것보다 더 우스꽝스러운 것은 없다. 그러나 위선자들이 그런 구분으로 자신들을 즐겁게 한다는 것은 명백하다. 그들은 공정한 재판과 긍휼과 믿음은 흘려보내고 율법 전체를 산산이 찢으면서도, 그다지 중요하지 않은 문제에서는 지나치게 엄격하고 가혹하다. 이런 방식으로 그들은 하나님의 발에 입을 맞추는 척하면서 그분의 얼굴에 교만하게 침을 뱉는다.
원주석
- 번역원본
commentary-section/cal-mat-23-24-24(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역
25절 카드 ↗
25. For you cleanse the outer part. Our Lord follows out the same statement, and employs a figure for reproaching the scribes with being eagerly bent on this single object of making a brilliant appearance before men. For by the outer part of the dish he metaphorically expresses the outward appearance; as if he had said, “You give yourselves no concern about any cleanness but what appears outwardly, which is quite as if one were carefully to wash off the filth of the dish without, but to leave it filthy within.” That the expression is metaphorical is evident from the second clause, in which the uncleanness within is condemned, because within they are full of intemperance and extortion. He therefore reproves their hypocrisy, in not endeavoring to regulate their life, except before the eyes of men, in order to procure for themselves an empty reputation for holiness. Thus he recalls them to the pure and sincere desire of a holy life. Cleanse first, he says, that which is within; for it would be ridiculous to feast your eyes with outward splendor, and yet to drink out of a cup full of dregs, or in other respects filthy. (103) (103) “ Plene de lie et de bourbe, ou autrement orde et sale ;”—full of dregs and of mud, or otherwise nasty and filthy.” return to ' Top of Page ' <a name="verse-27" class="com-number"
Pericope (part_of)
- part_of
pericope/per-mat-23-006
절 (explains)
Source
source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
너희는 잔과 대접의 겉만 깨끗이 한다. 주님은 같은 진술을 계속 따라가시며, 서기관들이 사람들 앞에서 화려하게 보이는 이 단 하나의 목적에만 열심히 매달려 있다고 책망하시기 위해 비유를 사용하신다. 대접의 겉이라는 말로 그분은 외적인 외모를 은유적으로 표현하신다. 마치 "너희는 외적으로 드러나 보이는 깨끗함 외에는 아무것에도 관심이 없다. 이것은 마치 그릇 바깥의 더러움은 정성껏 씻어내지만 안쪽은 더럽게 내버려 두는 것과 같다"고 하신 것 같다. 그 표현이 은유적임은 안의 불결함이 정죄되는 두 번째 절에서 분명하다. 그들이 안으로 방종과 착취로 가득 차 있기 때문이다.
따라서 그분은 그들의 위선을 책망하신다. 공허한 거룩의 명성을 얻기 위해 사람들의 눈앞에서만 삶을 규율하려 한다는 것을. 이처럼 그분은 그들을 거룩한 삶에 대한 순수하고 진실한 소망으로 다시 부르신다. 먼저 안을 깨끗이 하라고 하신다. 안의 화려함으로 눈을 즐겁게 하면서도 찌꺼기로 가득 찬 잔으로 마시는 것은 우스운 일이기 때문이다.
원주석
- 번역원본
commentary-section/cal-mat-23-25-25(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역
27절 카드 ↗
27 You are like whitened sepulchers. This is a different metaphor, but the meaning is the same; for he compares them to sepulchers, which the men of the world ambitiously construct with great beauty and splendor. As a painting or engraving on sepulchers draws the eyes of men upon them, while inwardly they contain stinking carcasses; so Christ says that hypocrites deceive by their outward appearance, because they are full of deceit and iniquity. The words of Luke are somewhat different, that they deceive the eyes of men, like sepulchers, which frequently are not perceived by those who walk over them; but it amounts to the same meaning, that, under the garb of pretended holiness, there lurks hidden filth which they cherish in their hearts, like a marble sepulcher; for it wears the aspect of what is beautiful and lovely, but covers a stinking carcass, so as not to be offensive to those who pass by. Hence we infer what I have formerly said, that Christ, with a view to the advantage of the simple and ignorant, tore off the deceitful mask which the scribes held wrapped around them in empty hypocrisy; for this warning was advantageous to simple persons, that they might quickly withdraw from the jaws of wolves. Yet this passage contains a general doctrine, that the children of God ought to desire to be pure rather than to appear so. return to ' Top of Page ' <a name="verse-29" class="com-number"
Pericope (part_of)
- part_of
pericope/per-mat-23-007
절 (explains)
Source
source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
너희는 회칠한 무덤과 같다. 이것은 다른 비유이지만 의미는 같다. 그분은 그들을 세상 사람들이 야심차게 큰 아름다움과 화려함으로 세우는 무덤들에 비유하신다. 무덤의 그림이나 조각이 사람들의 시선을 끌지만, 안에는 악취 나는 시체가 들어 있듯이, 그리스도는 위선자들이 겉모양으로 속인다고 말씀하신다. 속임수와 불의로 가득 차 있기 때문이다. 누가의 말씀은 약간 다른데, 자주 그 위를 걷는 자들이 알아차리지 못하는 무덤들처럼 눈에 띄지 않는다고 한다. 그러나 의미는 같다. 가장된 거룩함의 겉옷 아래 그들이 마음속에 소중히 간직하는 숨겨진 더러움이 있다는 것이다.
이로부터 내가 앞서 말한 것을 추론한다. 그리스도께서 단순하고 무지한 이들에게 유익이 되도록 서기관들이 공허한 위선으로 감싸 두었던 기만의 가면을 벗겨내셨다는 것이다. 이 경고는 그들이 이리떼의 아가리에서 속히 벗어나도록 하는 데 유익했다. 이 구절은 또한 일반적인 교훈을 담고 있다. 하나님의 자녀들은 경건하게 보이는 것보다 실제로 순결하기를 원해야 한다는 것이다.
원주석
- 번역원본
commentary-section/cal-mat-23-27-27(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역
29절 카드 ↗
Matthew 23:29 . For you build the sepulchers of the prophets. An unfounded opinion is entertained by some, that the scribes are here reproved for superstition, in foolishly honoring the deceased prophets by splendid sepulchers, as the Papists now transfer the honor of God to departed saints, and even are so perverse as to adore their images. They had not yet arrived at such a pitch of blindness and madness, and therefore the design of Christ was different. The scribes endeavored to gain the favor of the ignorant multitude, and indeed of all the Jews, by this additional hypocrisy, that they cherished with reverence the memory of the prophets; for while in this manner they pretended to maintain their doctrine, any one would have supposed that they were faithful imitators of them, and very keen zealots for the worship of God. It was a proposal, therefore, which was likely to prove highly acceptable, to erect monuments for the prophets, because in this way religion might be said to be drawn out of darkness, that it might receive the honor which it deserved. And yet nothing was farther from their design than to restore doctrine, which might appear to have been extinguished by the death of the prophets. But though they were not only averse to the doctrine of the prophets, but most inveterate enemies to it, yet they honored them—when dead—with sepulchers, as if they had made common cause with them. It is customary, indeed, with hypocrites thus to honor, after their death, good teachers and holy ministers of God, whom they cannot endure while they are alive. Nor does this arise merely from the common fault, which Horace thus describes: “We hate virtue while it is in safety, but when it has been removed from our eyes, we seek it with envy;” (107) but as the ashes of the dead no longer give annoyance by harsh and severe reproofs, they who are driven to madness by the living voices of those men are not unwilling, by adoring them, to make an empty display of religion. It is a hypocrisy which costs little to profess warm regard for those who are now silent. (108) Thus each of the prophets, in his own age, was contemptuously rejected, and wickedly tormented, by the Jews, and, in many instances, cruelly put to death; while posterity, though not a whit better than their fathers, pretended to venerate their memory, instead of embracing their doctrine; for they too were actuated by equal hostility towards their own teachers. (109) As the world—not venturing altogether to despise God, or at least to rise openly against him—contrives this stratagem of adoring the shadow of God instead of God, so a similar game is played in reference to the prophets. A proof of this—far too striking—may be seen in Popery. Not satisfied with paying just veneration to Apostles and Martyrs, they render to them divine worship, and think that they cannot go too far in the honors which they heap upon them; and yet, by their rage against believers, they show what sort of respect they would have manifested towards Apostles and Martyrs, if they had been still alive to discharge the same office which they anciently held. For why are they inflamed with such rage against us, but because we desire that doctrine to be received, and to be successful, which the Apostles and Martyrs sealed with their blood? While the holy servants of God valued that doctrine more highly than their own life, would their life have been spared by those who so outrageously persecute the doctrine? Let them adorn the images of the saints as they may think fit, by perfumes, candles, flowers, and every sort of gaudy ornament. If Peter were now alive, they would tear him in pieces; they would stone Paul; and if Christ himself were still in the world, they would burn him with a slow fire. Our Lord, perceiving that the scribes and priests of his age were eager to obtain the applause of the people, on the ground of their being devout worshippers of the prophets, reproves them for deceit and mockery, because they not only reject, but even cruelly persecute, the prophets that are now present, (110) and whom God has sent to them. But it is a display of base hypocrisy, and shameful impudence, to desire to be thought religious on account of worshipping the dead, while they endeavor to murder the living. (107) Virtutem incolumm odimus , Sublatam ex oculis quærimus invidi [ Lib. III. Carm. XXIV. ] (108) “ Qui ne peuvent plus cier contre les vices ;” — “who can no longer exclaim against vices.” (109) “ Car aussi ils ne traittoyent pas mieux ceux qui les enseignoient fidelement que leurs peres avoyent fait aux autres ;” — “for they too acted no better towards those who taught them faithfully than their fathers had done to others.” (110) “ Et lesquels ils voyen devan leurs yeux tous les jours ;” — “and whom they see before their eyes every day.” return to ' Top of Page ' <a name="verse-30" class="com-number"
Pericope (part_of)
- part_of
pericope/per-mat-23-008
절 (explains)
Source
source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
마태복음 23:29 — 너희는 선지자들의 무덤을 건축한다. 일부에서는 서기관들이 죽은 선지자들을 화려한 무덤으로 어리석게 공경한다는 이유로 여기서 책망받는다고 잘못 생각한다. 교황주의자들이 지금 세상을 떠난 성인들에게 하나님의 영예를 돌리고 그들의 형상을 숭배하듯이. 그들은 아직 그런 눈먼 광기의 경지에 이르지 않았다. 따라서 그리스도의 의도는 달랐다.
서기관들은 선지자들의 기억을 경외심으로 소중히 여김으로써 무지한 군중과 모든 유대인들의 호의를 얻으려 했다. 이런 방식으로 그들의 교훈을 유지하는 척하면서, 그들이 선지자들의 충실한 모방자요 하나님 예배의 열렬한 열심가들이라고 누구든 생각할 수 있었다. 선지자들을 위한 기념비를 세우는 것은 크게 받아들여질 만한 제안이었다. 이 방법으로 종교가 어둠에서 이끌려 나와 마땅한 영예를 받을 수 있다고 할 수 있었기 때문이다. 그러나 교훈을 회복하려는 것, 즉 선지자들의 죽음으로 소멸된 것처럼 보이는 교훈을 되살리려는 것은 그들의 의도와 거리가 멀었다.
비록 그들이 선지자들의 교훈을 싫어했을 뿐만 아니라 가장 뿌리 깊은 원수들이었지만, 죽은 후에는 무덤으로 그들을 공경하였다. 마치 그들과 공동의 대의를 가진 것처럼. 위선자들이 살아 있는 동안 참을 수 없었던 선한 교사들과 하나님의 거룩한 사역자들을 죽은 후에 이렇게 공경하는 것이 관습이다. 이것은 단지 "우리는 안전할 때 덕을 미워하고, 눈앞에서 사라지면 시기하며 찾는다"고 묘사한 호라티우스의 일반적인 결점에서만 비롯되는 것이 아니다. 이미 침묵하게 된 이들에게 따뜻한 존경을 표하는 위선은 비용이 적게 든다.
이처럼 각 선지자들은 자신의 시대에 유대인들에게 경멸적으로 거부되고 사악하게 괴롭힘을 당했으며, 많은 경우 잔인하게 죽임을 당했다. 그러나 자신들의 아버지들보다 조금도 낫지 않은 후손들이 그들의 교훈을 받아들이는 대신 그들의 기억을 공경하는 척하였다. 그들도 자신들의 교사들에게 똑같이 적대적이었기 때문이다.
오늘날 교황주의에서 이것의 너무나도 충격적인 증거를 볼 수 있다. 사도들과 순교자들에게 신적 예배를 드리면서, 만약 그들이 살아서 같은 직무를 수행하고 있다면 어떤 식의 존경을 나타냈을지를 신자들에 대한 분노로 보여준다. 베드로가 지금 살아 있다면 그들은 그를 갈기갈기 찢을 것이다. 바울을 돌로 칠 것이다. 그리스도 자신이 아직 세상에 계신다면 그들은 그분을 약한 불로 태울 것이다. 주님은 서기관들과 제사장들이 선지자들의 독실한 예배자라는 근거로 백성의 갈채를 얻으려 한다는 것을 깨닫고, 그들을 속임과 조롱으로 책망하신다. 죽은 자들을 예배함으로써 경건한 척하기를 원하면서, 살아 있는 자들을 살해하려 한다는 것이다.
원주석
- 번역원본
commentary-section/cal-mat-23-29-29(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역
30절 카드 ↗
30. If we had been in the days of our fathers. Not without good reason did Christ introduce this sentiment; for though he does not blame them for the conduct of their fathers, and does not make it the chief ground of accusation that they are the children of murderers: yet he takes a passing glance of their foolish boasting, in being accustomed to glory in their ancestors, while they were descended from the bloody enemies of God. The appeal may be thus stated: “You look upon the veneration which you pay to the deceased prophets as some sort of expiation for the wickedness of your fathers. Now then I have this to urge, that it is in vain for you to boast of a sacred ancestry, since you are descended from wicked and ungodly parents. Go now, and screen your crimes by the piety of those whose hands, you acknowledge, were stained with innocent blood. But it is an additional and far more heinous crime, that the sacrilegious fury of the fathers, which you condemn by raising sepulchers for the dead, is imitated by you in the murder of the living.” return to ' Top of Page ' <a name="verse-32" class="com-number"
Pericope (part_of)
- part_of
pericope/per-mat-23-008
절 (explains)
Source
source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
우리가 우리 조상들 때에 있었더라면. 그리스도께서 이 생각을 도입하신 것은 이유 없지 않다. 그분은 자녀들을 부모들의 행위 때문에 책망하시지 않고, 살인자들의 자녀들이라는 것을 고발의 주된 근거로 삼지 않으시지만, 그들이 선조들을 자랑하는 어리석은 자랑에 대해 지나치듯 훑어보신다. 하나님의 피에 물든 원수들에게서 내려오면서 거룩한 혈통을 자랑하는 것에 대해. 그 주장은 이렇게 진술될 수 있다. "너희는 세상을 떠난 선지자들에게 경의를 표함으로써 조상들의 악행에 대한 일종의 속죄를 제공한다고 본다. 그렇다면 나는 이것을 주장하겠다. 너희의 부모들이 악하고 불경건했으므로, 거룩한 혈통을 자랑하는 것은 헛되다. 이제 가서, 너희가 피가 물들었다고 인정하는 그들의 경건으로 너희의 범죄를 가려보아라. 그러나 죽은 자들을 위한 무덤을 세움으로써 정죄하는 조상들의 신성모독적인 광기를 살아 있는 자들을 살해함으로써 본받는 것은 훨씬 더 가증스러운 범죄이다."
원주석
- 번역원본
commentary-section/cal-mat-23-30-30(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역
32절 카드 ↗
32. Do you then fill up the measure of your fathers. He at length concludes that they are not, in this respect, degenerate from their fathers; as if he had said, “It is not now that your nation begins to treat with cruelty the prophets of God; for this is the ancient discipline, this is the custom handed down from the fathers, and, in short, this way of acting is almost natural to you.” And yet he does not bid them do what they are doing, to put to death holy teachers, but states figuratively that they have a hereditary right to rise against the servants of God, and that they must be permitted to oppose religion, because in this way they fill up what is wanting in the crimes of their fathers, and finish the web which they had begun. By these words he not only pronounces themselves to be desperate, and incapable of being brought to a sound mind, but warns simple people that there is no reason to wonder, if the prophets of God are ill-treated by the children of murderers. return to ' Top of Page ' <a name="verse-33" class="com-number"
Pericope (part_of)
- part_of
pericope/per-mat-23-008
절 (explains)
Source
source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
너희는 조상들의 양을 채우라. 마침내 그분은 그들이 이 점에서 조상들로부터 타락하지 않았다는 결론을 내리신다. 마치 "너희 민족이 지금 막 하나님의 선지자들을 잔인하게 대하기 시작한 것이 아니다. 이것이 예로부터 내려온 규율이요, 조상들에게서 물려받은 관습이다"라고 하시는 것 같다. 그러나 그분은 그들에게 지금 하고 있는 것, 즉 거룩한 교사들을 죽이라고 명하시는 것이 아니다. 그들이 하나님의 종들에게 반대하여 일어날 세습적인 권리를 가지고 있으며, 종교에 반대하는 것이 허용되어야 한다고 비유적으로 진술하실 뿐이다. 이런 방식으로 그들은 조상들의 죄악에서 부족한 것을 채우고 그들이 시작했던 일을 완성한다. 이 말씀으로 그분은 그들이 절망적이고 건전한 정신으로 되돌아올 수 없다고 선언하실 뿐만 아니라, 단순한 이들에게 하나님의 선지자들이 살인자들의 자녀들에게 나쁜 대접을 받아도 놀랄 이유가 없다고 경고하신다.
원주석
- 번역원본
commentary-section/cal-mat-23-32-32(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역
33절 카드 ↗
33. Offspring of vipers. After having demonstrated that the scribes are not only base enemies of sound doctrine, and wicked corrupters of the worship of God, but likewise deadly plagues of the Church, Christ, being about to close his discourse, kindles into more vehement indignation against them; as it is necessary to shake off by violence the flatteries in which hypocrites indulge, and to drag them, as it were, to the judgment seat of God, that they may be filled with alarm. And yet Christ did not keep them alone in his eye, but intended to strike terror into the whole people, that all might guard against a similar destruction. How harsh and intolerable this roughness of language must have been to these reverend instructors may easily be inferred from the long period during which they had held a peaceful dominion, so that no one dared to mutter against them. And there can be no doubt that many were displeased with the great freedom and sharpness which Christ used, and, above all, that he was looked upon as immoderate and outrageous in venturing to apply such reproachful epithets to the order of the scribes; as many fastidious persons of the present day cannot endure any harsh word to be spoken against the Popish clergy. But as Christ had to deal with the worst of hypocrites, who not only were swelled with proud contempt of God, and intoxicated with careless security, but had captivated the multitude by their enchantments, he found it necessary to exclaim against them with vehemence. He calls them serpents both in nature and in habits, and then threatens them with a punishment, which it will be in vain for them to attempt to escape, if they do not speedily repent. return to ' Top of Page ' <a name="verse-34" class="com-number"
Pericope (part_of)
- part_of
pericope/per-mat-23-008
절 (explains)
Source
source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
독사의 자식들아. 서기관들이 건전한 교훈의 근본적인 원수일 뿐만 아니라 하나님 예배의 사악한 부패자들이며 교회의 치명적인 재앙임을 증명하신 후, 자신의 말씀을 마치려 하시면서 그리스도는 그들에 대해 더욱 격렬한 분노를 불태우신다. 위선자들이 스스로 탐닉하는 아첨을 폭력으로 흔들어버리고 그들을 말하자면 하나님의 심판대로 끌어내어 두려움으로 가득 채울 필요가 있기 때문이다.
그러나 그리스도는 그들만을 염두에 두신 것이 아니라, 온 백성에게 공포를 심어주어 모두가 비슷한 멸망을 피하도록 하시려 하셨다. 이 존귀한 교사들의 질서에 그런 치욕적인 표현을 감히 적용한 것이 얼마나 가혹하고 참을 수 없었는지는, 그들이 오랫동안 평화로운 지배를 누려왔고 아무도 감히 그들에게 대꾸하지 못했다는 사실만으로도 쉽게 짐작할 수 있다. 그리스도는 그들을 뱀이라고, 본성과 습관 모두에서 그러하다고 부르시고, 그들이 속히 회개하지 않으면 피할 수 없을 형벌로 위협하신다.
원주석
- 번역원본
commentary-section/cal-mat-23-33-33(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역
34절 카드 ↗
34. Therefore, lo, I send to you. Luke introduces it in a still more emphatic manner, Wherefore also the Wisdom of God hath said; which some commentators explain thus: “I, who am the eternal Wisdom of God, declare this concerning you.” But I am more inclined to believe that, according to the ordinary custom of Scripture, God is here represented as speaking in the person of his Wisdom; so that the meaning is, “God foretold long ago, by the prophetic Spirit, what would happen with regard to you.” This sentence, I acknowledge, is nowhere to be found literally: but as God denounces the incorrigible obstinacy of that people in many places of Scripture, Christ draws up a kind of summary of them, and by this personification (111) expresses more clearly what was the judgment of God as to the incurable wickedness of that nation. For if those teachers would have no success, it might have appeared strange that Christ should have desired them to weary themselves to no purpose. Men argue thus: “God labors in vain, when he sends his word to the reprobate, who, he knows, will continue obstinate.” And hypocrites, as if it were sufficient of itself to have preachers of the heavenly doctrine continually with them, though they show themselves to be disobedient, entertain the conviction that God is reconciled and favorable to them, provided that the outward word be heard amongst them. Thus the Jews fiercely boasted that, in comparison of other nations, they had always enjoyed the best prophets and teachers, and, as if they had deserved so great an honor, they considered this to be an undoubted proof of their own excellence. (112) To put down this foolish boasting, Christ not only affirms that they do not excel other nations on the ground of having received from God distinguished prophets and expounders of his Wisdom, but maintains that this ilk requited favor is a greater reproach, and will bring upon them a heavier condemnation, because the purpose of God was different from what they supposed, namely, to render them more inexcusable, and to bring their wicked malice to the highest pitch; as if he had said, “Though prophets have been appointed to you by heaven in close succession, it is idly and foolishly that you claim this as an honor; for God had quite a different object in his secret judgment, which was, to lay open, by an uninterrupted succession of gracious invitations, your wicked obstinacy, and, on your being convicted of it, to involve the children in the same condemnation with the fathers.” With regard to the words, the discourse as related by Matthew is defective, but its meaning must be supplied from the words of Luke. The mention of scribes and wise men along with prophets tends to magnify the grace of God; by which their ingratitude becomes more apparent, since, though God left nothing undone for their instruction, they made no proficiency. Instead of wise men and scribes, Luke mentions apostles, but the meaning is the same. This passage shows that God does not always bestow salvation on men when he sends his word to them, but that he sometimes intends to have it proclaimed to the reprobate, who, he knows, will continue obstinate, that it may be to them the savior of death unto death, ( 2 Corinthians 2:16 .) The word of God, indeed, in itself and by its own nature, brings salvation, and invites all men indiscriminately to the hope of eternal life; but as all are not inwardly drawn, and as God does not pierce the ears of ally—in short, as they are not renewed to repentance or bent to obedience, those who reject the word of God render it, by their unbelief, deadly and destructive. While God foresees that this will be the result, he purposely sends his prophets to them, that he may involve the reprobate in severer condemnation, as is more fully explained by Isaiah, ( Isaiah 6:10 .) This, I acknowledge, is very far from being agreeable to the reason of the flesh, as we see that unholy despisers of God seize on it as a plausible excuse for barking, that God, like some cruel tyrant, takes pleasure in inflicting more severe punishment on men whom, without any expectation of advantage, he knowingly and willingly hardens more and more. But by such examples God exercises the modesty of believers. Let us maintain such sobriety as to tremble and adore what exceeds our senses. Those who say, that God’s foreknowledge does not hinder unbelievers from being saved, foolishly make use of an idle defense for excusing God. I admit that the reprobate, in bringing death upon themselves, have no intention of doing what God foresaw would happen, and therefore that the fault of their perishing cannot be ascribed to His foreknowledge; but I assert that it is improper to employ this sophistry in defending the justice of God, because it may be immediately objected that it lies with God to make them repent, for the gift of faith and repentance is in his power. We shall next be met by this objection, What is the reason why God, by a fixed and deliberate purpose, appoints the light of his word to blind men? When they have been devoted to eternal death, why is he not satisfied with their simple ruin? and why does he wish that they should perish twice or three times? There is nothing left for us but to ascribe glory to the judgments of God, by exclaiming with Paul, that they are a deep and unfathomable abyss, ( Romans 11:33 .) But it is asked, How does he declare that the prophecies will turn to the destruction of the Jews, while his adoption still continued to be in force towards that nation? I reply, As but a small portion embraced the word by faith for salvation, this passage relates to the greater number or the whole body; as Isaiah, after having predicted the general destruction of the nation, is commanded to seal the law of God among the disciples, ( Isaiah 8:16 .) Let us know then that, wherever the Scripture denounces eternal death against the Jews, it excepts a remnant, ( Isaiah 1:9 ; Romans 11:5 ;) that is, those in
Pericope (part_of)
- part_of
pericope/per-mat-23-008
절 (explains)
Source
source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
마태복음 23:34 — 그러므로 보라, 내가 너희에게 선지자들을 보낸다. 누가는 이것을 더욱 강조적인 방식으로 소개한다. "하나님의 지혜가 이르시되." 어떤 주석가들은 이렇게 해석한다. "영원한 하나님의 지혜이신 나 자신이 너희에 대해 이것을 선언한다." 그러나 나는 성경의 일반적인 관습에 따라, 여기서 하나님이 자신의 지혜의 인격으로 말씀하시는 것이라고 믿는 쪽으로 기운다. 그래서 의미는 이렇다. "하나님은 예언의 영으로 너희에 대해 일어날 일을 오래전에 예고하셨다." 이 문장이 문자 그대로 어디에도 발견되지 않음을 나는 인정한다. 그러나 하나님이 그 백성의 교정할 수 없는 완고함을 성경의 많은 곳에서 선언하시므로, 그리스도는 그것들의 일종의 요약을 작성하시어, 이 의인화를 통해 그 완고한 민족에 대한 하나님의 심판이 무엇이었는지를 더 명확하게 표현하신다.
만약 교사들이 아무런 성공도 거두지 못한다면, 그리스도께서 그들에게 헛수고를 하도록 바라셨다는 것이 이상하게 보일 수 있다. 하나님의 말씀은 그 자체로 본질상 구원을 가져오며, 모든 사람을 차별 없이 영원한 생명의 소망으로 초청한다. 그러나 모든 사람이 내적으로 이끌리는 것이 아니므로, 하나님의 말씀을 거부하는 자들은 그것을 자신의 불신으로 치명적이고 파멸적인 것으로 만들어버린다. 하나님께서는 이것이 결과가 될 것을 미리 아시면서도, 의도적으로 자신의 선지자들을 유기된 자들에게 보내신다. 이는 그들을 더 심한 정죄에 연루시키기 위해서이다.
이것은 하나님이 때로는 자신의 말씀을 유기된 자들에게 선포되도록 의도하신다는 것을 보여준다. 그들이 끝까지 완고할 것을 아시면서도. 이는 그것이 그들에게 사망으로 나는 사망의 냄새가 되게 하기 위해서이다(고후 2:16).
원주석
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commentary-section/cal-mat-23-34-34(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역
35절 카드 ↗
35. That upon you may come. He not only takes away from them their false boasting, but shows that they had received prophets for a totally different purpose, that no age might be free from the criminality of wicked rebellion; for the pronoun you embraces generally the whole nation from its very commencement. If it be objected, that it is not consistent with the judgment of God that punishment should be inflicted on the children for the sins of the parents, the answer is easy. Since they are all involved in a wicked conspiracy, we ought not to think it strange if God, in punishing all without reserve, make the punishment due to the fathers to fall upon the children. Justly then is the whole nation — in whatever age individuals may have lived — called to account, and likewise punished, for this unceasing contempt. For as God, by an uninterrupted course of patience, has unceasingly contended with the malice of the whole people, so the whole people is justly held guilty of the inflexible obstinacy which continued to the very last; and as every age had conspired to put to death its own prophets, so it is right that a general sentence should be pronounced upon them, and that all the murders, which have been perpetrated with one consent, should be avenged on all. From the blood of Abel. Though Abel ( Genesis 4:8 ) was not slain by the Jews, yet the murder of Abel is imputed to them by Christ, because there is an affinity of wickedness between them and Cain; otherwise there would have been no propriety in saying that righteous blood had been shed by that nation from the beginning of the world. Cain is therefore declared to be the head, and leader, and instigator of the Jewish people, because, ever since they began to slay prophets, they succeeded in the room of him whose imitators they were. To the blood of Zechariah. He does not speak of Zechariah as the latest martyr; for the Jews did not then put an end to the murder of the prophets, but, on the contrary, their insolence and madness increased from that period; and posterity, who followed them, satiated themselves with the blood which their fathers only tasted. Nor is it because his death was better known, though it is recorded in Scripture. But there is another reason, which, though it deserves attention, has escaped the notice of commentators; in consequence of which they have not only fallen into a mistake, but have likewise involved their readers in a troublesome question. We might suppose it to have arisen from forgetfulness on the part of Christ, that, while he mentions one ancient murder, he passes by a prodigious slaughter which afterwards took place under Manasseh. For until the Jews were carried to Babylon, their wicked persecutions of holy men did not cease; and even while they were still under affliction, we know with what cruelty and rage they pursued Jeremiah, ( Jeremiah 32:2 .) But our Lord on purpose abstains from reproaching them with recent murders, and selects this murder, which was more ancient—which was also the commencement and source of base licentiousness, and afterwards led them to break out into unbounded cruelty—because it was more suitable to his design. For I have lately explained, that his leading object was to show that this nation, as it did not desist from impiety, must be held guilty of all the murders which had been perpetrated during a long period. Not only, therefore, does he denounce the punishment of their present cruelty, but says that they must be called to account for the murder of Zechariah, as if their own hands had been imbrued in his blood. There is no probability in the opinion of those who refer this passage to that Zechariah who exhorted the people, after their return from the Babylonish captivity, to build the temple, ( Zechariah 8:9 ,) and whose prophecies are still in existence. For though the title of the book informs us that he was the son of Barachiah, ( Zechariah 1:1 ,) yet we nowhere read that he was slain; and it is, forced exposition to say, that he was slain during the period that intervened between the building of the altar and of the temple. But as to the other Zechariah, son of Jehoiada, the sacred history relates what agrees perfectly with this passage; that when true religion had fallen into decay, after the death of his father, through the wicked revolt of the king and of the people, the Spirit of God came upon him, to reprove severely the public idolatry, and that on this account he was stoned in the porch of the temple, ( 2 Chronicles 24:20 .) There is no absurdity in supposing that his father Jehoiada received, in token of respect, the surname of Barachiah, because, having throughout his whole life defended the true worship, he might justly be pronounced to be the Blessed of God. But whether Jehoiada had two names, or whether (as Jerome thinks) there is a mistake in the word, there can be no doubt as to the fact, that Christ refers to that impious stoning of Zechariah which is recorded in 2 Chronicles 24:21 Whom you slew between the temple and the altar. The crime is rendered still more heinous by the circumstance of the place, since they did not revere the sacredness of the temple. Here the temple is put for the outer court, as in other passages. Near it was the altar of burnt offerings, ( 1 Kings 8:64 ,) so that the priest offered the sacrifices in presence of the people. It is evident, therefore, that there must have been furious rage, when the sight of the altar and of the temple could not restrain the Jews from profaning that sacred place by a detestable murder. return to ' Top of Page ' <a name="verse-37" class="com-number"
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그리하여 의로운 자들의 피가 너희에게 돌아가리라. 그분은 그들에게서 거짓 자랑을 빼앗을 뿐만 아니라, 그들이 선지자들을 전혀 다른 목적으로 받았음을 보여주신다. 어떤 시대도 사악한 반역의 죄책으로부터 자유롭지 않도록 하기 위해. 왜냐하면 "너희"라는 대명사가 그 나라 전체를 그 시작부터 일반적으로 포함하기 때문이다.
만약 자녀들에게 부모들의 죄로 형벌을 내리는 것이 하나님의 심판과 일치하지 않는다고 반박한다면, 대답은 간단하다. 그들 모두가 사악한 음모에 연루되어 있으므로, 하나님이 모든 이를 예외 없이 형벌하시면서 아버지들에게 마땅한 형벌이 자녀들에게 떨어지도록 하시는 것은 이상하게 여길 것이 없다.
아벨의 피로부터. 아벨(창 4:8)이 유대인들에 의해 죽임을 당하지는 않았지만, 그리스도는 아벨의 살인을 그들에게 귀속시키신다. 그들과 가인 사이의 악함의 친족 관계 때문이다. 그렇지 않으면 의로운 피가 세상의 시작부터 그 나라에 의해 흘려졌다고 말하는 것이 적절하지 않았을 것이다. 따라서 가인은 그들이 모방한 자의 자리를 이어받아 유대 백성의 두령이요 지도자요 선동자로 선언된다.
스가랴의 피에 이르기까지. 그분이 스가랴를 가장 최근의 순교자로 언급하시는 것이 아니다. 유대인들이 그 당시 선지자들을 살해하는 것을 끝낸 것이 아니었기 때문이다. 오히려 그 이후로 그들의 방자함과 광기가 더욱 증가하였다. 그러나 그분은 이 고대의 살인, 즉 비열한 무법의 시작이자 원천이었고 나중에 걷잡을 수 없는 잔인함으로 폭발하게 된 그 살인을 일부러 선택하신다. 왜냐하면 그것이 그분의 목적에 더 적합했기 때문이다. 그분은 또한 최근의 살인들로 책망하기를 일부러 삼가신다.
스가랴와 관련하여 어떤 이들은 바벨론 포로에서 돌아온 후 백성들에게 성전 건축을 권고한 스가랴를 가리킨다고 주장한다. 그러나 나는 그것이 성전 뜰에서 돌로 맞아 죽임을 당한 여호야다의 아들 스가랴를 가리킨다고 생각한다(대하 24:20-21). 그 범죄는 그 장소의 상황으로 인해 더욱 가중된다. 성전과 제단의 신성함이 유대인들로 하여금 그 거룩한 장소를 가증스러운 살인으로 더럽히는 것을 막지 못했기 때문이다.
원주석
- 번역원본
commentary-section/cal-mat-23-35-35(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역
37절 카드 ↗
37. Jerusalem, Jerusalem. By these words, Christ shows more clearly what good reason he had for indignation, that Jerusalem, which God had chosen to be his sacred, and — as we might say — heavenly abode, not only had shown itself to be unworthy of so great an honor, but, as if it had been a den of robbers, ( Jeremiah 7:11 ,) had been long accustomed to suck the blood of the prophets. Christ therefore utters a pathetic exclamation at a sight so monstrous, as that the holy city of God should have arrived at such a pitch of madness, that it had long endeavored to extinguish the saving doctrine of God by shedding the blood of the prophets. This is also implied in the repetition of the name, because impiety so monstrous and incredible deserves no ordinary detestation. Thou who killest the prophets. Christ does not reproach them with merely one or another murder, but says that this custom was so deeply rooted, that the city did not care to slay every one of the prophets that were sent to it. For the participle, ( ἀποκτείνουσα τοὺς προφήτας ), ( killing the prophets,) is put for an epithet; as if Christ had said, “Thou who oughtest to have been a faithful guardian of the word of God, a teacher of heavenly wisdom, the light of the world, the fountain of sound doctrine, the seat of divine worship, a pattern of faith and obedience, art a murderer of the prophets, so that thou hast acquired a certain habit of sucking their blood.” (113) Hence it is evident, that they who had so basely profaned the sanctuary of God deserved every kind of reproaches. Yet Christ had likewise the intention to obviate the scandal which soon after arose, that believers, when they saw him basely put to death at Jerusalem, might not be confounded by the novelty of such an exhibition. For by these words they were already warned that it was not wonderful if a city, which had been accustomed to strangle or stone the prophets, should cruelly put to death its own Redeemer. This shows us what value we should attach to places. There never certainly was a city in the world on which God bestowed such magnificent titles, or such distinguished honor; and yet we see how deeply it was sunk by its ingratitude. Let the Pope now compare the abode of his robbery with that holy city; what will he find worthy of equal honor? His hired flatterers boast to us that the faith flourished there in ancient times. But admitting this to be true, if it is evident that it has now, by wicked rebellion, revolted from Christ, and is full of innumerable deeds of sacrilege, what folly is it in them to maintain that the honor of primacy belongs to it? Let us, on the contrary, learn from this memorable example, that when any place has been exalted by uncommon instances of the favor of God, and thus has been removed from the ordinary rank, if it degenerate, it will not only be stripped of its ornaments, but will become so much the more hateful and detestable, because it has basely profaned the glow of God by staining the beauty of his favors. How often would I have gathered together thy children. This is expressive of indignation rather than of compassion. The city itself, indeed, over which he had lately wept, ( Luke 19:41 ,) is still an object of his compassion; but towards the scribes, who were the authors of its destruction, he uses harshness and severity, as they deserved. And yet he does not spare the rest, who were all guilty of approving and partaking of the same crime, but, including all in the same condemnation, he inveighs chiefly against the leaders themselves, who were the cause of all the evils. We must now observe the vehemence of the discourse. If in Jerusalem the grace of God had been merely rejected, there would have been inexcusable ingratitude; but since God attempted to draw the Jews to himself by mild and gentle methods, and gained nothing by such kindness, the criminality of such haughty disdain was far more aggravated. There was likewise added unconquerable obstinacy; for not once and again did God wish to gather them together, but, by constant and uninterrupted advances, he sent to them the prophets, one after another, almost all of whom were rejected by the great body of the people. As a hen collecteth her brood under her wings. We now perceive the reason why Christ, speaking in the person of God, compares himself to a hen. It is to inflict deeper disgrace on this wicked nation, which had treated with disdain invitations so gentle, and proceeding from more than maternal kindness. It is an amazing and unparalleled instance of love, that he did not disdain to stoop to those blandishments, by which he might tame rebels into subjection. A reproof nearly similar is employed by Moses, that God, like an eagle with outspread wings, ( Deuteronomy 32:11 ,) embraced that people. And though in more than one way God spread out his wings to cherish that people, yet this form of expression is applied by Christ, in a peculiar manner, to one class, namely, that prophets were sent to gather together the wandering and dispersed into the bosom of God. By this he means that, whenever the word of God is exhibited to us, he opens his bosom to us with maternal kindness, and, not satisfied with this, condescends to the humble affection of a hen watching over her chickens. Hence it follows, that our obstinacy is truly monstrous, if we do not permit him to gather us together. And, indeed, if we consider, on the one hand, the dreadful majesty of God, and, on the other, our mean and low condition, we cannot but be ashamed and astonished at such amazing goodness. For what object can God have in view in abasing himself so low on our account? When he compares himself to a mother, he descends very far below his glory; how much more when he takes the form of a hen, and deigns to treat us as his chickens? Besides, if this charge was justly brought against the ancient people, who lived under the Law, it is far more applicable to us. For though the statement—which I quot
Pericope (part_of)
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pericope/per-mat-23-009
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source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
마태복음 23:37 — 예루살렘아 예루살렘아. 이 말씀으로 그리스도는 자신이 분노하실 충분한 이유가 있었음을 더욱 분명히 보여주신다. 하나님이 자신의 거룩하고 말하자면 하늘의 거소로 선택하신 예루살렘이 그토록 큰 영예에 합당하지 않게 되었을 뿐만 아니라, 강도들의 소굴처럼(렘 7:11) 오래도록 선지자들의 피를 빨아왔기 때문이다. 그리스도는 하나님의 거룩한 도성이 선지자들의 피를 흘림으로써 하나님의 구원의 교훈을 소멸시키려 한다는 그토록 기괴하고 믿기 어려운 광경에 감동적인 탄식을 발하신다. 이름의 반복은 그토록 기괴하고 믿기 어려운 불경건함이 보통 이상의 혐오를 받아 마땅함을 나타낸다.
"선지자들을 살인하는 자야." 그리스도는 단지 한두 건의 살인만을 고발하시는 것이 아니라, 이 관습이 너무도 깊이 뿌리박혀 있어 그 도성이 자신에게 보내진 모든 선지자들을 거리낌 없이 죽였다고 말씀하신다. 그 분사는 형용사처럼 사용되었다. 마치 그리스도가 "너는 하나님의 말씀의 충실한 수호자요, 천상의 지혜의 교사요, 세상의 빛이요, 건전한 교훈의 샘이요, 신성한 예배의 자리요, 믿음과 순종의 본보기가 되었어야 했는데, 선지자들의 살인자가 되어 그들의 피를 빠는 일정한 습관을 갖게 되었다"고 하신 것 같다.
"내가 얼마나 자주 네 자녀들을 모으려 했는지." 이것은 동정이라기보다는 분노의 표현이다. 그분이 방금 전에 눈물 흘리신 도성 자체에 대해서는 여전히 동정의 대상이지만, 그 파멸의 주모자인 서기관들에 대해서는 그들이 받아 마땅하게, 가혹함과 엄격함을 사용하신다.
"암탉이 그 새끼를 날개 아래 모음같이." 우리는 이제 그리스도께서 하나님의 인격으로 말씀하시며 자신을 암탉에 비교하시는 이유를 이해한다. 이 사악한 민족에게 더 깊은 수치를 가하기 위함이다. 그 민족이 모성적 친절보다 더한 그토록 온화한 초대들을 경멸했기 때문이다. 그분이 반역자들을 순종으로 길들이기 위해 그런 달램으로 몸을 낮추셨다는 것은 놀랍고 전례 없는 사랑의 증거이다. 하나님이 자신을 어머니에 비교하실 때 그분은 이미 자신의 영광 아래로 매우 멀리 내려오신다. 그런데 암탉의 형상을 취하시고 우리를 자신의 병아리들처럼 대하시겠다고 하실 때는 얼마나 더 낮아지시는 것인가?
따라서 우리는 우리를 모으도록 허락하지 않는다면 우리의 완고함이 참으로 기괴하다는 것을 배운다. 또한 이 고발이 율법 아래 살았던 옛 백성에게 정당하게 제기된다면, 그것은 우리에게 훨씬 더 적용된다.
원주석
- 번역원본
commentary-section/cal-mat-23-37-37(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역
38절 카드 ↗
38 Lo, your house is left to you desolate. He threatens the destruction of the temple, and the dissolution of the whole frame of civil government. Though they were disfigured by irreligion, crimes, and every kind of infamy, yet they were so blinded by a foolish confidence in the temple, and its outward service, that they thought that God was bound to them; and this was the shield which they had always at hand: “What? Could God depart from that place which he has chosen to be his only habitation in the world? And since he dwells in the midst of us, we must one day be restored.” In short, they looked upon the temple as their invincible fortress, as if they dwelt in the bosom of God. But Christ maintains that it is in vain for them to boast of the presence of God, whom they had driven away by their crimes, and, by calling it their house, (lo, your house is left to you,) he indirectly intimates to them that it is no longer the house of God. The temple had indeed been built on the condition, that at the coming of Christ it would cease to be the abode and residence of Deity; but it would have remained as a remarkable demonstration of the continued grace of God, if its destruction had not been occasioned by the wickedness of the people. It was therefore a dreadful vengeance of God, that the place which Himself had so magnificently adorned was not only forsaken by Him, and ordered to be razed to the foundation, but consigned to the lowest infamy to the end of the world. Let the Romanists now go, and let them proceed, in opposition to the will of God, to build their Tower of Babylon, while they see that the temple of God, which had been built by his authority and at his command, was laid low on account of the crimes of the people. return to ' Top of Page ' <a name="verse-39" class="com-number"
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source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
보라, 너희 집이 황폐하여 버려질 것이다. 그분은 성전의 멸망과 모든 시민 정부 체계의 해체를 위협하신다. 비록 그들이 불경건함과 범죄와 온갖 불명예로 훼손되어 있었지만, 성전과 그 외적 예배에 대한 어리석은 확신으로 너무 눈이 멀어, 하나님이 자신들에게 매여 계신다고 생각하였다. 그러나 그리스도는 자신의 범죄로 쫓아버린 하나님의 임재를 자랑하는 것이 헛됨을 주장하신다. "너희 집"이라고 부르심으로 그것이 더 이상 하나님의 집이 아님을 은연중에 알리신다.
성전은 실로 그리스도의 오심과 함께 신성의 거소이자 거주지로서의 역할을 그치도록 하는 조건으로 세워졌다. 그러나 백성의 사악함으로 인해 그 파괴가 야기되지 않았다면, 하나님의 계속적인 은혜의 뛰어난 증거로 남아 있었을 것이다. 따라서 그분이 그토록 웅장하게 꾸미신 장소가 그분에 의해 버려졌을 뿐만 아니라 기초까지 허물어지도록 명해지고, 세상 끝까지 가장 비천한 수치에 맡겨진 것은 하나님의 두려운 심판이었다.
원주석
- 번역원본
commentary-section/cal-mat-23-38-38(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역
39절 카드 ↗
39. For I tell you. He confirms what he had said about the approaching vengeance of God, by saying that the only method of avoiding destruction will be taken from them. For that was the accepted time, the day of salvation, ( Isaiah 49:8 ; 2 Corinthians 6:2 ,) so long as that very person who had come to be their Redeemer, attested and proclaimed the redemption which he had brought. But at his departure, as at the setting of the sun, the light of life vanished; and therefore this dreadful calamity, which he threatens, must of necessity fall upon them. Until you say. We come now to inquire what period is denoted by this phrase. Some restrict it to the last day of judgment. Others think that it is a prediction, which was soon afterwards fulfilled, when some of the Jews humbly adored Christ. But I do not approve of either of these interpretations. And I am certainly astonished that learned men should have stumbled at so small an obstacle, by taking great pains to inquire how unbelievers can say concerning Christ, Blessed be he that cometh in the name of the Lord; for he does not declare what they will be, but what he himself will do. And even the adverb until extends no farther than to the time which goes before. Joseph did not know his wife until she brought forth Christ, ( Matthew 1:25 .) By these words Scripture does not mean, that after Christ had been born they lived together as husband and wife, but only shows that Mary, before the birth of her son, was a virgin that had not known man. So then the true meaning of the present passage, in nay opinion, is this: “Hitherto I have lived among you in humility and kindness, and have discharged the office of a teacher; and no having finished the course of my calling, I shall depart, and it will not be possible for you any longer to enjoy my presence, but him whom you now despise as a Redeemer and a minister of salvation, you will find to be your Judge.” In this manner the passage agrees with the words of Zechariah, They shall look on him whom they pierced, ( Zechariah 12:10 ; John 19:37 .) But Christ appears also to make an indirect allusion to their vain hypocrisy, because, as if they ardently longed for the promised salvation, they sung daily the words of the psalm, Blessed be he that cometh in the name of the Lord, ( Psalms 118:26 ;) while they treated with scorn the Redeemer that was offered to them. In short, he declares that he will not come to them until, trembling at the sight of his dreadful majesty, they shall exclaim—when it is too late—that truly he is the Son of God. And this threatening is addressed to all despisers of the Gospel, more especially to those who falsely profess his name, while they reject his doctrine; for they will one day acknowledge that they cannot escape the hands of him whom they now mock by their hypocritical pretensions. For the same song is now sung by the Papists, who, after all, care nothing about Christ, until, armed with vengeance, he ascends his tribunal. We are also reminded, that so long as Christ exhibits himself to us in the name of the Father as the herald of salvation and Mediator, we ought not only to honor him with our lips, but sincerely to wish that he would make us and the whole world subject to himself. return to ' Top of Page ' Matthew Mat 22 Matthew Mat Matthew Mat 24 Footnotes: Copyright Statement These files are public domain. Bibliographical Information Calvin, John. "Commentary on Matthew 23". 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Pericope (part_of)
- part_of
pericope/per-mat-23-009
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source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
내가 너희에게 이르노니. 그분은 자신이 방금 말씀하신 임박한 하나님의 심판을 확인하신다. 멸망을 피할 유일한 방법이 그들에게서 제거될 것이기 때문이다. 구속주로 오신 바로 그분이 자신이 가져온 구속을 증언하고 선포하시는 동안에, 그때가 은혜받을 만한 때요 구원의 날이었다(사 49:8; 고후 6:2). 그러나 해가 지는 것처럼 그분이 떠나가실 때, 생명의 빛이 사라졌다. 따라서 그분이 위협하시는 이 두려운 재앙은 그들에게 필연적으로 임해야 한다.
"네가 말하기까지." 이 구절이 나타내는 시기에 대해 일부는 심판의 날에 한정하고, 다른 이들은 유대인 일부가 곧 겸손하게 그리스도를 경배한 때 성취된 예언이라고 생각한다. 그러나 나는 이 해석들 중 어느 것도 승인하지 않는다.
진정한 의미는 내 생각에 이것이다. "나는 지금까지 겸손하고 친절하게 너희 가운데 살며 교사의 직분을 수행하였다. 이제 내 부르심의 과정을 마쳤으므로 나는 떠날 것이다. 그러면 너희는 더 이상 내 임재를 누릴 수 없을 것이다. 지금 구속주와 구원의 사역자로서 경멸하는 자를, 너희는 심판자로서 만나게 될 것이다." 이런 방식으로 이 구절은 스가랴의 말씀과 일치한다. "그들이 자기들이 찌른 자를 바라볼 것이다"(슥 12:10; 요 19:37).
이 위협은 복음의 모든 멸시자들에게, 특히 자신의 이름을 거짓으로 고백하면서 그분의 교훈을 거부하는 자들에게 향해 있다. 그들은 언젠가 복수로 무장하고 심판대에 오르시는 그분의 손에서 도망칠 수 없음을 인정하게 될 것이다. 또한 우리는, 그리스도께서 구원의 전령자와 중보자로서 아버지의 이름으로 우리에게 나타나시는 동안, 우리는 입술로만 아니라 진심으로 그분이 우리와 온 세상을 자신에게 복종시켜 주시기를 소원해야 한다는 것을 배운다.
원주석
- 번역원본
commentary-section/cal-mat-23-39-39(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역