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We here learn what we have already stated, — that Haggai and Zechariah were by God joined together, that they might confirm each other’s doctrine, for they had to do with a refractory people: besides, the people had to endure hard and arduous trials, so that they needed more than a common testimony to confirm them. Haggai commenced the work of his office in the sixth month; Zechariah shortly followed him, in the eighth month of the same year. It has already been shown who was the Darius mentioned here; though some interpreters dissent, we may yet learn from certain and indubitable proofs, that he was the son of Hystaspes. We shall again speak of this Darius, when a better occasion will offer itself: I wished only in passing to say thus much. The word of Jehovah came to Zechariah . We have already said that the word of God comes in two ways to men. God addresses all from the least to the greatest; but in the first place he sends his word especially to his Prophets, to whom he commits the office of teaching. The word of God thus comes to private individuals, and it comes also to teachers, who sustain a public character, and become God’s interpreters or messengers. It was thus that God’s word came to Zechariah, not that he might keep to himself what God had said, but that he might be a faithful dispenser of his truth. With regard to Zechariah, they are mistaken who regard him as the son of Jehoiadah, they are mistaken by Christ in Matthew 23:35 . Zechariah is indeed said there to have been killed between the temple and the altar, and he is called the son of Barachiah: (9) but the counting of years will easily prove their mistake, who would have him to be the same Zechariah. The former, who is called in sacred history the son of Jehoiadah the priest, was slain under Joash. Let us now see how many kings succeeded him, and also how many years he reigned. That Zechariah must have been almost two hundred years old at the Babylonian exile, if he was alive, had be been a boy when he was stoned. Now this Zechariah, of whom we now speak, performed the office of a Prophet after the return of the people from exile. He must then have been not only more than a hundred and fifty years of age, but must have exceeded two hundred years when he died. The idea respecting the renascence of men, being a reverie of the Jews, is not worthy of a record, much less of a refutation. He is however called the son of Barachiah; but the probable conjecture is that Jehoiadah the priest had two names, and it does not appear that he was a prophet. However this may be, the Zechariah who was stoned in the temple by the order of the king, was the son of the high priest, and died more than a hundred years before the Babylonian exile. For we have said that this Darius was not the Mede who reigned with Cyrus, but the son of Hystaspes, who reigned a long time after, that is, after Cambyses and the Magi. Their want of knowledge is easily proved, who think that these Prophets were sent by God before the completion of the time mentioned by Jeremiah. As then the seventy years had elapsed, this Prophet was no doubt born after the time when the city was destroyed, the temple pulled-down, and the people led captive into Babylon. I come now to the doctrine itself. (9) He is called the son of Ezra, chapter 5:1; but the word son, in Hebrew, means often a grandson or a descendant: “ Omnes qui in gradibus descendentibus sunt Hebraei filios vocant .” — Grotius . return to ' Top of Page ' <a name="verse-2" class="com-number"
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pericope/per-zec-1-001
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source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
우리는 이미 언급한 바를 여기서 다시 확인하게 된다. 즉, 하나님께서 학개와 스가랴를 함께 세우신 것은 그들이 서로의 가르침을 확증하게 하기 위함이었으니, 이는 그들이 거역하는 백성을 상대해야 했기 때문이다. 또한 백성이 감당해야 할 시련이 혹독하고 어려웠으므로, 그들을 굳게 세우기 위해서는 보통의 증언 이상이 필요했다. 학개는 여섯째 달에 자신의 사역을 시작했고, 스가랴는 같은 해 여덟째 달에 그 뒤를 이었다. 여기 언급된 다리우스가 누구인지는 이미 밝혔다. 일부 해석자들이 다른 견해를 제시하지만, 확실하고 반박할 수 없는 증거들로부터 그가 히스타스페스의 아들임을 알 수 있다. 이 다리우스에 대해서는 더 적절한 기회가 있을 때 다시 논할 것이다.
"여호와의 말씀이 스가랴에게 임하니라." 하나님의 말씀이 두 가지 방식으로 사람들에게 임한다고 우리는 이미 말했다. 하나님께서는 지위의 높고 낮음을 막론하고 모든 이에게 말씀하신다. 그러나 첫째로, 그분은 자신의 선지자들에게 특별히 말씀을 보내시니, 그들에게 가르치는 직분을 맡기셨기 때문이다. 이처럼 하나님의 말씀은 개인들에게도 임하고, 공적 직분을 맡아 하나님의 해석자와 사자가 되는 교사들에게도 임한다. 스가랴에게 하나님의 말씀이 임한 것도 이와 같으니, 하나님께서 말씀하신 것을 그 혼자만 간직하게 하기 위함이 아니라, 그분의 진리를 충성스럽게 나누어 주는 자가 되게 하심이었다.
스가랴를 여호야다의 아들로 여기는 이들의 오해에 대해 말하자면, 그리스도께서 마태복음 23:35에서 지적하신 바와 같이 그들의 생각은 잘못된 것이다. 거기서 스가랴는 성전과 제단 사이에서 죽임을 당했고, 바라갸의 아들이라 불렸다. 그러나 연대 계산이 이 두 사람을 동일 인물로 보려는 자들의 오류를 쉽게 입증해 준다. 역사에 제사장 여호야다의 아들이라 불리는 전자는 요아스 왕 때 죽임을 당했다. 그 후 얼마나 많은 왕들이 뒤를 이었으며, 그들이 각각 몇 해를 통치했는지를 살펴보면, 만약 그가 돌에 맞아 죽을 때 어린아이였다 해도, 바벨론 포로 때까지는 거의 이백 세가 되었을 것이다. 이제 우리가 다루는 이 스가랴는 백성이 포로에서 돌아온 후에 선지자 직분을 수행했다. 그렇다면 그는 죽을 때 백오십 세를 훨씬 넘어 이백 세를 초과했어야 한다. 인간의 재탄생에 관한 유대인들의 생각은 망상에 불과하니 기록할 가치조차 없다.
그는 바라갸의 아들이라 불린다. 그러나 여호야다 제사장이 두 이름을 가졌을 것이라는 추측이 개연성이 있으며, 그가 선지자였다는 기록은 보이지 않는다. 어쨌든, 왕의 명령으로 성전에서 돌에 맞아 죽은 그 스가랴는 대제사장의 아들이었으며, 바벨론 포로 이전 백 년도 더 전에 죽었다. 이 다리우스는 고레스와 함께 통치한 메대 사람이 아니라, 그 이후, 즉 캄비세스와 마기들 이후에 오래 통치한 히스타스페스의 아들임을 우리는 이미 말했다. 예레미야가 언급한 기간이 완료되기 전에 이 선지자들이 보내졌다고 생각하는 자들의 무지는 쉽게 반박된다. 따라서 그 칠십 년이 지났으므로, 이 선지자는 성읍이 파괴되고 성전이 헐리며 백성이 바벨론으로 끌려간 후에 태어났음이 틀림없다.
원주석
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commentary-section/cal-zec-1-1-1(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역
2절 카드 ↗
Angry was Jehovah with anger against your fathers (10) The Prophet here refers to the severity of the punishment with which the Jews had been visited, in order that posterity might know that God, who so rigidly punishes the despisers of his word and instruction, ought not to be provoked. For by saying that God was angry with anger, he means, that God was in no common measure offended with the Jews, and that the very grievousness of their punishment was a clear evidence how displeased God was with them. But the object of the Prophet was to rouse the Jews, that they might begin seriously to fear God on seeing how dreadful is his wrath. The Apostle states it as a general truth, that it is a dreadful thing to fall into the hands of the living God, ( Hebrews 10:30 :) so also the Scripture speaks everywhere. But Zechariah mentions here to his own people a signal evidence of God’s wrath, which ought to justly to have smitten all of them with terror. He does not then speak here of a thing unknown, but reminds them seriously to consider how terrible is God’s vengeance; as a proof of this, their fathers had been deprived of their perpetual inheritance, they had suffered many degradations, and had also been harassed and oppressed by tyrants; in short, they had been nearly sunk in the lowest depths. Since then God has so severely dealt with their fathers, the Prophet bids them to know that God ought to be feared, lest they should grow wanton or indulge themselves in their usual manner, but that they might from the heart repent, and not designedly provoke God’s wrath, of which their fathers had so severe an experience. (10) The words may be thus rendered, — Wroth was Jehovah, With your fathers was he wroth. This is more consistent with the characters of the Hebrew language than the usual rendering. return to ' Top of Page ' <a name="verse-3" class="com-number"
Pericope (part_of)
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pericope/per-zec-1-001
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Source
source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
"너희 조상들에게 노하고 분노하였느니라." 선지자는 여기서 하나님께서 유대인들에게 내리신 형벌의 준엄함을 언급하는데, 이는 후손들로 하여금 자신의 말씀과 가르침을 멸시하는 자들을 엄히 벌하시는 하나님을 두려워하게 하기 위함이다. "하나님께서 크게 진노하셨다"고 말함으로써, 그분이 유대인들을 보통 수준을 넘어 노여워하셨음을, 그리고 그 형벌의 혹독함 자체가 하나님께서 그들에 대해 얼마나 불쾌하게 여기셨는지를 분명히 보여 주는 증거임을 말하는 것이다. 그러나 선지자의 목적은 유대인들을 분발시켜, 하나님의 진노가 얼마나 두려운 것인지를 깨달아 진심으로 하나님을 두려워하게 하려는 것이었다. 사도는 "살아 계신 하나님의 손에 빠져 드는 것이 무서운 일이라"고 일반적 진리를 선언하는데, 성경도 어디서나 동일하게 말한다. 스가랴는 그의 백성에게 하나님의 진노의 뚜렷한 증거를 제시하니, 이는 마땅히 그 모두를 두려움으로 사로잡아야 했다. 그는 알지 못하는 일을 말하는 것이 아니라, 그들이 하나님의 복수가 얼마나 두려운 것인지 깊이 생각하도록 촉구한다. 그 증거로, 그들의 조상들은 대대로 물려받은 기업을 빼앗겼고, 많은 수모를 겪었으며, 폭군들에게 짓밟혔고, 한마디로 가장 깊은 심연에 잠기게 되었다. 하나님께서 그들의 조상들을 이처럼 엄하게 다루셨으므로, 선지자는 그들이 하나님을 두려워해야 함을 알라고 촉구한다. 그래서 그들이 평소처럼 방종에 빠지지 않고, 진심으로 회개하여 조상들이 그토록 처절하게 경험했던 하나님의 진노를 의도적으로 자극하지 않도록 하려는 것이다.
원주석
- 번역원본
commentary-section/cal-zec-1-2-2(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역
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It then follows, Thou shalt say to them, Return ye to me, and I will return to you (11) The Prophet now expresses more clearly for what purpose he had spoken of God’s vengeance, with which he had visited his chosen people, even that their posterity might take heed to themselves; for the common proverb, “Fools by adversity become wise,” ought in this case to have been verified. For where there is really a teachable spirit, men become instantly attentive to what God says: but even when they are sluggish and slothful, it is a wonder, that when they are smitten, the strokes which they feel do not shake off at least in some degree their torpor. Hence the Prophet, after having spoken of the punishments which God had inflicted, exhorts the Jews to repentance. It ought however to be observed, that our Prophet not only speaks of repentance, but shows also its true character, that the Jews might not seek carelessly to please God, as is commonly the case, but that they might sincerely repent; for he says, return ye to me, and I will return to you . And this was not said without reason, when we consider in what sort of delusions the Jews indulged themselves immediately after their return. We have seen that they became devoted to their private concerns, while the temple remained desolate; and we also know what sacred history relates, that they married heathen women, and also that many corruptions prevailed among them, so that religion almost disappeared. They indeed retained the name of God, but their impiety showed itself by clear signs. It is then no wonder that the Prophet sharply stimulates them to repentance. It must at the same time be noticed, that we cannot enjoy the favor of God, even when he kindly offers to be reconciled to us, except we from the heart repent. However graciously, then, God may invite us to himself, and be ready to remit our sins, we yet cannot embrace his offered favor, except our sins become hateful to us; for God ceases not to be our judge, except we anticipate him, and condemn ourselves, and deprecate the punishment of our sins. Hence we then pacify God when real grief wounds us, and we thus really turn to God, without dissimulation or falsehood. Now the experience of God’s wrath ought to lead us to this; for extremely heedless are they who, having found God to be a Judge, do carelessly disregard his wrath, which ought to have filled their hearts with fear. “Let no one deceive you with vain words,” says Paul, “for on account of these things comes the wrath of God on the children of unbelief,” or on all the unbelieving. ( Ephesians 5:6 .) Paul bids us to consider all the evidences which God gives of his wrath in the world, that they may instruct us as to the fear of God; how much more then should domestic examples be noticed by us? For the Prophet speaks not here of foreign nations; but says, angry has God been with anger against your fathers . Since, then, it appeared evident that God had not spared even his chosen people, they ought, unless they were in the extreme refractory, to have carefully continued in obedience to the law. Hence the Prophet here condemns their tardiness, inasmuch as they had made so little progress under the chastisements of God. We thus see that no excuse can be brought before God, if we do not make a right use of all the punishments by which he designs to recover us from our sins. We have referred to that general truth announced by Paul, that God’s judgment, executed on the unbelieving, ought to be feared; it hence follows that our insensibility is extreme, if we are not thoroughly moved when God teaches us by our own experience, or at least when he sets domestic examples before us, as when he punishes our fathers and others connected with us; for this mode of teaching comes much nearer to us. But when the Prophet says, return ye to me, and I will return to you , he means, as I have before stated, that though God meets sinners, and is ready with extended arms to embrace them, his favor cannot come to those to whom it is offered, except a real feeling of penitence leads them to God. In short, the Prophet means, that though they had returned from exile, they could not expect a permanent state of safety, except they turned from the heart to him; for if they imitated their fathers, God had in readiness far severer scourges to chastise them; and they might also be again driven into exile. he then briefly reminds them, that if they wished to enjoy the incomparable kindness with which God had favored them, it was necessary for them seriously to return to him. Though, then God had already in part returned to them, that is, he had really proved that he was pacified and propitious to them, yet he had begun by many evidences to show that he was again offended with them; for their fruit had either withered through heat, or had been smitten by hail, as we have found elsewhere; ( Haggai 2:17 ;) so that they had already labored for several years under want and other evils. God then had not so blessed them, that they could in every way recognize his paternal favor. This is the reason why the Prophet says, I will return to you when ye return to me. We now perceive the meaning of the Prophet to be, that though God had delivered his people, they ought yet to have feared lest his wrath should suddenly burn against the ungrateful and the wicked, and that being not in full favor, they ought also to have known that God was still offended with them. So the Prophet shortly reminded them, that it was no wonder that God treated them with no great kindness, for they allowed no place for his favor, but provoked his wrath, like their fathers, inasmuch as they did not from the hear repent. The Papists allege this passage in defense of free-will; but it is a most puerile sophistry. They say that the turning of God to men is the same as their turning to him, as though God promised the grace of his Spirit as a help, when men anticipate him. They imagine then that free-will prec
Pericope (part_of)
- part_of
pericope/per-zec-1-001
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Source
source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
이어서 "너는 그들에게 이르기를 만군의 여호와가 이같이 말하노라 너희는 내게로 돌아오라 그리하면 내가 너희에게로 돌아가리라"고 한다. 선지자는 이제 하나님의 복수에 대해 말한 목적을 더 분명히 밝힌다. 즉, 후손들로 하여금 스스로를 돌아보게 하기 위함이니, "어리석은 자는 역경으로 인해 지혜로워진다"는 일반적 격언이 이 경우에도 확증되어야 했기 때문이다. 진정으로 가르침을 받을 마음이 있는 곳에서는, 사람들이 하나님께서 말씀하시는 것에 즉시 주의를 기울인다. 그러나 느리고 게으른 자들도 맞을 때 적어도 어느 정도 졸음을 떨치지 않는다면 이는 놀라운 일이다. 그래서 형벌에 대해 말한 후 선지자는 유대인들에게 회개를 권면한다.
그러나 선지자가 단순히 회개를 말하는 것이 아니라 그 참된 성격도 보여 준다는 점을 주목해야 한다. 이는 유대인들이 흔히 그러듯 마지못해 하나님을 기쁘게 하려 하지 않고, 진심으로 회개하도록 하기 위함이다. 그는 "내게로 돌아오라 그리하면 내가 너희에게로 돌아가리라"고 말한다. 이것이 이유 없이 말해진 것이 아니니, 포로에서 돌아온 직후 유대인들이 어떤 착각에 빠졌는지를 생각해 보면 알 수 있다. 우리는 그들이 성전이 황폐한 채 있는 동안 자신들의 사사로운 일에 몰두했음을 보았다. 또한 그들이 이방 여인들을 아내로 맞이하고, 많은 부패가 만연하여 종교가 거의 사라졌다는 사실도 역사가 전해 준다. 그러니 선지자가 그들을 날카롭게 자극하여 회개로 이끄는 것은 조금도 이상한 일이 아니다.
이와 함께 우리가 하나님의 은혜를 누릴 수 없다는 점, 즉 그분이 친히 화해를 제안하실 때에도 우리가 진심으로 회개하지 않으면 그 은혜를 받을 수 없다는 점을 주목해야 한다. 따라서 하나님께서 아무리 인자하게 우리를 부르시고 죄를 용서할 준비가 되어 있어도, 우리 자신의 죄가 우리에게 혐오스럽게 여겨지지 않으면 그 제공된 은혜를 받아들일 수 없다. 하나님은 우리가 그분을 앞서 우리 자신을 정죄하고 죄의 형벌을 간구하지 않는 한 여전히 우리의 심판자이시기 때문이다. 그러므로 우리가 진심 어린 슬픔으로 상처받을 때, 그리고 이처럼 속임이나 거짓 없이 진정으로 하나님께로 돌이킬 때 우리가 하나님을 화해시키는 것이다. 이제 하나님의 진노를 경험한 것이 우리를 이러한 상태로 이끌어야 한다.
교황주의자들은 이 구절을 자유의지의 증거로 인용하지만, 이것은 매우 유치한 궤변이다. 그들은 하나님의 사람에 대한 돌아오심이 사람의 하나님에 대한 돌아오심과 동일하다고 말하면서, 마치 하나님께서 사람이 먼저 나올 때 성령의 은혜를 도움으로 약속하시는 것처럼 생각한다. 그들은 자유의지가 선행한다고 상상한다.
원주석
- 번역원본
commentary-section/cal-zec-1-3-3(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역
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In order to correct and to subdue the obstinacy of the people, he here upbraids them with having descended from wicked and perverse parents. The Jews, we know, too much flattered themselves; and we know that they were especially inflated with the vain boasting that they derived their origin from the holy fathers. But the Prophets had something else in view. We indeed know that when anything becomes customary, almost all become hardened and flatter themselves in their vice; for immorality is then counted almost as the law, and what is sanctioned by public consent seems lawful. Since then they had not ceased for many years to provoke the wrath of God, it was necessary to add this reproof, Be not like your fathers : for they no doubt imagined that God approved of them, as they were not worse than their fathers. But God shows that their fathers had been very wicked and perverse. Let us learn from this passage, that the examples which are wont to be set up as a shield are so far from being of any weight before God, that they enhance our guilt: and yet we see that this folly infatuates many; for at this day the religion of the Papists seems to them holy and irreprehensible, because it has been handed down to them by their fathers. Hence, whenever they bring forward the fathers, they think it a sufficient defense against the charge of any errors. But nothing occurs more frequently in the Prophets than the truth, that examples tend more to kindle the wrath of God, when some men become the occasion of sin to others, and when posterity think that whatever has proceeded from their fathers is lawful. But we must at the same time bear in mind the design of the Prophet, for he did not intend simply to show, that the Jews in vain alleged the examples of the ancient; but, as I have said, he intended to shake off their self-flatteries by which they lulled themselves asleep; and he intended especially to put down those evil practices, which by long use had prevailed among them. This then is the reason why he says, Be not like your fathers . The Spirit employs the same sentiment in many other places, especially in the ninety- fifth Psalm ( Psalms 95:1 ), and also in other Psalms. Then he says, that the Prophets , who had been sent by God, had cried to their fathers, but that they did not attend. As then contempt of the truth had for so many ages prevailed among the Jews, and as this impiety was not duly abhorred by them, since they thought themselves to be as it were in perpetual possession — these are the reasons why the Prophet expressly upbraids them with this, that God’s word had been formerly despised by their nation — cry then did the former Prophets . He also exaggerates again their crime and their sin, because God had often recalled them to himself but without success. Had the Prophets been silent, and had God applied no remedy for their defection, their ingratitude would not indeed have been excusable; but since Prophets had often been sent to them, in succession, one after the other, and each had endeavored to restore the wretched men to a state of safety, not to attend to their holy and serious admonitions, by which God manifested his care for their well-being, was a much more atrocious crime. We hence learn, that when we find any people prone to this or that vice, it ought to be resisted with greater diligence; for Satan almost always employs this artifice — that when he finds us prone to this or that vice, he directs all his efforts to drive us headlong into it. As then the Prophets had been for a long time despised by the Jews, Zechariah designedly brings before them that perverseness which had been too long known. cry then did the former Prophets , (12) saying Thus saith Jehovah of hosts, return ye, I pray, from your evil ways, and from your evil works; but they heard not nor attended . After having spoken of God’s kind invitation, which was a singular pledge of his love, since he thus manifested his concern for their safety, he shows on the other hand how unworthily the Jews had conducted themselves, for they obstinately rejected this favor of God. They were indeed more than sufficiently proved guilty; for by saying, Return ye, I pray, from your evil ways and from your evil works , he assumes it as a fact that the reproofs given were just. And he farther says, that they refused to hear. Hence their perverseness was less endurable; for though they were self-condemned, they did not yet repent, nor deigned to hearken to God. And he subjoins the words, nor did they attend ; for by this repetition (13) is more fully expressed, not only their stupidity, but their strange madness, inasmuch as they had so rejected God, and closed up the door of his favor, as though they sought designedly to drive him far from them, lest he should come to them. (12) This sentence is peculiar in its construction. Our version, “unto whom the former Prophets have cried,” gives the meaning, but not the form of the sentence, which perhaps can hardly be done except in Welsh ; but in that language the idiom is exactly the same. The relative “whom,” [ אשר ] comes first, then the verb, followed by a pronoun having a preposition prefixed to it — “to them,” [ שמע ]. The literal rendering in English would be, “whom they called (or cried) to them, the Prophets the former.” The rendering in Welsh would be the Hebrew word for word — (lang. cy) Y rhai y galwodd arnynt y prophwydi blaenorol Calvin in his version renders [ אשר ], “ quia ,” which is not correct; it ought to have been “ ouibus .” — Ed. (13) It is not perhaps exactly a repetition. Newcome retains our version, “hear” and “hearken;” but Henderson has “hearken” and “give heed.” The first, [ שמע ], is the mere act of hearing; but the second, [ קשב ], means attention; it signifies to incline the ear so as to listen. The Jews had been unwilling to hear, or to give the least attention to what had been said to them. — Ed. return to ' Top of Page ' <a name="verse-5" class="com-n
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source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
백성의 완고함을 고치고 꺾기 위하여, 선지자는 그들이 악하고 패역한 부모에게서 태어났음을 책망한다. 유대인들은, 우리가 알다시피, 스스로를 너무 치켜세웠고, 특히 자신들이 거룩한 조상들의 후손이라는 헛된 자랑으로 가득 차 있었다. 그러나 선지자들의 관점은 달랐다. 어떤 것이 관습이 되면 거의 모든 사람이 무감각해지고 자신의 악 속에서 스스로를 용납하게 되며, 부도덕함이 거의 법처럼 여겨지고 대중의 동의로 승인된 것은 합법적인 것처럼 보이게 된다. 그런데 그들이 오랫동안 하나님의 진노를 자극하기를 그치지 않았으므로, "너희 조상들과 같이 되지 말라"는 책망을 더하는 것이 필요했다. 그들이 자신들의 조상들보다 더 나쁘지 않으므로 하나님이 그들을 인정하신다고 상상했기 때문이다. 그러나 하나님은 그들의 조상들이 매우 악하고 패역했음을 보여 주신다.
이 구절에서 우리는, 방패로 내세우는 본보기들이 하나님 앞에서 아무런 비중을 갖지 못할 뿐 아니라 오히려 우리의 죄를 더하게 된다는 것을 배운다. 그러나 이 어리석음이 오늘날도 많은 사람을 홀린다. 교황주의자들의 종교가 그들에게 거룩하고 나무랄 데 없는 것처럼 보이는 것은, 조상들로부터 전수받았기 때문이다. 그러므로 그들은 조상들을 내세울 때마다 어떤 오류의 비난에 대해서도 충분한 변호가 된다고 생각한다. 그러나 선지자들에게 가장 자주 등장하는 진리는, 어떤 사람들이 다른 이들에게 죄의 계기가 되고, 후손들이 조상들로부터 온 것은 무엇이든 합법적이라고 생각할 때, 본보기들이 오히려 하나님의 진노를 더욱 불태운다는 것이다.
그러나 선지자의 의도를 기억해야 한다. 그는 단순히 유대인들이 고대의 본보기를 헛되이 내세움을 보이려 한 것이 아니라, 내가 말했듯이, 그들이 자신들을 재우는 자기 위안을 떨쳐 내게 하려 했고, 특히 오랜 관습으로 그들 사이에 퍼져 있던 악한 관행들을 타파하려 했다. 이것이 그가 "너희 조상들과 같이 되지 말라"고 말하는 이유다. 성령은 특히 시편 95편과 다른 여러 시편에서도 같은 생각을 사용하신다. 그러고 나서 하나님께 보내심을 받은 선지자들이 그들의 조상들에게 외쳤으나 그들이 듣지 않았다고 말한다. 그토록 오랜 세월 진리에 대한 경멸이 유대인들 사이에 만연했고, 그들이 마치 영원한 소유권을 가진 듯 이 불경건을 충분히 혐오하지 않았으므로, 선지자는 그들이 자기 민족에서 하나님의 말씀이 이전에 경멸받았다는 것을 명시적으로 책망하는 것이다. 또한 하나님께서 그들을 자주 불러 회개하게 하셨지만 아무 성과가 없었으므로 그들의 죄를 더욱 가중시킨다. 선지자들이 침묵했고, 하나님이 그들의 배교에 대한 치료책을 사용하지 않았더라면, 그들의 배은망덕이 용서받지 못한다 해도, 선지자들이 차례로 잇달아 보내졌고, 각자 비참한 자들을 안전한 상태로 회복시키려 힘쓴 이상, 그들의 복지에 대한 하나님의 배려를 나타내는 그들의 거룩하고 진지한 권고에 귀를 기울이지 않는 것은 훨씬 더 극악한 죄다.
원주석
- 번역원본
commentary-section/cal-zec-1-4-4(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역
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In what we considered yesterday Zechariah reminded the Jews of the conduct of their fathers, in order that they might not, by their continued sins, bring on themselves new punishments. Many interpreters think that the sentiment contained at the beginning of the fourth verse is now confirmed, your fathers, where are they? for it seems t them that God is here exulting over the Jews — “Think now what has happened to your fathers; are they not all gone and destroyed?” They suppose also that the Jews answer, taking the latter clause as spoken by them, “The Prophets also, have they not perished? Why do you mention to us the fathers? There is no difference between them and the Prophets; it is not therefore a suitable argument.” And then in the third place, they consider that God refutes the answer given by the Jews, “But my word and my statutes, what I had entrusted to the Prophets, have not been without their effect.” This view of the passage has been adopted by many, and by all of the most ancient interpreters; and those who followed them have been disposed to subscribe to it. (14) But more probable is the opinion of Jerome, who understands the latter clause of false Prophets, — “Your fathers and your Prophets, where are they?” as though God thus reproved the Jews: “See now, have not your fathers miserably perished, and also the Prophets by whom they were deceived?” Thus Jerome thinks that the object in both clauses is to shake off the delusions of the Jews, that they might not harden themselves against God’s judgments, or give ear to flatterers. This interpretation comes nearer to the design of the Prophet, though he seems to me to have something else in view. I join the two clauses together, as they may be most fitly united — “Your fathers and my Prophets have both perished; but after their death, the memory of the doctrine, which has not only been published by my servants, but has also been fully confirmed, is to continue, so that it ought justly to terrify you; for it is very foolish in you to enquire whether or not the Prophets are still alive; they performed their office to the end of life, but the truth they declared is immortal. Though then the Prophets are dead, they have not yet carried away with them what they taught, for it never perishes, nor can it at any age be extinguished. The ungodly are also dead, but their death ought not to obliterate the memory of God’s judgments; but after their death these judgments ought to be known among men, and serve to teach them, in order that posterity may understand that they are not presumptuously to provoke God.” This seems to be the real meaning of the Prophet. By saying, Your fathers where are they? and the Prophets do they live for ever? he makes a concession, as though he had said, “I allow that both your fathers and my Prophets are dead; but my words are they dead?” God, in a word, distinguishes between the character of his word and the condition of men, as though he had said, that the life of men is frail and limited to a few years, but that his truth never perishes. And rightly does he mention the ungodly as well as the Prophets; for we know that whenever God punishes the despisers of his word, he gives perpetual examples, which may keep men in all ages within the boundaries of duty. Hence, though many ages have passed away since God overthrew Sodom and Gomorrah, yet that example remains, and retains its use to this day; for the ruin of Sodom is a mirror in which we may see at this time that God is the perpetual judge of the world. Since then the ungodly have perished, the punishment with which God visited their sins ought not to be buried with them, but to be ever remembered by men. This is the reason why he says, “your fathers are dead: this you must admit; but as they had been severely chastised, ought ye not at this day to profit by such examples?” Then he says, “my Prophets also are dead; but it was my will that they should be the preachers of my truth, and for this end, that after their death posterity might know that I had once spoken through them.” To the same purpose are the words of Peter, who says, that he labored that the memory of what he taught might continue after he was removed from his tabernacle. “As then,” he says, “the time of my dissolution is at hand, I endeavor as far as I can, that you may remember what I teach after my death.” ( 2 Peter 1:15 .) We now perceive the object of the Prophet. (14) This notion was originated by the Targum . The second was adopted by Cyril and others, as well as by Jerome; but Drusius , Grotius , Mede , Marckius , Newcome , and Henderson agree with the view given by Calvin . — Ed. return to ' Top of Page ' <a name="verse-6" class="com-number"
Pericope (part_of)
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pericope/per-zec-1-001
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source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
이 구절에 대해 어제 다룬 내용에서 스가랴는 유대인들에게 조상들의 행실을 상기시켜, 계속되는 죄로 인해 새로운 형벌을 자초하지 않도록 했다. 많은 해석자들은 4절 초반부의 말씀이 여기서 확증된다고 생각한다. 즉, "너희 조상들은 지금 어디 있느냐?" 이는 하나님이 유대인들 위에서 즐거워하시는 것처럼 보인다는 것이다. 그들은 또한 유대인들이 후자를 자신들의 말로 받아들여 대답한다고 생각한다. "선지자들도 또한 그들이 죽지 아니하였느냐? 어찌하여 조상들을 우리에게 언급하느냐? 그들과 선지자들 사이에 차이가 없으니, 이것은 적합한 논거가 아니다." 그리고 셋째로 그들은 하나님이 유대인들의 대답을 반박한다고 생각한다. "그러나 내가 선지자들에게 맡긴 내 말과 내 율례는 효력이 없지 않았느니라." 이 견해는 많은 사람들, 그리고 가장 오래된 해석자들 모두에게 채택되었으며, 그 뒤를 이은 이들도 이에 동의했다.
그러나 더 개연성 있는 것은 제롬의 의견으로, 그는 후자를 거짓 선지자들로 이해한다. "너희 조상들과 너희 선지자들이 어디 있느냐?" 마치 하나님이 이렇게 유대인들을 책망하시는 것처럼. "보라, 너희 조상들이 비참하게 망하지 않았느냐? 그리고 그들을 속인 선지자들도 또한 그러하지 않느냐?" 이처럼 제롬은 두 절 모두에서 목적이 유대인들의 착각을 떨쳐 내어, 하나님의 심판에 대해 완고하게 굴거나 아첨꾼들에게 귀를 기울이지 않도록 하는 것이라고 생각한다. 이 해석이 선지자의 의도에 더 가깝지만, 내게는 다른 것을 말씀하시는 것처럼 보인다.
나는 두 절을 가장 잘 연결되는 방식으로 함께 묶는다. "나의 조상들도 나의 선지자들도 모두 죽었으나, 그들이 죽은 후에도 나의 종들이 공포하였을 뿐 아니라 충분히 확증한 교훈의 기억이 계속되어야 하니, 이것이 마땅히 너희를 두렵게 해야 한다. 선지자들이 아직 살아 있는지를 묻는 것은 매우 어리석다. 그들은 평생토록 직분을 수행했으나, 그들이 선포한 진리는 불멸한다. 그러므로 비록 선지자들이 죽었어도, 그들이 가르친 것을 가지고 간 것이 아니니, 그것은 결코 소멸하지 않으며 어떤 시대에도 꺼질 수 없다. 악인들도 또한 죽었으나, 그들의 죽음이 하나님의 심판의 기억을 지워서는 안 되며, 그들이 죽은 후에도 이 심판들이 사람들 사이에 알려져야 하고, 후손들을 가르쳐야 하니, 그들이 하나님을 건방지게 자극하지 않도록 하기 위함이다."
이것이 선지자의 진정한 의미인 것 같다. "너희 조상들이 어디 있느냐? 선지자들이 영원히 사느냐?"라고 말함으로써, 그는 마치 "나는 너희 조상들도 나의 선지자들도 모두 죽었음을 인정한다. 그러나 나의 말씀은 죽었느냐?"고 말하는 것처럼 양보한다. 한마디로 하나님은 자신의 말씀의 성격과 사람들의 상태를 구별하신다. 마치 사람의 생명은 연약하여 몇 년으로 제한되어 있지만, 그분의 진리는 결코 소멸하지 않는다고 말씀하시는 것처럼. 그리고 그분이 선지자들과 함께 악인들을 언급하시는 것은 옳다. 하나님이 자신의 말씀을 멸시하는 자들을 벌하실 때마다, 모든 시대에 사람들을 의무의 테두리 안에 두는 영구적 본보기를 주시기 때문이다. 그러므로 하나님이 소돔과 고모라를 멸하신 지 여러 세대가 지났지만, 그 본보기는 여전히 남아 있으며 오늘날까지 그 효용을 유지한다. 소돔의 멸망은 우리가 오늘날에도 하나님이 세상의 영원한 심판자이심을 볼 수 있는 거울이다.
원주석
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He then immediately adds, But my words and my statutes (15) which I have committed to my Prophets, have they not laid hold on your fathers? We have seen that he made a concession in the last verse; but here God expressly declares what I have stated — that though men vanish, or are hence removed after a short time, yet heavenly truth is ever firm, and retains its own power. But the Prophet uses another form of expression, My words , he says, which I have committed to my servants, the Prophets, have they not laid on (16) your father? that is, “ought the remembrance of the punishment, by which I intended to teach you, and your children, and your grandchildren, that ye might not provoke my wrath as your fathers did, to be lost by you? Since the ye see the effect of my doctrine in your fathers, why do ye not consider, that as I am always the same, my words cannot possibly be in vain at the present day, or be without effect?” We now see how clearly the Prophet distinguishes between the word of God and the condition of men; for God does not declare what is empty, nor give utterance to words which produce no effect; but he executes whatever he has committed to his Prophets. He then adds, They returned and said, (17) As Jehovah of hosts had purposed to do to us on account of our ways and our works, so he hath done . Added here is a confession, which ought to have perpetually stimulated the Jews, while they saw that the obstinacy of their fathers had been subdued by the scourges of God. It is indeed true, that though they been sharply chastised, many of them did not yet really repent. God however extorted from them the confession that they were justly punished. Even the ungodly then had been constrained to give glory to God, and to confess that they were justly treated as guilty; but their children became immediately forgetful — was this a stupidity capable of being excused? He at the same time indirectly warns posterity that they might not imitate the negligence of their fathers, who would not have repented had they not been severely chastised; but that they might, on the contrary anticipate the judgment of God. We then see why the Prophet mentions that the Jews, who had been severely treated, freely confessed that they had been chastised by the hand of God; but we must notice the words. He says, that the fathers had returned . Though their repentance was not sincere, yet God intimates that such was their punishment that it drew from them the confession that is here mentioned. What then could their posterity mean? or how could they become so audaciously mad against God, when they saw that their fathers and their obstinacy had been, as it were, broken down by the severe strokes by which God had smitten them? He then subjoins, and said , As Jehovah hath prepared to do . They confessed that they suffered evils not through chance, but that the purpose of God was thus fulfilled, which they had previously despised and almost derided. They further confessed, that they justly suffered; and they referred to their works and to their course of life. Since, then, the father had made this confession, who had hardened themselves long in their sins, their posterity were wholly without excuse in going on still to their own ruin, in containing impenitent, though warned by examples so memorable. This is the import of the passage. It now follows — (15) “ Statuta mea ,” [ חקי ]; “ decreta ,” Dathius ; “decrees,” Henderson . The word means what is defined or appointed, as an order or a course, or a portion. It signifies here the portion defined and allotted to the Jews, the judgments denounced on them, which had been executed. They were God’s defined and allotted portions, what he had exactly described and defined by his Prophets. He says first, “my words,” a general term, and then, to express more distinctly what was intended, he adds, “my decrees,” or my appointments, or my allotted portions. — Ed. (16) “Overtake” is adopted by Newcome and Henderson ; “ supervenerunt “ — came upon,” Grotius . God’s judgments pursued and overtook them as a hunter his prey, or an enemy a flying enemy. — Ed. (17) “ Adeo ut reversi dixerint — so that when they returned they said,” Jun. et Trem., and Piscator ; “so that they turned and said,” Henderson . Newcome continues the question from the preceding line, “and did they not return and say?” The “return” here seems not to have been from a sinful course, but from exile. The confession was made by those who returned from Babylon. The sentence may be thus rendered, “when they returned, they said.” — Ed. return to ' Top of Page ' <a name="verse-7" class="com-number"
Pericope (part_of)
- part_of
pericope/per-zec-1-001
절 (explains)
Source
source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
이어서 즉시 덧붙인다. "다만 나의 말과 나의 율례는 내가 나의 종 선지자들에게 명한 것이 너희 조상들에게 임하지 아니하였느냐?" 우리는 그가 앞 절에서 양보를 했음을 보았다. 그러나 여기서 하나님은 내가 말한 것을 명시적으로 선언하신다. 즉, 사람들이 사라지거나 짧은 시간 후에 여기서 제거될지라도, 하늘의 진리는 언제나 견고하며 자체의 능력을 보유한다는 것이다. 그러나 선지자는 다른 표현 방식을 사용한다. "내가 나의 종 선지자들에게 맡긴 나의 말씀이 너희 조상들에게 임하지 아니하였느냐?" 즉, "내가 그들을 가르치려 하고, 너희와 너희 자녀와 손자들도 내가 조상들을 다루었듯이 나의 진노를 자극하지 않도록 하려고 내린 형벌의 기억이 너희에게서 사라져야 하겠느냐? 너희가 그 교훈의 효과를 너희 조상들에게서 볼진대, 어찌하여 내가 항상 같은 분이기에 나의 말씀이 오늘날에도 헛되거나 효력이 없을 수 없다는 것을 생각하지 않느냐?" 이제 우리는 선지자가 하나님의 말씀과 사람들의 상태를 얼마나 분명하게 구별하는지 알 수 있다. 하나님은 빈 것을 선포하지 않으시며, 효력 없는 말씀을 발하지 않으신다. 오히려 그분은 자신의 선지자들에게 맡기신 것은 무엇이든 실행하신다.
그런 다음 그는 덧붙인다. "그들이 돌이켜 말하기를, 만군의 여호와께서 우리의 길과 우리의 행위대로 우리에게 행하시려 하셨은즉 그대로 우리에게 행하셨다 하였느니라." 여기에 고백이 더해지니, 이는 하나님의 채찍으로 조상들의 완고함이 꺾인 것을 본 유대인들을 영원히 자극했어야 했다. 비록 많은 사람들이 혹독하게 벌받고도 진심으로 회개하지 않은 것이 사실이지만, 하나님은 그들로부터 자신들이 마땅히 벌받았다는 고백을 이끌어 내셨다. 심지어 악인들도 하나님께 영광을 돌리고, 자신들이 마땅히 죄인으로 대우받았음을 인정하도록 강요받았다. 그런데 그들의 자녀들이 즉시 망각하게 되었다. 이것이 용서받을 수 있는 어리석음이겠는가?
그와 함께 그는 간접적으로 후손들에게 조상들의 부주의를 본받지 말라고 경고한다. 그들은 혹독하게 벌받지 않았다면 회개하지 않았을 것이기 때문이다. 오히려 그들은 하나님의 심판을 앞질러야 했다. 그래서 선지자가 혹독하게 대우받은 유대인들이 자유롭게 고백한 사실을 언급하는 것은, 후손들에게 그것을 상기시키려는 것이다. 그는 조상들이 돌아왔다고 말한다. 비록 그들의 회개가 진심이 아닐지라도, 하나님은 그들의 형벌이 이처럼 여기서 언급된 고백을 그들로부터 이끌어 낼 정도였음을 암시하신다. 그렇다면 후손들이 어떤 의미에서 이처럼 하나님께 대해 뻔뻔스럽게 미쳐 날뛸 수 있겠는가? 하나님이 조상들과 그들의 완고함을 엄한 채찍으로 깨뜨리셨음을 그들도 보았는데. 그는 그리고 말하기를 "만군의 여호와께서 우리에게 행하시려 하셨은즉"이라 했다. 그들은 자신들이 겪은 악이 우연에 의한 것이 아니라, 이전에 그들이 멸시하고 거의 비웃었던 하나님의 뜻이 이루어진 것임을 인정했다. 그들은 또한 자신들이 마땅히 고난을 받은 것임을 인정했고, 자신들의 행위와 삶의 방식을 언급했다. 그러므로 조상들이 오랫동안 자신들의 죄 속에 완고하게 굳어 있다가 이 고백을 했으니, 그들의 후손들이 이토록 기억할 만한 본보기들로 경고를 받고도 여전히 회개하지 않고 자신의 멸망으로 나아가는 것은 전혀 변명의 여지가 없다.
원주석
- 번역원본
commentary-section/cal-zec-1-6-6(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역
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Here is related a second prophecy, connected with a vision. At the beginning God alone spoke and gave commission to his Prophet to reprove the Jews: he now confirms the prediction as to the reduction of the city; for to the word is added a vision, which is, as we have seen elsewhere, a sort of seal. As the vision is obscure it may be variously explained, but I shall endeavor to accommodate it, without any refinements, to our use; and so no ambiguity will remain, provided we seek to be soberly and moderately wise, that is, provided we aim at no more than what edification requires. return to ' Top of Page ' <a name="verse-8" class="com-number"
Pericope (part_of)
- part_of
pericope/per-zec-1-002
절 (explains)
Source
source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
여기서는 환상과 연결된 두 번째 예언이 소개된다. 처음에는 하나님만이 말씀하셨고, 선지자에게 유대인들을 책망하는 임무를 주셨다. 이제 그분은 성읍 회복에 관한 예언을 확증하신다. 말씀에 환상이 더해지니, 이는 우리가 다른 곳에서 본 것처럼 일종의 인장과 같다. 환상이 모호하므로 다양하게 설명될 수 있지만, 나는 어떤 정교한 설명 없이 우리의 유익을 위해 이것을 적용하려 한다. 그렇게 하면 우리가 건전하고 적절하게 지혜를 구하는 한, 즉 교화에 필요한 것 이상을 목표로 하지 않는 한 모호함이 남지 않을 것이다.
원주석
- 번역원본
commentary-section/cal-zec-1-7-7(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역
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The Prophet says, that a vision was given him; and he saw a horseman among the myrtles sitting on a red horse; and with him there were horses red, variegated (18) and white, and having no doubt riders. So I understand the passage; for extremely gross is the idea that the horses spoke. There were then, as it were, a troop of horsemen; but the Prophet says, that one appeared as the chief leader, who was accompanied by others. In the meantime an angel stood at the side of the Prophet, who led him, and showed to him his concern for the holy city and the chosen people. He then adds, that these horsemen had returned from an expedition; for they had been sent to review the whole world and its different parts. He therefore says, that they had returned from their journey, and also that the whole earth was quiet, that men enjoyed peace and tranquillity everywhere. At length he adds, that the angel of God cried out, How long, Jehovah, wilt thou not show mercy to Jerusalem? For the angel, touched with grief on hearing that all the heathens were enjoying rest, expostulates with God; for it seemed a very unbecoming and strange thing that the faithful alone should be oppressed with adversities, while others lived in peace and enjoyed their pleasures. There follows at length an answer from God, as we shall presently see. But let us now enquire the Prophet’s design. I regard this as the object — that horsemen were presented to the Prophet, that he might know that God does not remain shut up in heaven and neglect the affairs of men; but that he has, as it were, swift horses, so that he knows what things are everywhere carried on. As then kings having horses at command, send their riders here and there, and bid them soon to return to them that they may know what to do; so the Prophet ascribes here to God the character of a chief sovereign, who inquires respecting all the affairs of men. It is indeed certain, that God receives no information from angels, for nothing is hid from him: nay, all things were fully known to him before he created angels. God, therefore, needs no such helps in order to know what is going on from the rising to the setting sun; but such a mode of speaking often occurs in scripture; and it is a common thing, that God assumes the character of man in order that he may more familiarly instruct us. Let us then especially bear in mind, that the riders who appeared to the Prophet were angels, who are ever ready to serve God. And they were sent here and there, not that they might declare to God any thing unknown to him, but that we may believe that God cares for human affairs; and that though angels appear not to us they are always engaged, and survey the world, so that nothing is done without the knowledge and will of God. This is one thing. The Prophet says also, that the vision was given him in the night : he refers no doubt to what actually took place, and also to the manner in which he was taught; for though the vision was not given in vain, yet God meant that it should not be plain, in order that he might give by little and little a glimpse of hope to the Jews. As then God did not intend to exhibit in full light what he afterwards in due time taught them, the vision appeared in the night. And to the same purpose is what he says respecting the angels, that they were in a dark or deep place , and that they were among the myrtles. For to consider what is here said allegorically seems to me frivolous. I will, therefore, not refinedly discuss here the nature of myrtles: but as we know that the trees are dark and afford a thick shade, God intended, I have no doubt, by the sight of them, to produce an effect on the Prophet’s mind, so that he might understand that the prophecy was yet obscure, and that the time for a plain and clear revelation was not come. There were then horsemen among the myrtles, that is, under these dark and shady trees; and also in a deep place and in a thick shade. We see how aptly these things correspond. Some think that by their colors is designated the state of the people, being that of sorrow and of joy; for though quietness in part was restored to the people, yet much darkness remained and much perplexity in their affairs: but as this idea is probable, I do not reject it, provided we retain what I have stated, that the obscurity of the Prophecy is noted by the deep valley and the myrtles. There was one more eminent than the rest, and in this there is nothing unusual; for when God sends forth a company of angels, he gives the lead to some one: and this is the reason why one is described here as more illustrious than all the others. If we regard this angel to be Christ, the idea is consistent with the common usage of Scripture; for Christ, we know, being the head of angels, ever exercises such dominion over them, that in obeying God they do nothing but under his authority. It may be then that one angel assumed here a pre-eminence over the rest, that the Prophet might think of the Redeemer, who exercises power over angels and the whole Church. With regard to the different colors the Prophet no doubt understood that they designated the offices allotted to angels, as some convey God’s benefits, and others come armed with scourges and swords. For what was the design of the vision in which some riders appeared on white horses, some on red, and some on bay, (or, on those of a mixed color, which is more probable,) except that God intended to show that he sent angels, not only that they might survey the state of things, but that they might also come to chastise men, or to be ministers of his benefits? Besides, it was God’s purpose, as I have already hinted, to make it known, that nothing is carried on in this world but what is known by angels, who are his emissaries and agents. (18) “ Varii “ — [ שרקים ]; “ ψαροι — variegated, parti-colored,” Sept . ; “dun,” Newcome ; “bay,” Henderson ; “gilvus-ash color,” Bochart ; “brown,” Blayney. It seems to have been a mixed color, betw
Pericope (part_of)
- part_of
pericope/per-zec-1-002
절 (explains)
Source
source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
선지자는 자신에게 환상이 주어졌다고 말한다. 그리고 그는 화석류나무 사이에 붉은 말을 탄 말 탄 자가 있음을 보았다. 그와 함께 붉은 말, 얼룩진 말, 흰 말들이 있었으며, 의심할 여지 없이 그 말 탄 자들이 있었다. 내가 이 구절을 이렇게 이해하는 것은, 말들이 말했다는 생각은 매우 조잡하기 때문이다. 그러므로 마치 기병대처럼, 한 사람이 주요 지휘관으로 나타났고 그에게 다른 이들이 동반했다. 한편 천사는 선지자 곁에 서서 그를 안내하며, 성읍과 선민에 대한 하나님의 관심을 그에게 보여 주었다. 그는 이어서 이 기병들이 원정에서 돌아왔다고 덧붙인다. 그들은 온 세상의 여러 곳을 살피러 보내졌기 때문이다. 그러므로 그는 그들이 여정에서 돌아왔고, 온 땅이 조용하며 사람들이 어디서나 평화와 평온을 누리고 있음을 말한다. 마침내 그는 하나님의 천사가 "만군의 여호와여 어느 때까지 예루살렘과 유다 성읍들을 불쌍히 여기지 아니하시려 하나이까?"라고 외쳤다고 덧붙인다. 천사는 모든 이방인들이 안식을 누리고 있다는 소식을 듣고 슬픔에 사로잡혀 하나님께 탄원한다. 신실한 자들만이 홀로 역경에 짓눌려 있는 반면, 다른 이들이 평화롭게 쾌락을 즐기고 있다는 것이 매우 부당하고 이상한 일처럼 보였기 때문이다. 이어서 하나님의 답변이 뒤따른다.
그러나 지금 선지자의 의도를 살펴보자. 나는 이것이 목적이라고 생각한다. 즉, 기병들이 선지자에게 나타난 것은 하나님이 하늘에 갇혀 사람들의 일을 등한히 하지 않으시며, 오히려 어디서나 일어나는 것을 아시도록 빠른 말을 가지고 계심을 알게 하기 위함이었다. 왕들이 말을 부리며 기수들을 여기저기 보내어, 자신들이 해야 할 바를 알 수 있도록 곧 돌아오게 하듯이, 선지자는 여기서 하나님께 최고 주권자의 성격을 부여한다. 하나님이 천사들로부터 어떤 정보를 얻으신다는 것은 확실히 사실이 아니다. 어떤 것도 그분 앞에 숨겨져 있지 않기 때문이다. 오히려 모든 것이 천사들을 창조하기 전부터 그분께 충분히 알려져 있었다. 그러므로 하나님은 해 뜨는 곳에서 해 지는 곳까지 무슨 일이 일어나는지 알기 위해 이러한 도움이 필요하지 않으시다. 그러나 이런 말하는 방식이 성경에 자주 나타난다. 하나님이 우리를 보다 친밀하게 가르치시기 위해 사람의 모습을 취하시는 것은 흔한 일이다.
그러므로 선지자에게 나타난 기수들은 천사들임을 특히 기억해야 한다. 그들은 언제나 하나님을 섬길 준비가 되어 있다. 그들은 하나님께 알려지지 않은 것을 알리기 위해 여기저기 보내진 것이 아니라, 우리로 하여금 하나님이 인간사를 돌보시며, 비록 천사들이 우리에게 보이지 않더라도 언제나 바쁘게 움직여 세상을 살피므로 하나님의 지식과 의지 없이는 아무것도 이루어지지 않음을 믿게 하기 위함이다.
선지자는 또한 환상이 밤에 그에게 주어졌다고 말한다. 그는 실제로 일어난 일과 자신이 가르침을 받은 방식 모두를 언급하고 있다. 하나님이 후에 때가 되면 그들에게 가르쳐 주실 것을 그때에 충분히 밝히실 의도가 없으셨으므로, 그 환상은 밤에 나타났다. 같은 목적으로 천사들이 어두운 혹은 깊은 곳에 있었고, 화석류나무 사이에 있었다는 것도 말해진다. 이것을 비유적으로 해석하는 것은 내게 무의미해 보인다. 그러므로 나는 여기서 화석류나무의 성질을 정교하게 논하지 않을 것이다. 그러나 그 나무들이 어둡고 짙은 그늘을 드리운다는 것을 알므로, 하나님은 의심할 여지 없이 그 광경으로 선지자의 마음에 영향을 주어, 예언이 아직 모호하며 분명하고 명확한 계시의 때가 오지 않았음을 이해하도록 하셨다. 기병들은 화석류나무 사이, 즉 이 어둡고 그늘진 나무들 아래에 있었고, 또한 깊은 곳과 짙은 그늘 속에 있었다. 이것들이 얼마나 적절하게 상응하는지 알 수 있다.
일부는 말들의 색깔로 백성의 상태, 즉 슬픔과 기쁨의 상태가 나타난다고 생각한다. 백성에게 평온이 부분적으로 회복되었지만, 아직 많은 어둠과 혼란이 그들의 일에 남아 있었기 때문이다. 그러나 이 생각이 개연성이 있으므로 나는 거부하지 않는다. 다만 내가 말한 것, 즉 예언의 불분명함이 깊은 골짜기와 화석류나무들로 표시된다는 것은 유지한다. 나머지보다 더 탁월한 한 사람이 있었는데, 이것은 전혀 이상하지 않다. 하나님이 천사의 무리를 내보내실 때, 그중 누군가에게 선도를 맡기시기 때문이다. 이것이 한 사람이 다른 모든 이들보다 더 뛰어난 모습으로 묘사되는 이유다. 이 천사가 그리스도라고 생각하면, 그 생각은 성경의 일반적 용법과 일치한다. 그리스도는 천사들의 머리이시므로, 그들이 하나님께 복종하면서 그분의 권위 아래에서만 행동한다는 것을 우리는 알기 때문이다.
원주석
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commentary-section/cal-zec-1-8-8(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역
11절 카드 ↗
They said that the whole earth was then quiet , (19) that is, the countries bordering on Judea, or the oriental regions. Hence a greater confidence might be entertained by the Jews, for with the prayer of the angel is connected a complaint — “God of hosts, what is thy purpose?” that is, “Is it thy will that all others should enjoy quietness and peace, while enemies are continually hostile and troublesome to thy people? Is it right that thy Church should be ever miserably distressed, while heathens, who have no care for religion, should be so bountifully favored by thee? Is it not better that the memory of thy name should be extinguished, and that all worship should fall to the ground, than that so unjust a reward should be returned to thy servants?” We now see the design of the vision, even that the Jews might be assured that the distresses which they endured would not be perpetual. How so? because God slept not in heaven, but had his runners; and further, since his will was that all nations should be tranquil, he would no doubt have at length a regard for his own people, so as to deliver them from their troubles. Though then the vision is obscure, yet its design is not doubtful. Besides, if we are content with what is moderate, there will be found here nothing so perplexing but that we may easily learn at least the import of the Prophecy. But the curiosity of those interpreters has done much harm, who by examining every single syllable have advanced many puerile things. There is therefore nothing better than to attend to the design of the Prophet, and then to regard the circumstances of the time, and thirdly, to follow the analogy between the signs and things signified. I have said that angels are here introduced, because it would be difficult for us to ascend to the highest glory of God. God, we know, is not constrained by necessity to employ angels as ministers to execute his judgments, to punish men, or to confer benefits: for God himself is sufficient for all these things. Why then does he employ angels and make use of their ministration, if it be superfluous? The obvious answer is this — as we are prone to unbelief, we ever tremble in dangers, except we know that God is prepared with many forces to help us in time of need. When it is said in Psalms 24:0 that angels encamp around those who fear God, is it not a much more effectual relief than if it had been simply said that God is our citadel? It is indeed said in many places that God is an unassailable fortress; but as many still continue to doubt when they hear that there is a sufficient defense for them in God, he consults now their weakness, and adds, “I come with a great host; I am not alone your helper, but there is a great army ready at my bidding. Whenever then it may please me a troop of angels, yea, many myriads shall assemble together.” When therefore God thus speaks, it is a mode of teaching suitable to the capacities of men. So now, when Zechariah sees many runners, who have been sent by God to perambulate and to survey the earth, it may with greater certainty be learnt that nothing is carried on without design or by chance in the world, but that all things come before God, and that the manner in which all things occur is set forth by the angels. In the same way is the representation given in the first chapter of Job ( Job 1:1 ) All the sons of God, that is, angels, came before his throne; and also among them Satan came; for though he does not willingly obey God, yet while he perambulates the earth, he at the same time executes God’s judgments, though unwillingly. We now then see the reason why God did not himself appear, and testified to the Prophet, that whatever took place among the nations was known to him; but he shows that his runners rode swiftly through the whole earth, and returned afterwards to the heavenly tribunal, and proved that they had carefully performed their office. Now the Prophet says, that he had this vision in the eleventh month, called Sebat, (20) and on the twenty-fourth day of the month; that is, in the third month after his first Prophecy. He had in the eighth month sharply reproved the Jews: now a consolation is added, lest they should despair, but know that they were still the objects of God’s care. And possibly the reproof referred to had been effectual; nay, it is probable, that the Prophet did not labor in vain in exhorting the Jews to true and sincere repentance. When therefore they had given some evidence of religion, we see that God afterwards treated them more kindly, and set before them the hope of a future deliverance. With regard to the night time, it is of importance to observe, that though God does not always set forth with full clearness his predictions, they are not yet without instruction, provided we be attentive, and provided also we suffer ourselves, while in darkness, to be ruled by the spirit of knowledge. By whatever different means then God may teach his faithful people, he always teaches them something useful, provided they murmur not when any thing is for a time obscure, but wait for the day of full revelation. And this is the design of Paul’s admonition, “If ye think otherwise, this also will God reveal to you.” Let us then know that God’s manner of teaching is not always the same, but that his teaching is always profitable, provided the faithful retain due moderation and sobriety, and suffer themselves to be guided step by step by God. This observation is to be applied to the whole verse, when it is said, that the horses and the horsemen stood under the myrtles, and also in a low place. And, then, as to the various colors of the horses, it ought not to be deemed strange, that God should thus allot different offices to angels; for he does not always punish us by the ministry of Satan. He has celestial angels, when it pleases him, as executioners of his vengeance; and he sometimes employs devils for this purpose. However this may be, it is in his power to delegate ang
Pericope (part_of)
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pericope/per-zec-1-002
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source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
그들은 온 땅이 그때 조용했다고 말했다. 즉, 유다 주변 지역들 혹은 동방 지역들이. 따라서 유대인들이 더 큰 확신을 가질 수 있었다. 천사의 기도에 불평이 연결되어 있기 때문이다. "만군의 하나님이시여, 주의 뜻이 무엇이나이까?" 즉, "다른 모든 이들은 평온과 평화를 누리도록 하시고, 주의 백성에게는 원수들이 끊임없이 적대적이고 번거롭게 구는 것이 주의 뜻이나이까? 종교에 아무런 관심이 없는 이방인들은 주로부터 그토록 풍성하게 복을 받고, 주의 종들에게는 이처럼 불공평한 보상이 돌아오는 것이 옳으나이까? 주의 이름의 기억이 사라지고 모든 예배가 무너지는 것이, 이처럼 불공평한 보상이 주의 종들에게 돌아가는 것보다 낫지 않겠나이까?" 이제 환상의 목적을 알 수 있다. 즉, 유대인들이 자신들이 감내하는 고난이 영구적이지 않을 것임을 확신하게 하기 위함이다. 어째서인가? 하나님이 하늘에서 잠들지 않고 달리는 자들을 두셨으며, 더 나아가 모든 민족이 평온하도록 하시는 것이 그분의 뜻이었으므로, 그분은 마침내 자신의 백성을 돌보아 그들을 환난에서 구원하실 것이 틀림없기 때문이다.
원주석
- 번역원본
commentary-section/cal-zec-1-11-11(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역
12절 카드 ↗
The Prophet now shows that the angel who was his guide and teacher, became even a suppliant before God in behalf of the welfare of the Church. Hence the probable opinion is, that this angel was Christ the Mediator. For they who say that it was the Holy Spirit, who forms prayers in our hearts, seem to depart very far from the meaning of the Prophet: and it is nothing new, that Christ should exercise care over his Church. But if this view be disapproved, we may take any one of the angels to be meant. It is certain that it is enjoined them all to minister to the salvation of the faithful, according to what the Apostle says in the first chapter of the Hebrews Hebrews 1:1 ; and indeed the whole Scripture is full of evidences, which prove that angels are guardians to the godly, and watch over them; for the Lord, for whose service they are ever ready, thus employs them: and in this we also see the singular love of God towards us; for he employs his angels especially for this purpose, that he might show that our salvation is greatly valued by him. There is then nothing wrong, if we say that any one of the angels prayed for the Church. But absurdly, and very foolishly do the Papists hence conclude, that dead saints are our advocates before God, or that they pray for us; for we never read that it is an office committed to the dead to intercede for us; nay, the duties of love, we know, are confined to the present life. When, therefore, the faithful remove from this world, having finished their course, they enter on a blessed life. Though then the case is different, yet the Papists foolishly pass from angels to the dead: for as it has been stated, the case of the faithful has been committed to angels, and they ever watch over the whole body, and over every member of it. It is then nothing strange that they offer prayers for the faithful; but it does not hence follow, that angels are to be invoked by us. Why does Scripture testify, that angels supplicate God for us? Is it that each of us may flee to them? By no means; but that being assured of God’s paternal love, we may entertain more hope and confidence; yea, that we may courageously fight, being certain of victory, since celestial hosts contend for us, according to what appears from many examples. For when the servant of Elisha saw not the chariots flying in the air, he became almost lost in despair; but his despair was instantly removed, when he saw so many angels ready at hand for help, ( 2 Kings 6:17 ;) so whenever God declares that angels are ministers for our safety, he means to animate our faith; at the same time he does not send us to angels; but this one thing is sufficient for us, that when God is propitious to us, all the angels have a care for our salvation. And we must further notice what is said by Christ, “hereafter ye shall see angels ascending and descending,” ( John 1:51 ,) which means, that when we are joined to the head, there will thence proceed a sacred union between us and angels; for Christ, we know, is equally Lord over all. When, therefore, we are united to the body of Christ, it is certain that angels are united to us, but only through Christ. All this favor then depends on the one true Mediator. Far then is it from being the case, that Scripture represents angels as patrons to whom we may pray. The meaning then is what we have stated, when Zechariah says, that the angel thus prayed, O Jehovah of hosts, how long wilt thou not have mercy on Jerusalem and the cities of Judah? The angel seems in this place to have indirectly blamed God for having too much delayed to bring help to his Church: but this mode of speaking, we know, frequently occurs in the prayers of the saints; they in a manner charged God with delay, that is, according to the perception of their flesh. But this is not inconsistent with the obedience of faith, since the faithful submit at length to the counsel of God. Hence, however familiarly they may often expostulate with God, when he seems to delay and to withhold his aid, they yet restrain themselves, and at length feel assured that what God has appointed is best. But they thus pour forth their cares and their sorrows into the bosom of God, in order to disburden themselves. The angel now adopts this form when he says, “How long wilt thou not show mercy?” It is not however the complaint of unreasonable fervor, as that of the ungodly, who in praying accuse God, rage against him, and quarrel with his judgments. The angel then was not moved by any turbulent feeling, nor were the saints, when they adopted this mode of praying; but they did what God allows us all to do; they thus disburndened their cares and sorrows. We ought at the same time to notice the special import of the words, “how long,” עד - מתי , od-mati? The angel indeed afterwards explains himself, when he expressly mentions the term of seventy years. (21) It was not then without design, or through a strong impulse of feeling, that the angel said, How long? but he had regard to a memorable prophecy, which was in the mouth of all the godly; for God had fixed seventy years for the exile of the people. Since the people knew that a time had been predetermined by God, he does net here supplicate God according to his own will, but only alleges the promise itself: and it is an usual thing with the saints to plead before God what he has promised to them. What indeed can better sustain our hope? and what can give us a greater encouragement in praying, than when we plead with God according to his promises? For God will have our prayers to be founded first on his gratuitous goodness, and then on the constancy of his faithfulness and truth. When therefore they thus address God, “O Lord, thou art true, and thou hast promised this to us; relying on thy word, we dare ask what otherwise we could not,” — they certainly do not exceed the limits as though they prescribed to God a law, but anxiously seek to obtain what had been freely offered. We have seen that the ange
Pericope (part_of)
- part_of
pericope/per-zec-1-003
절 (explains)
Source
source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
선지자는 이제 그의 안내자와 교사였던 천사가 교회의 복지를 위해 하나님 앞에서 탄원하는 자가 되었음을 보여 준다. 따라서 이 천사가 중보자 그리스도였을 것이라는 견해가 개연성이 있다. 성령께서 우리 마음에 기도를 형성하신다고 말하는 이들은 선지자의 의미에서 매우 벗어난 것 같기 때문이다. 그리스도께서 자신의 교회를 돌보신다는 것은 전혀 새로운 것이 아니다. 그러나 이 견해가 인정되지 않는다면, 우리는 천사들 중 어느 하나를 의미하는 것으로 볼 수 있다. 모든 천사들에게 신실한 자들의 구원을 위해 섬기도록 명해진 것은 확실하다. 하나님의 사자들인 그들이 신실한 자들의 수호자이며 그들을 지킨다는 것을 성경 전체가 증거들로 가득하다. 주님이 그들을 섬기게 하시는 것은 이를 위함이다.
"만군의 여호와여, 여호와께서 이 칠십 년 동안 예루살렘과 유다 성읍들을 노염을 품으셨사오니, 어느 때까지 불쌍히 여기지 아니하시려 하나이까?" 천사는 이 구절에서 하나님이 교회에 도움을 가져오는 것을 너무 오래 지연하셨다고 간접적으로 비난하는 것처럼 보인다. 그러나 이러한 말하는 방식이 성도들의 기도에서 자주 나타남을 우리는 안다. 그들은 어떤 의미에서 하나님을 지연으로 비난하는데, 즉 육신의 지각에 따라 그렇게 한다. 그러나 이것이 믿음의 순종과 모순되지 않으니, 신실한 자들은 결국 하나님의 뜻에 복종하기 때문이다. 그러므로 그들이 하나님께 자주 친밀하게 탄원할지라도, 하나님이 지연하고 도움을 보류하시는 것처럼 보일 때, 그들은 결국 자신을 억제하고 하나님이 정하신 것이 최선임을 확신한다. 그러나 그들은 이렇게 자신들의 염려와 슬픔을 하나님의 품에 쏟아내어 짐을 덜어 낸다.
천사는 이제 "어느 때까지 불쌍히 여기지 아니하시려 하나이까?"라고 말할 때 이 형식을 취한다. 그러나 이것은 악인들이 기도할 때 하나님을 비난하고, 그분께 격노하며, 그분의 심판에 다투는 것과 같은 불합리한 열정의 불평이 아니다. 그러므로 천사는 어떤 격동하는 감정에 의해 움직인 것이 아니었으며, 이 기도 방식을 취한 성도들도 마찬가지였다. 그들은 하나님이 우리 모두에게 허용하시는 것을 했을 뿐이다. 그들은 이처럼 자신들의 염려와 슬픔을 털어 놓은 것이다.
동시에 "어느 때까지"라는 말의 특별한 의미를 주목해야 한다. 천사는 실제로 나중에 칠십 년의 기간을 명시적으로 언급함으로써 자신의 말을 설명한다. 그러므로 천사가 어떤 강한 감정의 충동에서가 아니라, 모든 경건한 자들의 입에 있었던 기억할 만한 예언을 염두에 두고 "어느 때까지?"라고 말한 것은 이유 없는 것이 아니었다. 하나님이 백성의 유배를 위해 칠십 년을 정하셨기 때문이다. 백성이 하나님에 의해 예정된 기간이 있음을 알았으므로, 그는 자신의 의지에 따라 하나님께 간구한 것이 아니라, 오직 약속 자체를 내세웠다. 성도들이 하나님이 자신들에게 약속하신 것을 하나님 앞에 내세우는 것은 일반적인 일이다. 실로 우리의 소망을 더 잘 지탱할 수 있는 것이 무엇이며, 기도에서 우리에게 더 큰 용기를 줄 수 있는 것이 무엇인가? 하나님이 우리에게 하신 약속들에 따라 하나님께 간구하는 것보다. 하나님은 우리의 기도가 먼저 그분의 거저 주시는 선하심에, 그리고 그분의 신실하심과 진실하심의 변함없음에 근거하기를 원하신다. 그러므로 그들이 이렇게 하나님께 말할 때, "오 주님, 당신은 참되시고 이것을 우리에게 약속하셨나이다. 우리는 주의 말씀에 의지하여 감히 그렇지 않으면 요구할 수 없는 것을 구하나이다"라고 할 때, 그들은 마치 하나님께 법을 정해 드리는 것처럼 한계를 넘어서는 것이 아니라, 자유롭게 제공된 것을 얻으려고 간절히 구하는 것이다.
원주석
- 번역원본
commentary-section/cal-zec-1-12-12(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역
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The Prophet shows here, that though God did not immediately on the first day stretch forth his hand to the miserable Jews, he was yet propitious to them. But we must notice, that God speaks only, and does not yet manifest his power. The Prophet’s design must be here observed; for first he reminds the faithful that there was no reason for them to despair, or to be cast down with sorrow; for celestial angels prayed to God for them, and pleaded for their salvation. This is one thing. But a greater and fuller confirmation is added; for God testifies that he is ready to deliver the Jews, though he does not declare this immediately at first. And here we may remark, that it ought to be sufficient to sustain our hope and patience, when God testifies and affirms that he favors us, and that our salvation is dear to him, however miserable our condition may apparently be. God might indeed have immediately given a real proof to the Jews that the time had come to restore them to full prosperity: this he did not, but only made a promise. He gave words only: but his purpose was, by an actual trial, to prove the patience and obedience of his people, when he said that he had not forgotten his covenant, on which depended all the promises previously made. But the Prophet seems to allude to a prophecy of Isaiah in the fortieth chapter, “Comfort ye my people, saith your God.” Isaiah 40:1 The Prophets had been for a long time silent: it was indeed right that the Jews should remain long struggling, as they had for so many years hardened themselves against all threatening, and even despised all God’s judgments, according to what is said by Isaiah, “Let us eat and drink, tomorrow we shall die.” ( Isaiah 22:13 .) As then the obstinacy of the people had been so great, it was proper that they should long mourn without comfort. But Isaiah says, that the time would come when God would command his servants to comfort his people again as in former times. Zechariah says now, that God spoke consoling words . We hence learn, that the desires of the godly and the prayer of the angel had been heard; for redemption was now nigh at hand, according to what is said in the hundred and second Psalm, “It is time for thee, O God, to have mercy on Sion, for its time is come;” that is, “The seventy years are completed, which it has pleased thee to assign for our exile.” It now follows — return to ' Top of Page ' <a name="verse-14" class="com-number"
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pericope/per-zec-1-003
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source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
선지자는 여기서 비록 하나님이 첫날에 즉시 손을 뻗어 비참한 유대인들을 돕지 않으셨을지라도, 그분이 그들에게 호의적이셨음을 보여 준다. 그러나 하나님이 말씀만 하시고 아직 그분의 능력을 나타내지 않으셨다는 점을 주목해야 한다. 선지자의 의도를 여기서 살펴야 한다. 첫째로 그는 신실한 자들이 절망하거나 슬픔으로 무너질 이유가 없음을 상기시킨다. 하늘의 천사들이 그들을 위해 하나님께 기도하며 그들의 구원을 위해 간구하기 때문이다. 이것이 하나이다. 그러나 더 크고 충분한 확증이 더해진다. 하나님은 처음부터 즉시 선언하지 않으실지라도 유대인들을 구원할 준비가 되어 있음을 증언하신다. 그리고 여기서 우리는 우리의 외견상 상태가 아무리 비참할지라도, 하나님이 우리에게 호의를 베푸시며 우리의 구원을 소중히 여기신다고 증언하고 확언하실 때, 우리의 소망과 인내를 유지하는 데 충분해야 한다는 것을 알 수 있다.
하나님은 실제로 유대인들에게 즉시 완전한 번영으로 회복될 때가 왔다는 실제적 증거를 주실 수도 있었다. 그분이 그렇게 하지 않으셨지만, 오직 약속만 하셨다. 그분은 말씀만 주셨다. 그러나 그분의 목적은 실제 시험으로 그분의 백성의 인내와 순종을 증명하는 것이었으니, 이전에 이루어진 모든 약속들이 근거하는 자신의 언약을 잊지 않았다고 말씀하실 때 그러하다. 그러나 선지자는 이사야 40장의 예언, "내 백성을 위로하라, 너희 하나님이 말씀하시느니라"를 암시하는 것 같다. 선지자들은 오랫동안 침묵을 지켰다. 실로 유대인들이 오랫동안 고투하는 것이 옳았으니, 그들이 그토록 오랜 세월 이사야가 말한 대로 모든 경고에 맞서 완고했고, 심지어 하나님의 모든 심판을 멸시했기 때문이다. "먹고 마시자 내일이면 죽으리라." 그러므로 백성의 완고함이 그토록 컸으므로, 그들이 오랫동안 위로 없이 슬퍼하는 것이 마땅했다. 그러나 이사야는 하나님이 이전처럼 다시 자신의 종들에게 백성을 위로하도록 명하실 때가 오리라고 말한다. 스가랴는 이제 하나님이 위로의 말씀을 하셨다고 말한다. 우리는 경건한 자들의 소원과 천사의 기도가 들어졌음을 알게 된다. 구속이 이제 가까이 왔기 때문이다.
원주석
- 번역원본
commentary-section/cal-zec-1-13-13(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역
14절 카드 ↗
Zechariah now mentions the chief consolation to which he had referred; for it would not have been sufficient to say in general, and in a few words without explanation, that God gave a kind answer to the angel. For we know how strong were those temptations with which the faithful had to struggle. It was then needful for them to be furnished, not with light weapons, in so arduous a contest. This is the reason why Zechariah more fully expressed the words by which God then strengthened the faith of his people. He says that the angel had spoken; and he thus intimates that the consolation was not given privately to the angel that he might keep it in his own bosom, but convey it to the whole people. This was not then a secret consolation but what the Lord intended to be proclaimed by his Prophets, according to what is said by Isaiah in the passage to which we have already referred — “Comfort ye, comfort ye my people saith your God.” What God says, that he was moved with great zeal for Jerusalem and Sion , (24) is according to the common language of Scripture. For as God cannot otherwise sufficiently express the ineffable favor which he has towards his elect he is pleased to adopt this similitude, that he undertakes the defense of his people according to what is done by a husband who fights with the greatest zeal for his own wife. This is the reason why he says that he was zealous for Jerusalem. And we ought especially to notice this mode of speaking, that we may not think that God is indifferent when he delays and defers his aid: for as we are hasty in our wishes so we would have God to be precipitant in the same manner; and we impute to him indifference when he does not hasten according to our desires. These doubts God checks when he testifies that he is zealous: for he intimates that his slowness did not proceed from neglect or because he despised or disregarded them; but that there was another reason why he held them in suspense. We may therefore be fully persuaded that even when God withholds his aid he is not otherwise affected towards us than the best of fathers towards his own children; and further that the signs of his love do not appear because it is not always expedient for us to be delivered soon from our troubles. Let this then be our shield against all hasty desires, so that we may not indulge our too ardent wishes, or think that our salvation is neglected by God, when he hides himself for a time and does not immediately stretch forth his hand to help us. It follows — (24) Marckius and Henderson have followed this rendering of Calvin , and on the ground of a distinction between [ ל ] and [ ב ] following the verb here when followed by [ ל ] as well as by [ ב ], see 1 Kings 20:10 ; Psalms 106:16 . Our version, followed by Blayney and Newcome , is to be preferred here. There are two kinds of jealousy, as observed by Blayney : the one for disloyalty an unfaithful wife, Proverbs 6:34 ; and another for the honor and welfare of those whom we love when they are oppressed and wronged, Joel 2:18 . God might have been said to be jealous for Jerusalem on either of these accounts. — Ed. return to ' Top of Page ' <a name="verse-15" class="com-number"
Pericope (part_of)
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pericope/per-zec-1-003
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source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
스가랴는 이제 그가 언급했던 주요 위로를 언급한다. 말씀 몇 마디로 일반적으로 하나님이 천사에게 친절한 답변을 주셨다고 설명하는 것만으로는 신실한 자들이 감당해야 했던 유혹들이 얼마나 강했는지를 생각할 때 충분하지 않았을 것이기 때문이다. 그러므로 스가랴는 하나님이 그때 그분의 백성의 믿음을 강화하신 말씀들을 더 충분히 표현하는 것이 필요했다. 그는 천사가 말했다고 말한다. 이렇게 하여 그는 위로가 천사에게만 개인적으로 주어져 가슴속에 간직하는 것이 아니라, 온 백성에게 전달하기 위한 것임을 암시한다.
"하나님이 예루살렘과 시온을 크게 질투하신다"고 말씀하시는 것은 성경의 일반적 언어에 따른 것이다. 하나님이 택하신 자들을 향한 말할 수 없는 호의를 달리 충분히 표현하실 수 없으므로, 그분은 자신의 아내를 위해 큰 열심으로 싸우는 남편이 하는 것처럼 자신의 백성을 보호하신다는 비유를 사용하시기를 기뻐하신다. 이것이 그분이 예루살렘을 위해 열심을 낸다고 말씀하시는 이유다. 특히 이 말하는 방식을 주목해야 한다. 그래서 우리가 하나님이 지연하고 도움을 미루실 때 그분이 무관심하다고 생각하지 않도록. 우리는 욕구에 있어서 급하므로 하나님도 같은 방식으로 서두르기를 바란다. 그리고 그분이 우리의 바람대로 서두르지 않으실 때 무관심을 탓한다. 하나님은 자신이 열심을 낸다고 증언하심으로써 이러한 의심들을 막으신다. 그분은 자신의 더딤이 무관심이나 그들을 멸시하거나 무시하기 때문이 아니라, 다른 이유가 있음을 암시하신다.
원주석
- 번역원본
commentary-section/cal-zec-1-14-14(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역
15절 카드 ↗
God here obviates the doubt which might have easily crept into the minds of the godly. “Why should he then give up the miserable Jews to the will of the Gentiles, and suffer these heathens at the same time to be in a quiet state and to enjoy their pleasures?” This indeed at the first view seemed very strange: if God had such a zeal towards Jerusalem, why did he not give some token at least of his favor? He therefore gives this answer, — That though the condition of the Gentiles was now better, there was yet no reason for the Jews to be discontented in their troubles, because they were to look forward to the end that was to come. It must further be noticed, that God speaks only here, and is not going forth prepared to execute his vengeance: and it is a real and just trial of faith, when God bids us to depend on his word. The manner of speaking, used here deserves notice, God was angry with the quiet nations . It is not a superfluous repetition, when it is said, that the nations were quiet. Some render the word wealthy, but not so suitably; for as we have said before, the angel complained that while the whole world was tranquil, God severely chastised his Church alone. God then does here anticipate a temptation which would have otherwise distressed and even wholly disheartened the faithful; and he in effect says, “It is indeed true that the Gentiles all around are quiet, that there are no calamities, that there is no enemy, and that they are subject to no evils: this is no doubt true; but as I am angry, their happiness, while I am opposed to and displeased with them, is a curse.” God, then, does here elevate the thoughts of the godly, that they might know that happiness is to be found in his favor alone, and that whenever he is angry or displeased, though men may think themselves happy, and flatter themselves and exult in their condition, they are yet in a most miserable state; for all happiness is ruinous which does not flow from the fountain of God’s gratuitous love; in short, when God is not our Father, the more we abound in all kinds of blessings, the deeper we sink in all kinds of miseries. This then is the meaning, when God says that he was angry with the quiet nations. What, then, is the application of this doctrine? That it behaved the Jews, though their condition was very hard according to the perception of men, to have yet acquiesced in the love of God, for they knew that he was their Father, and also, that though they saw their enemies happy, they were yet to regard it no otherwise than a cursed happiness. so also in the thirty-seventh Psalm, the faithful are bid not to envy the unbelieving, while they saw them flourishing in wealth and rolling in pleasures; for it behaved them to regard their end. Let us hence learn to raise up our thoughts to the contemplation of God’s hidden love, when he deals severely with us, and to be satisfied with his word, as we have there an indubitable evidence of his favor: nor let us envy our enemies and the wicked, however the whole world may applaud them, and they themselves luxuriate in their blessings, for we know that God is adverse to them. A reason also follows, Because God was a little angry, and they helped forward the evil ; that is, they exceeded moderation. The meaning is, that the reward of cruelty would be repaid to all the enemies of the Church, because they had exercised immoderate severity, when it was God’s purpose to chastise his children in a gentle and paternal manner. It may be here first asked, How is it that God declares that he had been a little angry with his people, since his judgment, as pronounced by his servants, was most severe? “Whosoever shall escape the famine, shall fall by the sword; whosoever shall escape the sword, shall fall among wild beasts.” ( Ezekiel 14:14 .) And in many other places he declares the same, that there would be no hope of pardon to the people, but that they were all to perish; that is, the whole body: “Though Noah, Daniel, and Job,” he says, “were in this city, they shall deliver only their lives; but I will not hear their prayers for this irreclaimable people.” But the particle little, מעט , mot , must be applied to the elect: for though God in his dreadful vengeance consumed almost the whole people, yet a remnant, as we know, was preserved. This is the reason why God says, that he was but little angry with his people; for he speaks not of the reprobate and of that impure mass from which he purposed to cleanse his own house; but he has respect to his covenant. We now perceive for what purpose Zechariah says, that God was but moderately angry with his people. But another difficulty meets us — In what sense did the nations help on the evil? For it hence follows, that the heathens were not restrained from raging immoderately and at their pleasure. And this place has been also laid hold of by that miscreant, who has been lately writing against God’s providence, holding that the wicked become wanton by means of God’s hand and power, and are not thereby restrained. But this is extremely foolish; for the Prophet here does not regard what the nations were able to do or had done; but, on the contrary, he speaks of their cruelty, that they thought that there ought to have been no end until the memory of that people had been obliterated. And this is the reason why Isaiah says, “Thou hast not seen her end.” He therefore upbraids the unbelieving, that they did not calculate rightly as to the end of the Church; for the unbelieving furiously attempted to destroy it, as though that promise could be made void, “My mercy I will not take away.” Since the unbelieving did not see her end, because it was the Lord’s will ever to preserve some remnant among his chosen people, the Prophet says, that they helped forward the evil . We now then perceive the intention of the Prophet, and see that the object is no other but to sustain the hope of the faithful, until what they heard from the mouth of God really took place
Pericope (part_of)
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pericope/per-zec-1-003
절 (explains)
Source
source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
하나님은 여기서 경건한 자들의 마음속에 쉽게 스며들었을 의심을 예방하신다. "그렇다면 어찌하여 그분은 비참한 유대인들을 이방인들의 의지에 내맡기시고, 이 이방인들이 동시에 조용한 상태에서 쾌락을 즐기도록 허락하셨는가?" 이것은 처음 보기에 매우 이상하게 보인다. 하나님이 예루살렘에 그토록 열심을 내셨다면, 왜 적어도 자신의 호의의 어떤 표시를 주지 않으셨는가? 그러므로 그분은 이 답변을 주신다. 이방인들의 상태가 지금 더 낫지만, 유대인들이 자신들의 환난에서 불만을 품을 이유가 없는 것은, 다가올 끝을 바라보아야 하기 때문이다.
"하나님이 평안한 열국에게 분을 내셨느니라"고 말할 때의 표현 방식이 주목할 만하다. 민족들이 조용했다고 말하는 것은 불필요한 반복이 아니다. 일부는 그 단어를 부유하다고 번역하지만, 그다지 적절하지 않다. 우리가 전에 말했듯이, 천사는 온 세상이 평온한 반면 하나님이 자신의 교회만을 혹독하게 징계하신다고 불평했다. 그러므로 하나님은 여기서 신실한 자들을 다시 낙심시켰을 유혹을 예방하신다. 그리고 사실상 "이방인들이 모두 사방에서 조용하고, 재앙도 없고, 적도 없으며, 어떤 악에도 종속되지 않는 것이 사실이다. 이것은 의심할 여지 없이 사실이다. 그러나 내가 화가 났으므로, 내가 그들에게 반대하고 불쾌한 동안의 그들의 행복은 저주다"라고 말씀하신다. 그러므로 하나님은 경건한 자들의 생각을 높이신다. 그래서 그들이 행복이 오직 그분의 호의 안에서만 발견됨을 알고, 그분이 화를 내거나 불쾌하게 여기실 때, 비록 사람들이 자신들을 행복하다고 생각하고 자신들의 상태에서 스스로를 위로하고 기뻐하더라도, 그들은 가장 비참한 상태에 있음을 알게 하기 위함이다. 왜냐하면 하나님의 거저 주시는 사랑의 샘에서 흘러나오지 않는 모든 행복은 파괴적이기 때문이다. 한마디로, 하나님이 우리의 아버지가 아니시면, 모든 종류의 복이 우리에게 더 풍성할수록 우리는 더 깊이 모든 종류의 비참함 속으로 가라앉는다.
그러므로 하나님이 평안한 민족들에게 분을 내셨다고 말씀하실 때 이것이 의미이다. 그렇다면 이 교훈의 적용은 무엇인가? 유대인들이 비록 인간의 지각으로는 자신들의 상태가 매우 가혹할지라도, 그분이 그들의 아버지이심을 알았으므로 하나님의 사랑 안에서 쉬어야 했다는 것이다. 또한 비록 적들이 행복하게 사는 것을 볼지라도, 그것을 저주받은 행복 이상으로 여겨서는 안 된다는 것이다. 시편 37편에서도 신실한 자들에게 부유함 속에서 번성하고 쾌락을 즐기는 불신자들을 시기하지 말라고 명하니, 그들의 끝을 바라보아야 하기 때문이다.
원주석
- 번역원본
commentary-section/cal-zec-1-15-15(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역
16절 카드 ↗
This is a confirmation of the last prophecy, — that God purposed to put an end to his chastisement, as it is said by Isaiah, “They have received at Jehovah’s hand double for all their sins.” For in these words God reminds us that he was satisfied with the punishment he had inflicted on his people, like a father, who thinks that he had been sufficiently severe and rigid in punishing his son. So now, Thus saith Jehovah, I have returned to Jerusalem in mercies : for it was necessary to give the people the hope of pardon and reconciliation, that they might look forward with confidence. Hypocrites very quickly raise up their crests as soon as a kind word is addressed to them; but the faithful, being conscious of what is wrong, and having their sins before their eyes, do not so easily take courage; nor can they do so, until they are convinced that their sins are buried, and that they themselves are freed from guilt. Hence the Prophet says, that God had turned to Jerusalem, that the Jews might know that the punishment with which God had visited them was to be only for a time. But in the meantime he exhorts them to humility: for the people could not from this prophecy entertain any hope, except they duly considered that they had suffered justly, because they had provoked God’s wrath. Hence the Prophet reminds them that what they had hitherto endured was to be imputed to their sins; but that God yet intended to treat them in a paternal manner; for, as I have already stated, he had promised that his mercy towards his elect and faithful would be perpetual. Hence he says, that he had returned in mercies to Jerusalem He then adds, My house shall be built in it; and over Jerusalem shall a line be stretched forth . Line, קוה , kue , is to be taken for a perpendicular line, as in Isaiah 28:17 , and in other places. There is here an addition of ה , he , for as it has been elsewhere said, the language had become somewhat degenerated. The import of the whole is, that there was a hope of the temple and of the city being built, because God had returned into favor with the people. There are then two things to be noticed, — that God was now pacified towards Jerusalem, — and that the fruit of reconciliation would be the building of the temple, the establishment of divine worship and of the dignity of the kingdom. The Prophet teaches us at the same time, that the building of the temple was not to be expected but as an instance of God’s gratuitous favor, so that the Jews might know that every hope would have been cut off, had not God been pleased to abolish their guilt. This doctrine ought also to be extended to the state of the Church at all times: for whence comes it that the Church remains safe in the world? Nay, how is it that it sometimes increases, except that God indulges us according to his infinite goodness? For we cease not daily to provoke him, and deserve to be wholly exterminated from the world. There would then be no Church, were not God to preserve it in a wonderful manner through his goodness and mercies, and also to restore it when it seems to have wholly fallen. He at length adds — return to ' Top of Page ' <a name="verse-17" class="com-number"
Pericope (part_of)
- part_of
pericope/per-zec-1-003
절 (explains)
Source
source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
이것은 마지막 예언의 확증이다. 즉, 하나님이 그분의 징계에 끝을 두려 하신다는 것이다. 이사야가 말한 것처럼, "그들이 여호와의 손에서 배나 받았느니라." 이 말씀에서 하나님은 아들을 벌하는 것이 충분하고 엄격했다고 생각하는 아버지처럼, 자신의 백성에게 내린 형벌로 만족하셨음을 상기시켜 주신다. 이제 만군의 여호와가 이같이 말하노라 "나는 예루살렘에 돌아왔은즉 예루살렘이 건설될 것이라." 백성에게 용서와 화해의 소망을 주는 것이 필요했으니, 그들이 확신을 가지고 앞을 바라볼 수 있도록 하기 위함이다. 위선자들은 친절한 말이 전해지면 즉시 기세를 올리지만, 신실한 자들은 잘못을 의식하고 눈앞에 자신들의 죄를 두고 있어, 자신들의 죄가 묻히고 자신들이 죄책에서 풀렸음을 확신할 때까지 그처럼 쉽게 용기를 낼 수 없다. 따라서 선지자는 하나님이 예루살렘으로 돌이키셨다고 말한다. 유대인들이 하나님이 그들에게 내린 형벌이 일시적인 것임을 알도록 하기 위함이다.
원주석
- 번역원본
commentary-section/cal-zec-1-16-16(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역
17절 카드 ↗
I was not able in my last lecture fully to explain the verse in which the Prophet says that he was commanded by the angel to cry again, that God had returned to Jerusalem in mercies. The design of the words is this, — that though it was difficult to believe the restoration of Jerusalem, it was yet to be fully expected, for the Lord had so appointed. But he enlarges on what I have before stated; for the blessing of God is extended to the cities of Judah, though an express mention is made only of Jerusalem. Yet cities , he says, shall wear out through abundance of blessings ; for so I think the verb תפוצנה , tephutzne , is to be taken, as futs means to spread, and also to wear out, and to break. Some elicit a forced meaning, that cities would spread themselves; others, that they would be separated, that is, that security would be so great, that cities, though distant from one another, would be in no danger or fear. But the meaning of the Prophet is clear, unless we designedly pervert it in a matter so manifest and easy. The cities, he says, shall be worn out or wearied through abundance of blessings, or as we say, elles seront entassees ; for where there is a great heap, there is crushing. He therefore says, that so great and so full would be the abundance of all things, that the corn would press down itself, and that the vessels would hardly contain the vintage. We now perceive what the Prophet means, — that Jerusalem would yet be made complete, and also that other cities would be filled with all good things, because God would extend his favor to the whole people. (25) He then adds, Comfort Zion will yet Jehovah, and he will yet choose Jerusalem . The particle פוף , oud , yet, is repeated; for the suspension of favor, of which we have before spoken, might have somewhat prevented the faithful from realising the promise. As then God’s favor was for a time hid, the angel declares, that such would be the change, that God’s goodness and love towards his chosen people would again shine forth as in former days. As to the word “chosen,” it must be observed, that it is applied, not in its strict sense, to the effect or the evidence of election; for God had chosen before the creation of the world whom he had designed to be his own. But he is said to choose whom he receives into favor, because their adoption seems obliterated in the eyes of men, when there appears no evidence of his paternal favor. As for instance, whenever we read that God had repudiated his own people, it is certain, as Paul says, that the calling of God is without repentance, ( Romans 11:29 :) nor does he declare this only of the secret election of each, but also of that general election, by which God had set apart the race of Abraham from the rest of the nations. At the same time many of Abraham’s children were reprobates, as he instances in the case of Esau and of others: yet the election of God was unchangeable; and hence it was that there remained still some hope as to that people, that God would at length gather to himself a Church from the Jews as well as from the Gentiles, so that those who were then separated might be hereafter united together. Since then the calling of God is without repentance , αμετα μελητος, how is it that the Lord is often said to choose, and is also said to reject his chosen? These expressions refer to the outward appearance of things. God therefore will secure his own election to the end; but as we cannot otherwise perceive but that we are rejected by God when he turns away his face from us, he is said to choose again those whom he has repudiated, that is, when he really and by a clear evidence proves that he has not forgotten their first adoption, but that he continues unchangeable in his purpose. We now then understand what the Prophet means. I have more fully dwelt on this point, because it is necessary to understand this great truth, — that whatever blessings God confers on his own people proceed from eternal election, that this is a perpetual fountain, and yet that election is catachrestically (26) applied to its evidences or effects, as also rejection is to be taken in the same sense for outward punishment, which seems at the first view to be an evidence of rejection, though it be not really so. Let us now proceed - (25) The verb here used is rendered, “shall be filled,” by the Targum ; “shall abound,” by Jerome ; “ διαχυθησονται — shall be spread out,” by the Septuagint ; “shall spread themselves,” by Grotius ; “shall be spread abroad,” by Newcome ; “shall overflow,” by Henderson . There are here two ideas; one derived from the Targum, and the other from the Septuagint. The original verb means properly to burst out, to dilate, to spread; and the line may be rendered. Burst out again shall my cities through abundance. The reference seems to be to their enlargement, and not to their multiplicity, as Newcome thinks, and that through abundance of blessings, literally, “though good,” [ מטוב ], or good things, the poetical singular instead of the plural. — Ed. (26) Καταχρηστικως , forcedly, contrary to usage or what is strictly correct. — Ed. return to ' Top of Page ' <a name="verse-18" class="com-number"
Pericope (part_of)
- part_of
pericope/per-zec-1-003
절 (explains)
Source
source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
선지자가 천사에게 다시 외치라는 명을 받았다고 말한 절을 내가 지난 강의에서 충분히 설명하지 못했다. 즉, 하나님이 예루살렘에 인자함으로 돌아오셨다는 것이다. 그 말씀의 의도는 예루살렘의 회복이 믿기 어려웠지만, 주님이 그렇게 정하셨으므로 충분히 기대되어야 한다는 것이다. 그러나 그는 내가 전에 말한 것을 확장한다. 하나님의 복이 유다의 성읍들에도 확장되는데, 예루살렘에 대해서만 명시적으로 언급되더라도.
"내 성읍들이 풍족함으로 다시 범람할 것이라." 동사를 이렇게 이해하는 것이 선지자의 의미가 분명하며, 그것을 명백하고 쉬운 문제에서 의도적으로 왜곡하지 않는 한 그러하다. 그러므로 그는 모든 것이 넘쳐흘러 곡식이 스스로 눌릴 정도로 풍성하고, 그릇이 추수를 거의 담지 못할 정도로 완전하고 충분하리라고 말한다. 이제 우리는 선지자가 의미하는 바를 알 수 있다. 즉, 예루살렘이 아직 회복될 것이고, 다른 성읍들도 모든 좋은 것들로 가득 찰 것이니, 하나님이 그분의 호의를 온 백성에게 확장하실 것이기 때문이다. 그런 다음 그는 덧붙인다. "여호와가 또 시온을 위로하고 예루살렘을 다시 택하리라."
"아직"이라는 말이 반복된다. 우리가 전에 말한 은혜의 정지가 신실한 자들이 약속을 실현하는 것을 어느 정도 방해했을 것이기 때문이다. 그러므로 하나님의 호의가 일시적으로 숨겨졌으므로, 천사는 그 변화가 이러하여 하나님의 선하심과 택하신 백성에 대한 사랑이 예전처럼 다시 빛을 발하리라고 선언한다. "택하셨다"는 말에 대해서는, 그것이 선택 자체나 그 증거에 엄격한 의미에서 적용되는 것이 아니라, 그 효과나 증거에 적용된다는 점을 주목해야 한다. 하나님은 세상을 창조하기 전에 자신의 것으로 삼기로 정하신 자들을 이미 택하셨기 때문이다. 그러나 그분이 은혜 안에서 받아들이시는 자들을 택하셨다고 말해지는 것은, 그분의 부성적 호의의 어떤 증거도 나타나지 않을 때 그들의 입양이 사람들의 눈에 지워진 것처럼 보이기 때문이다.
원주석
- 번역원본
commentary-section/cal-zec-1-17-17(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역
18절 카드 ↗
Now follows another vision, by which God confirms what he had before testified to his Prophet. He then says, that though enemies should on every side rise up against the Church and cause it many troubles, there was yet a remedy in God’s hand, as he would break in pieces all horns by his hammers. He compares the Gentiles, who had been hostile to the Jews, to horns; and he afterwards compares to workmen the other enemies, whose hand and labor God would use for the purpose of breaking down the efforts of all those who would be troublesome to the Church. The import of the whole then is, — that though the Church would not be exempt and free from troubles, and those many, yet God would have in his hand those remedies by which he would check all the assaults of the wicked, however impetuously and violently they may rage against his miserable Church. But let us see in the first place why the Prophet mentions four horns . The Jews refer to the Assyrians and the Babylonians, to the Persian, the Grecians, and the Romans; because we find in other places, and Daniel especially shows very clearly, ( Daniel 2:32 ,) that there were to be four principal monarchies, by which God intended to give clear and memorable examples of his judgments. But the Prophet, I have no doubt, speaks here of the Moabites and of the Syrians, and of other nations, as well as of the Assyrians or Chaldees. They are then mistaken, as I think, who suppose that these four monarchies are intended here: (27) but Zechariah says that they were four horns, because they arose from the four quarters of the world; for we know that the Jews were not harassed only on one side, but on the east and the west, on the north and the south. Since then enemies on every side joined their strength and their forces against the Jews, so that there was a cause for trembling from the four quarters of the world, that is, from all places around them, the Prophet says, that they had been scattered by four horns This view, however, seems still frigid, because it was not necessary for the Prophet to state what was well known to all: but God intended to show that the nations which had been inimical and hostile to the Jews, had done nothing but through his hidden impulse, in order that the Jews might understand that these were so many scourges by which he purposed to chastise them. (27) Some of the Rabbins, Jerome , Vatablus , and latterly Blayney , have adopted this view; but it is wholly inadmissible. The single reason that the past enemies of the Jews are here referred to, is a sufficient refutation. The number four is differently accounted, for by Cyril and some others. It is explained of the four principal enemies of the Jews — Pul, Shalmenezar, Sennacherib, and Nebuchadnezzar. But what Calvin says seems most satisfactory. “Why four? to denote that these kingdoms had many enemies, enemies on every side, Ezra 4:1 ; Nehemiah 4:7 .” — Newcome . With this view Theodoret , Marckius , and Henderson also agree. — Ed. return to ' Top of Page ' <a name="verse-20" class="com-number"
Pericope (part_of)
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pericope/per-zec-1-004
절 (explains)
Source
source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
이제 다른 환상이 뒤따른다. 하나님은 이를 통해 자신이 선지자에게 이미 증언하신 것을 확증하신다. 그는 비록 원수들이 사방에서 교회를 일어나 괴롭힐지라도, 하나님의 손에 치료책이 있어 그분이 모든 뿔을 자신의 망치들로 부숴 버리실 것이라고 말한다. 그는 유대인들에게 적대적이었던 이방인들을 뿔에 비교하고, 하나님이 교회를 번거롭게 하는 모든 자들의 노력을 부숴 버리기 위해 그 손과 수고를 사용하실 다른 원수들을 대장장이들에 비교한다. 그러므로 전체의 내용은 이것이다. 즉, 비록 교회가 그것도 많은 환난에서 면제되고 자유롭지 않을지라도, 하나님은 악인들의 모든 공격을 막을 치료책을 자신의 손에 가지고 계신다는 것이다. 비록 그들이 자신의 비참한 교회를 향해 아무리 격렬하고 맹렬하게 날뛸지라도.
선지자가 왜 네 뿔을 언급하는지 먼저 살펴보자. 유대인들은 앗수르와 바벨론, 페르시아, 헬라, 로마를 언급한다. 다니엘이 특히 분명히 보여 주듯이 네 주요 왕국이 있을 것을 우리는 다른 곳에서도 발견하기 때문이다. 그러나 내가 생각하기로는 선지자가 여기서 모압과 시리아, 그리고 앗수르나 갈대아뿐 아니라 다른 민족들에 대해 말하고 있다. 이 네 왕국이 여기서 의미된다고 생각하는 이들이 틀렸다고 생각한다. 스가랴는 그것들이 네 뿔이라고 말하는데, 그것들이 세상의 네 구석에서 일어났기 때문이다. 유대인들이 한 면에서만 괴롭힘을 받은 것이 아니라 동서남북 모든 방향에서 그러했음을 우리는 알기 때문이다. 원수들이 모든 면에서 유대인들을 향해 세력과 군대를 합쳤으므로 세상의 네 구석, 즉 사방에서 두려워해야 할 이유가 있었다. 선지자는 그들이 네 뿔로 흩어졌다고 말한다.
원주석
- 번역원본
commentary-section/cal-zec-1-18-18(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역
20절 카드 ↗
But we must join the latter part, — that God showed also to the Prophet four smiths , for these two visions are connected together. Whosoever then takes only the first part, acts very absurdly, for the meaning of the prophecy will not be thus evident. If then we would not mutilate what is connected, we must not separate what is added respecting the four smiths. Inasmuch then as the Jews had been on every side oppressed, God shows that he has remedies enough, and even from various quarters. The Prophet had seen four horns; he now sees four smiths, that is, he is made to know that God can immediately find means to check all disorders and tumults; for he can beat as it were on an anvil these horns, and break in pieces those which had previously scattered the Jews. The same view then is to be taken of the number four as in the former instance: for as the Chaldeans had raged against the Jews, so the Lord shows that he had enemies ready at hand, as he had already in part made it evident; for how was it that the Persian and Medes had so suddenly taken possession of Babylon, had they not been workmen whom God had employed to strike down the Babylonian horn? And whence was it that the Syrians, the Egyptians, and other nations had been made prostrate? It was because they were horns. But the Lord broke down the ferocity of so many nations by his many workmen, for he employed these as though they were hired and ready to do his service. We now apprehend the real object of the Prophet. But though the Prophet intended by this prophecy to encourage and animate to patience his own nation, as the Spirit of God had given him this office; yet there is here set before us by the Lord as in a mirror, the real condition of the Church at this day. Let us not then wonder if the world rage on every side against the Church and if storms and tempests arise from the east as well as from the west: nor is it a new thing that many enemies from various parts unite together; and that God’s Church should thus have to bear many assaults. This is one thing. In the meantime let this be our consolation, — that God has many smiths at hand. Very apposite is the Prophet’s metaphor; for the hardiness of the horns was formidable LO the Jews; but the Prophet intimates that there is hardness in the hammers, capable of breaking in pieces all horns. God then, though we may be struck by our enemies, will find smiths to break them in pieces; and this indeed is what we have found by experience. How comes it, that the small number of those who purely worship God continue to exist, notwithstanding the rage of enemies, and in spite of so many consultations and devices? For what do all monarchies desire more, or with greater avidity, than to extinguish the memory of the gospel? If then we enquire, what is the condition of the whole world at this day, we shall find that there is hardly a city or a people, or a monarch, or even one of the least princes, whose race is not exhibited against the Church. How then comes it, that they do not put forth their strength and demolish the Church, which by one breath might a hundred times fall to the ground? How is this, except that God by his handlers breaks the horns, and that by means of smiths? return to ' Top of Page ' <a name="verse-21" class="com-number"
Pericope (part_of)
- part_of
pericope/per-zec-1-004
절 (explains)
Source
source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
그러나 후자를 연결해야 한다. 즉, 하나님이 선지자에게 네 대장장이들도 보여 주셨다는 것이다. 이 두 환상은 연결되어 있기 때문이다. 그러므로 첫 번째 부분만 취하는 자는 매우 부당하게 행하는 것이며, 예언의 의미가 이처럼 분명해지지 않을 것이다. 연결된 것을 분리하지 않으려면, 네 대장장이들에 관해 덧붙여진 것을 분리하지 말아야 한다. 그러므로 유대인들이 사방에서 압박받았으므로, 하나님은 다양한 분야에서 충분한 치료책을 가지고 계심을 보여 주신다. 선지자는 네 뿔을 보았는데, 이제 네 대장장이들을 본다. 즉, 그는 하나님이 모든 무질서와 소란을 즉시 막을 수단을 찾으실 수 있음을 알게 된다. 그분이 이 뿔들을 모루에서 두드려 이전에 유대인들을 흩어뜨렸던 것들을 부숴 버리실 수 있기 때문이다. 그러므로 이전 경우와 마찬가지로 넷이라는 숫자에 대해 같은 견해를 취해야 한다. 갈대아인들이 유대인들을 향해 날뛰었듯이, 주님은 손에 대장장이들이 준비되어 있음을 보여 주신다. 그분이 이미 부분적으로 그것을 명백히 하셨으니, 페르시아와 메데가 어떻게 그처럼 갑자기 바벨론을 장악했겠는가? 그들이 바벨론의 뿔을 쳐부수기 위해 하나님이 사용하신 대장장이들이 아니었다면? 그리고 시리아와 이집트와 다른 민족들이 어찌하여 쓰러졌겠는가? 그것은 그들이 뿔들이었기 때문이다. 그러나 주님은 그토록 많은 민족들의 사나움을 자신의 많은 대장장이들로 꺾으셨다. 마치 그들이 고용되어 자신의 일을 할 준비가 된 것처럼.
원주석
- 번역원본
commentary-section/cal-zec-1-20-20(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역
21절 카드 ↗
And who are these smiths? They are also horns; for they all wish to destroy as much as they can the Church; but God does not permit them; on the contrary he excites them to mutual wars to destroy one another. Though then all these are horns, ready to assault the Church, and though it appears evident from the comparison that they are as it were furious and vicious bulls, and as much as they can unite together to scatter the Church, yet God gives hammers to two or three of them, and bids them to check the ferocity of their associates. While all these are intent on striking and dispersing the Church by their horns, the Lord calls them to a different work, and as I have said, bids them to be smiths that they may strike and break in pieces these horns, even their associates, with whom they had previously wickedly conspired. And it is certainly a wonderful instance of God’s providence, that amidst so violent and turbulent commotions the Church should take breath, though under the cross; for except these hammers had broken the horns, we must have been pierced through, not only a hundred but a thousand times, and had been dashed into fragments. But God has turned aside their strokes and assaults by his hammers, and, as I have said, has employed his enemies for this purpose. We now then see that this prophecy was not only useful in the age of Zechariah, but that it has been so in all ages, and that it ought not to be confined to the ancient people, but extended to the whole body of the Church. But the Prophet, by saying that he asked the angel, sets before us an example of a truly teachable disposition. Though the Lord then may not immediately explain to us his messages, there is yet no reason for us in disdain to reject what is obscure, as we see to be done by many in our day; for when any thing seems ambiguous to them, they immediately reject it, and also complain that God’s word is extremely difficult; and such blasphemies are uttered by many at this day. But the Prophet, though perplexed, did not yet morosely reject what God had showed; on the contrary, he asked the angels. Though the angels are not nigh us, or at least do not appear to us in a visible form, yet God can by other means afford us help when there is any perplexity in his word: he promises to give us the spirit of understanding and wisdom, whenever there is need; and we also know that the preaching of the word and the sacraments are helps to lead us to himself. If then we neglect not these helps which God affords us, and especially if we ask him to guide us by his Spirit, there will certainly be nothing obscure or intricate in the prophecies, which he will not, as far as it is necessary, make known to us. He does not indeed give the Spirit in an equal degree to all; but we ought to feel assured, that though prophecies may be obscure, there will yet be a sure profit derived, if we be teachable and submissive to God; for we find that Zechariah was not deprived of his request, as the angel gave him an immediate answer. It must also be observed, that in one place he calls him Jehovah, and in another angel; and indeed he speaks thus indiscriminately of one and the same person. It hence follows that God appeared among the angels. But we must remember what I have already said, that this chief angel was the Mediator and the Head of the Church; and the same is Jehovah, for Christ, as we know, is God manifested in the flesh. There is then no wonder that the Prophet should indiscriminately call him angel and Jehovah, he being the Mediator of the Church, and also God. He is God, being of the same essence with the Father; and Mediator, having already undertaken his Mediatorial office, though not then clothed in our flesh, so as to become our brother; for the Church could not exist, nor be united to her God without a head. We hence see that Christ, as to his eternal essence, is said to be God, and that he is called an angel on account of his office, that is, of a Mediator. The meaning is now evident: God declares that the horns were those which dispersed or scattered Judah as well as Jerusalem, and the kingdom of Israel: but that he had as many smiths, (28) who would by force and by hammers, shatter these horns in pieces, though for a time they would greatly harass the Church. It must be also noticed that horn is to be taken differently when the number is changed: the Gentiles are called horns in the plural number to show their hardness or their strength; and they are then said to lift up their horn in the singular number to show that they ferociously exerted all their power to lay prostrate or to scatter the people of God. Then follows — (28) The word, [ חרשים ], is of general import, and means artificers, or workmen either in iron, brass, stone, or wood. It is rendered “workmen” by Newcome and Henderson , and “carpenters” in our version. They may be viewed here as signifying skillful men, fitted to do the work assigned to them. The terms used to designate what they were to do, would lead us to this supposition; they were to “drive away” and to “thrust away.” It was not then a work suitable to any particular trade: hence, “skillful men,” would be perhaps the most suitable rendering. To give the meaning of terrifying to [ החריד ] seems not suitable here: the idea must be similar to that included in [ ידות ], which is not introduced as explanatory. To cause to fly or to move quickly, is the most common meaning of the first verb, so that it may be rendered, “drive or hurry away:” and the other verb means to throw or cast out, to hurl, to thrust forth or away. It seems to note a stronger action, or a greater force than the former. There is here an evident instance in which [ אלה ] being repeated must be rendered, those and these ; there is otherwise a confusion in the passage. I offer the following version: — 21. And I said, “What are these coming to do?” And he said, saying, “Those are the horns which have scattered Judah, so that no one lifted
Pericope (part_of)
- part_of
pericope/per-zec-1-004
절 (explains)
Source
source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
이 대장장이들은 누구인가? 그들 자신도 뿔들이다. 그들은 모두 할 수 있는 한 교회를 파멸시키기를 원하기 때문이다. 그러나 하나님은 그들을 허락하지 않으신다. 오히려 그분은 그들을 서로 싸우도록 자극하여 서로를 파멸시키게 하신다. 그러므로 이것들이 모두 뿔이요 교회를 공격하려 들며, 비교로 보면 마치 사나운 황소들과 같고, 교회를 흩어뜨리기 위해 힘을 합치는 것처럼 보이지만, 하나님은 그들 중 두세 명에게 망치를 주시고 동료들의 사나움을 막으라고 명하신다. 이것들이 모두 뿔로 교회를 쳐서 흩어뜨리려 하는 동안, 주님은 그들을 다른 일로 부르신다. 그리고 내가 말했듯이 그들에게 대장장이가 되어 이전에 함께 악하게 공모했던 동료들인 이 뿔들을 치고 부수도록 명하신다.
하나님의 섭리의 놀라운 사례가 있으니, 십자가 아래에 있지만 교회가 그토록 격렬하고 격동하는 혼란 속에서 숨을 쉰다는 것이다. 이 망치들이 뿔들을 꺾지 않았다면, 우리는 백 번도 아닌 천 번도 더 꿰뚫려 산산조각 났을 것이다. 그러나 하나님은 그들의 타격과 공격을 자신의 망치들로 돌리셨고, 내가 말했듯이, 이를 위해 그분의 적들을 사용하셨다.
선지자의 예언이 스가랴 시대뿐 아니라 모든 시대에 유용했고, 옛 백성에게만 한정되지 않고 교회 전체에 확장되어야 한다는 것이 이제 분명하다. 그러나 선지자가 천사에게 물었다고 말함으로써, 진정으로 가르침을 받을 마음의 본보기를 우리에게 제시한다. 그러므로 주님이 자신의 메시지들을 우리에게 즉시 설명하지 않으실 때에도, 우리가 오늘날 많은 이들이 하는 것처럼 모호한 것을 경멸로 거부할 이유가 없다. 어떤 것이 그들에게 모호하게 보이면 그들은 즉시 거부하고, 하나님의 말씀이 매우 어렵다고 불평한다. 그러나 선지자는 혼란스러웠음에도 불구하고 하나님이 보여 주신 것을 완고하게 거부하지 않았다. 오히려 그는 천사들에게 물었다. 비록 천사들이 우리 곁에 없거나 적어도 가시적 형태로 나타나지 않더라도, 하나님은 그분의 말씀에 어떤 어려움이 있을 때 다른 수단으로 우리를 도우실 수 있다. 그분은 필요할 때마다 이해와 지혜의 영을 주시겠다고 약속하신다. 또한 말씀의 선포와 성례들이 우리를 그분께로 이끄는 도움임을 우리는 안다. 그러므로 하나님이 우리에게 주시는 이러한 도움들을 소홀히 하지 않고, 특히 우리를 성령으로 인도해 달라고 그분께 구한다면, 예언들에서 그분이 우리에게 필요한 한 알게 해 주지 않을 어떤 모호하거나 복잡한 것도 확실히 없을 것이다.
원주석
- 번역원본
commentary-section/cal-zec-1-21-21(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역