1~4절 카드 ↗
Kindness and Humanity. . 1 Thou shalt not see thy brother's ox or his sheep go astray, and hide thyself from them: thou shalt in any case bring them again unto thy brother. 2 And if thy brother be not nigh unto thee, or if thou know him not, then thou shalt bring it unto thine own house, and it shall be with thee until thy brother seek after it, and thou shalt restore it to him again. 3 In like manner shalt thou do with his ass; and so shalt thou do with his raiment; and with all lost thing of thy brother's, which he hath lost, and thou hast found, shalt thou do likewise: thou mayest not hide thyself. 4 Thou shalt not see thy brother's ass or his ox fall down by the way, and hide thyself from them: thou shalt surely help him to lift them up again. The kindness that was commanded to be shown in reference to an enemy ( Exodus 23:4 ; Exodus 23:5 , c.) is here required to be much more done for a neighbour, though he were not an Israelite, for the law is consonant to natural equity. 1. That strayed cattle should be brought back, either to the owner or to the pasture out of which they had gone astray, Deuteronomy 22:1 ; Deuteronomy 22:2 . This must be done in pity to the very cattle, which, while they wandered, were exposed; and in civility and respect to the owner, nay, and in justice to him, for it was doing as we would be done by, which is one of the fundamental laws of equity. Note, Religion teaches us to be neighbourly, and to be ready to do all good offices, as we have opportunity, to all men. In doing this, (1.) They must not mind trouble, but, if they knew who the owner was, must take it back themselves; for, if they should only send notice to the owner to come and look after it himself, some mischief might befal it ere he could reach it. (2.) They must not mind expense, but, if they knew not who the owner was, must take it home and feed it till the owner was found. If such care must be taken of a neighbour's ox or ass going astray, much more of himself going astray from God and his duty; we should do our utmost to convert him ( James 5:19 ), and restore him, considering ourselves, Galatians 6:1 . 2. That lost goods should be brought to the owner, Deuteronomy 22:3 ; Deuteronomy 22:3 . The Jews say, "He that found the lost goods was to give public notice of them by the common crier three or four times," according to the usage with us; if the owner could not be found, he that found the goods might convert them to his own use; but (say some learned writers in this case) he would do very well to give the value of the goods to the poor. 3. That cattle in distress should be helped, Deuteronomy 22:4 ; Deuteronomy 22:4 . This must be done both in compassion to the brute-creatures (for a merciful man regardeth the life of a beast, though it be not his own) and in love and friendship to our neighbour, not knowing how soon we may have occasion for his help. If one member may say to another, "I have at present no need of thee," it cannot say, "I never shall." return to ' Top of Page ' <a name="verses-5-12" class="com-number"
Pericope (part_of)
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절 (explains)
bible-text/deu-22-1, bible-text/deu-22-2, bible-text/deu-22-3, bible-text/deu-22-4
Source
source-manifest/mhm— Matthew Henry Complete Commentary (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
이 단락은 친절과 인도주의에 관한 규정이다. 본문은 적에 대해서도 행하도록 명령된 친절(출 23:4-5)이 이웃에 대해서는 더욱 마땅히 실천되어야 함을 가르친다. 비록 그가 이스라엘 사람이 아닐지라도, 이 율법은 본래적인 형평의 원칙과 일치하기 때문이다.
첫째, 길 잃은 가축은 주인에게 돌려보내거나, 주인이 나타날 때까지 목초지로 돌아가도록 해야 한다(신 22:1-2). 이는 가축이 돌아다니는 동안 위험에 처하게 될 것이므로 가축 자체에 대한 불쌍히 여기는 마음에서, 그리고 주인에 대한 예의와 배려로 행해야 한다. 나아가 자신이 대접받고 싶은 대로 남을 대하라는 형평의 근본 법칙에 따른 것이다. 이 일을 행함에 있어서, (1) 수고를 마다하지 말아야 한다. 주인이 누구인지 알면 직접 데려다 주어야 한다. 주인에게 알리기만 하고 그가 직접 찾아오게 한다면, 그가 도착하기 전에 가축이 해를 당할 수 있기 때문이다. (2) 비용을 아끼지 말아야 한다. 주인이 누구인지 모르면 집으로 데려와 주인이 찾아올 때까지 먹여야 한다. 이웃의 소나 나귀가 길을 잃은 것도 이처럼 돌봐야 한다면, 그 이웃 자신이 하나님과 그 도리에서 멀어졌을 때는 더욱 그러해야 하지 않겠는가. 우리는 그를 돌이키기 위해 최선을 다해야 하며(약 5:19), 자신을 생각하며 부드럽게 회복시켜 주어야 한다(갈 6:1).
둘째, 잃어버린 물건은 주인에게 돌려주어야 한다(신 22:3). 유대인들에 따르면, 잃어버린 물건을 찾은 사람은 공공 포고자를 통해 서너 차례 공개적으로 알려야 했다고 한다. 우리의 관례와 유사하다. 주인을 찾지 못하면 찾은 사람이 자기 것으로 사용할 수 있었으나, 일부 학자들은 그 경우 물건의 가치에 해당하는 금액을 가난한 사람들에게 주는 것이 매우 바람직한 일이라고 말한다.
셋째, 곤경에 처한 가축은 도와주어야 한다(신 22:4). 이는 비록 자기 가축이 아닐지라도 짐승에 대한 연민에서(자비로운 사람은 짐승의 생명도 돌본다), 그리고 이웃에 대한 사랑과 우정에서 행해야 한다. 우리도 언제 그의 도움이 필요하게 될지 알 수 없기 때문이다. 한 지체가 다른 지체에게 "지금은 네가 필요 없어"라고 말할 수 있을지 몰라도, "앞으로도 영영 필요 없을 것이야"라고는 말할 수 없다.
원주석
- 번역원본
commentary-section/mhm-deu-22-1-4(Matthew Henry, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 위탁 번역 · 성경 인용은 WEB(PD) 기반
1~30절 카드 ↗
D E U T E R O N O M Y CHAP. XXII. The laws of this chapter provide, I. For the preservation of charity and good neighbourship, in the care of strayed or fallen cattle, Deuteronomy 22:1-4 . II. For the preservation of order and distinction, that men and women should not wear one another's clothes ( Deuteronomy 22:5 ), and that other needless mixtures should be avoided, Deuteronomy 22:9-11 . III. For the preservation of birds, Deuteronomy 22:6 ; Deuteronomy 22:7 . IV. Of life, Deuteronomy 22:8 . V. Of the commandments, Deuteronomy 22:12 . VI. Of the reputation of a wife abused, if she were innocent ( Deuteronomy 22:13-19 ), but for her punishment if guilty, Deuteronomy 22:20 ; Deuteronomy 22:21 . VII. For the preservation of the chastity of wives, Deuteronomy 22:22 . Virgins betrothed ( Deuteronomy 22:23-27 ), or not betrothed, Deuteronomy 22:28 ; Deuteronomy 22:29 . And, lastly, against incest, Deuteronomy 22:30 . return to ' Top of Page ' <a name="verses-1-4" class="com-number"
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절 (explains)
Source
source-manifest/mhm— Matthew Henry Complete Commentary (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
신명기 22장의 율법들은 다음과 같은 사항들을 규정한다. 첫째, 길을 잃거나 쓰러진 가축을 돌봄으로써 자선과 좋은 이웃 관계를 보존하는 것(신 22:1-4). 둘째, 남자와 여자가 서로의 옷을 입지 않도록 하여 질서와 구분을 보존하는 것(신 22:5), 그리고 그 밖의 불필요한 혼합을 피하는 것(신 22:9-11). 셋째, 새를 보호하는 것(신 22:6-7). 넷째, 생명을 보호하는 것(신 22:8). 다섯째, 계명들을 보존하는 것(신 22:12). 여섯째, 억울하게 비방을 받은 아내가 결백할 경우 그 명예를 보호하는 것(신 22:13-19)과, 유죄일 경우의 처벌(신 22:20-21). 일곱째, 유부녀의 정절을 보호하는 것(신 22:22). 약혼한 처녀(신 22:23-27), 또는 약혼하지 않은 처녀(신 22:28-29)에 관한 규정. 마지막으로 근친상간 금지(신 22:30).
원주석
- 번역원본
commentary-section/mhm-deu-22-intro(Matthew Henry, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 위탁 번역 · 성경 인용은 WEB(PD) 기반
5~12절 카드 ↗
Various Prohibitions. . 5 The woman shall not wear that which pertaineth unto a man, neither shall a man put on a woman's garment: for all that do so are abomination unto the LORD thy God. 6 If a bird's nest chance to be before thee in the way in any tree, or on the ground, whether they be young ones, or eggs, and the dam sitting upon the young, or upon the eggs, thou shalt not take the dam with the young: 7 But thou shalt in any wise let the dam go, and take the young to thee; that it may be well with thee, and that thou mayest prolong thy days. 8 When thou buildest a new house, then thou shalt make a battlement for thy roof, that thou bring not blood upon thine house, if any man fall from thence. 9 Thou shalt not sow thy vineyard with divers seeds: lest the fruit of thy seed which thou hast sown, and the fruit of thy vineyard, be defiled. 10 Thou shalt not plow with an ox and an ass together. 11 Thou shalt not wear a garment of divers sorts, as of woollen and linen together. 12 Thou shalt make thee fringes upon the four quarters of thy vesture, wherewith thou coverest thyself. Here are several laws in these verses which seem to stoop very low, and to take cognizance of things mean and minute. Men's laws commonly do not so: De minimis non curat lex--The law takes no cognizance of little things; but because God's providence extends itself to the smallest affairs, his precepts do so, that even in them we may be in the fear of the Lord, as we are under his eye and care. And yet the significancy and tendency of these statutes, which seem little, are such that, notwithstanding their minuteness, being fond among the things of God's law, which he has written to us, they are to be accounted great things. I. The distinction of sexes by the apparel is to be kept up, for the preservation of our own and our neighbour's chastity, Deuteronomy 22:5 ; Deuteronomy 22:5 . Nature itself teaches that a difference be made between them in their hair ( 1 Corinthians 11:14 ), and by the same rule in their clothes, which therefore ought not to be confounded, either in ordinary wear or occasionally. To befriend a lawful escape or concealment it may be done, but whether for sport or in the acting of plays is justly questionable. 1. Some think it refers to the idolatrous custom of the Gentiles: in the worship of Venus, women appeared in armour, and men in women's clothes; this, as other such superstitious usages, is here said to be an abomination to the Lord. 2. It forbids the confounding of the dispositions and affairs of the sexes: men must not be effeminate, nor do the women's work in the house, nor must women be viragos, pretend to teach, or usurp authority, 1 Timothy 2:11 ; 1 Timothy 2:12 . Probably this confounding of garments had been used to gain opportunity of committing uncleanness, and is therefore forbidden; for those that would be kept from sin must keep themselves from all occasions of it and approaches to it. II. In taking a bird's-nest, the dam must be let go, Deuteronomy 22:6 ; Deuteronomy 22:7 . The Jews say, "This is the least of all the commandments of the law of Moses," and yet the same promise is here made to the observance of it that is made to the keeping of the fifth commandment, which is one of the greatest, that it may be well with thee, and that thou mayest prolong thy days; for, as disobedience in a small matter shows a very great contempt of the law, so obedience in a small matter shows a very great regard to it. He that let go a bird out of his hand (which was worth two in the bush) purely because God bade him, in that made it to appear that he esteemed all God's precepts concerning all things to be right, and that he could deny himself rather than sin against God. But doth God take care for birds? 1 Corinthians 9:9 . Yes, certainly; and perhaps to this law our Saviour alludes. Luke 12:6 , Are not five sparrows sold for two farthings, and not one of them is forgotten before God? This law, 1. Forbids us to be cruel to the brute-creatures, or to take a pleasure in destroying them. Though God has made us wiser than the fowls of heaven, and given us dominion over them, yet we must not abuse them nor rule them with rigour. Let go the dam to breed again; destroy it not, for a blessing is in it, Isaiah 65:8 . 2. It teaches us compassion to those of our own kind, and to abhor the thought of every thing that looks barbarous, and cruel, and ill-natured, especially towards those of the weaker and tender sex, which always ought to be treated with the utmost respect, in consideration of the sorrows wherein they bring forth children. It is spoken of as an instance of the most inhuman cruelty that the mother was dashed to pieces upon her children ( Hosea 10:14 ), and that the women with child were ripped open, Amos 1:13 . 3. It further intimates that we must not take advantage against any, from their natural affection and the tenderness of their disposition, to do them an injury. The dam could not have been taken if her concern for her eggs or young (unlike to the ostrich) had not detained her upon the next when otherwise she could easily have secured herself by flight. Now, since it is a thousand pities that she should fare the worse for that which is her praise, the law takes care that she shall be let go. The remembrance of this may perhaps, some time or other, keep us from doing a hard or unkind thing to those whom we have at our mercy. III. In building a house, care must be taken to make it safe, that none might receive mischief by falling from it, Deuteronomy 22:8 ; Deuteronomy 22:8 . The roofs of their houses were flat for people to walk on, as appears by many scriptures; now lest any, through carelessness, should fall off them, they must compass them with battlements, which (the Jews say) must be three feet and a half high; if this were not done, and mischief followed, the owner, by his neglect, brought the guilt of blood upon his house. See here, 1. How precious men's lives are to God, who protects them, not only by his providence, but by his law. 2. How precious, therefore, they ought to be to us, and what care we should take to prevent hurt from coming to any person. The Jews say that by the equity of this law they were obliged (and so are we too) to fence, or remove, every thing by which life may be endangered, as to cover draw-wells, keep bridges in repair, and the like, lest, if any perish through our omission, their blood be required at our hand. IV. Odd mixtures are here forbidden, Deuteronomy 22:9 ; Deuteronomy 22:10 . Much of this we met with before, Leviticus 19:19 . There appears not any thing at all of moral evil in these things, and therefore we now make no conscience of sowing wheat and rye together, ploughing with horses and oxen together, and of wearing linsey-woolsey garments; but hereby is forbidden either, 1. A conformity to some idolatrous customs of the heathen. Or, 2. That which is contrary to the plainness and purity of an Israelite. They must not gratify their own vanity and curiosity by putting those things together which the Creator in infinite wisdom had made asunder: they must not be unequally yoked with unbelievers, nor mingle themselves with the unclean, as an ox with an ass. Nor must their profession and appearance in the world be motley, or party-coloured, but all of a piece, all of a kind. V. The law concerning fringes upon their garments, and memorandums of the commandments, which we had before ( Numbers 15:38 ; Numbers 15:39 ), is here repeated, Deuteronomy 22:12 ; Deuteronomy 22:12 . By these they were distinguished from other people, so that it might be said, upon the first sight, There goes an Israelite, which taught them not to be ashamed of their country, nor the peculiarities of their religion, how much soever their neighbours looked upon them and it with contempt: and they were also put in mind of the precepts upon the particular occasions to which they had reference; and perhaps this law is repeated here because the precepts immediately foregoing seemed so minute that they were in danger of being overlooked and forgotten. The fringes will remind you not to make your garments of linen and woollen, Deuteronomy 22:11 ; Deuteronomy 22:11 . return to ' Top of Page ' <a name="verses-13-30" class="com-number"
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bible-text/deu-22-5, bible-text/deu-22-6, bible-text/deu-22-7, bible-text/deu-22-8, bible-text/deu-22-9, bible-text/deu-22-10, bible-text/deu-22-11, bible-text/deu-22-12
Source
source-manifest/mhm— Matthew Henry Complete Commentary (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
이 단락에는 사소해 보이는 여러 금지 규정들이 담겨 있다. 사람의 법은 흔히 작은 일들을 대수롭지 않게 여긴다(라틴어 격언: "법은 작은 것들을 상관하지 않는다"). 그러나 하나님의 섭리는 가장 작은 일에까지 미치기 때문에, 그분의 계명들도 그러하다. 그리하여 우리가 그분의 눈 아래, 그분의 돌봄 안에 있음을 알면서 가장 작은 일에서도 하나님을 경외할 수 있도록 하신다. 그런데 사소해 보이는 이 법령들은 하나님의 율법 가운데 기록된 것으로서 그 의미와 목적이 분명하기 때문에, 그 사소함에도 불구하고 큰 것으로 여겨야 한다.
첫째, 옷에 의한 성별 구분은 지켜져야 한다(신 22:5). 이는 자신과 이웃의 순결을 보존하기 위함이다. 자연 자체가 머리카락으로 구분을 둘 것을 가르치듯(고전 11:14), 옷에서도 마찬가지로 혼동이 있어서는 안 된다. 합법적인 탈출이나 은신을 위해서라면 예외가 허용될 수 있으나, 오락이나 연극에서 그리 하는 것은 마땅히 의문시된다. (1) 일부는 이것이 이방인들의 우상숭배적 관습을 가리킨다고 본다. 비너스 숭배에서 여자들은 갑옷을 입고, 남자들은 여자 옷을 입었다. 이와 같은 미신적 관습은 여호와께 가증스러운 것이라 불렸다. (2) 이 규정은 남녀의 성향과 역할을 뒤섞는 것을 금한다. 남자는 여성적이 되어 가정에서 여자의 일을 해서는 안 되고, 여자는 남자처럼 가르치거나 권위를 행사하려 해서는 안 된다(딤전 2:11-12). 아마도 이런 의복 혼용이 부정한 일을 행할 기회를 만드는 데 이용되었기 때문에 금지된 것으로 보인다. 죄를 멀리하고자 하는 자는 죄를 범할 모든 기회와 그것에 가까이 가는 일도 삼가야 하기 때문이다.
둘째, 새 둥지를 취할 때는 어미 새를 놓아주어야 한다(신 22:6-7). 유대인들은 이것이 모세 율법의 가장 작은 계명이라고 말한다. 그러나 이 계명을 지키는 것에 대해 가장 큰 계명 중 하나인 다섯 번째 계명과 동일한 약속, 곧 "네가 복을 받고 장수하리라"는 약속이 주어진다. 작은 계명을 어기는 것이 율법에 대한 큰 멸시를 보이듯, 작은 계명을 지키는 것은 율법에 대한 큰 존중을 보이기 때문이다. 하나님이 명하셨다는 이유만으로 손 안에 든 새(수풀 속의 두 마리보다 가치 있는)를 놓아주는 사람은, 그로써 하나님의 모든 계명이 옳다고 여기며 자신을 부인할 수 있음을 나타낸다. 하나님께서 새들을 돌보시는가(고전 9:9)? 분명히 그렇다. 우리 구주께서 이 율법을 암시하셨을 것이다. "다섯 참새가 두 앗사리온에 팔리는 것이 아니냐? 그러나 그 중 하나도 하나님 앞에 잊혀지지 않는다"(눅 12:6). 이 율법은, (1) 짐승들에게 잔인하게 대하거나 그것들을 파괴하는 데서 기쁨을 찾는 것을 금한다. 하나님께서 우리를 새보다 지혜롭게 만드시고 그것들을 다스릴 권한을 주셨으나, 우리가 그것들을 학대하거나 가혹하게 다스려서는 안 된다. 어미 새를 놓아 다시 번식하게 하라. 그것을 멸하지 말라, 복이 그 안에 있으니라(사 65:8). (2) 이 율법은 우리 동족에 대한 연민을 가르치고, 야만적이고 잔인하며 악한 성품을 가진 모든 것을, 특히 여성처럼 연약하고 부드러운 성을 향한 것을 혐오하게 한다. 어미가 자녀들 위에서 박살나는 것(호 10:14)과 임신한 여자들의 배가 갈라지는 것(암 1:13)은 가장 비인간적인 잔인함의 예로 말해진다. (3) 이 율법은 또한 자연적인 애정과 부드러운 성품을 이용하여 해를 끼치는 것을 금한다. 어미 새가 알이나 새끼에 대한 관심(타조와 달리) 때문에 날아가지 않고 머물러 있지 않았다면 잡히지 않았을 것이다. 그것이 칭찬받을 만한 행동인데 오히려 해를 입어서는 안 되므로, 율법이 그것을 보호한다. 이것을 기억하면, 우리의 뜻대로 할 수 있는 처지에 있는 사람들에게 가혹하거나 불친절한 일을 하지 않게 될 것이다.
셋째, 집을 지을 때는 안전에 주의를 기울여 아무도 상해를 입지 않도록 해야 한다(신 22:8). 그들의 집 지붕은 사람들이 걸어 다닐 수 있도록 평평하게 만들어졌는데(여러 성경 구절에서 나타남), 부주의로 떨어지는 일이 없도록 난간을 두르게 했다. 유대인들에 따르면 높이가 약 1미터에 달해야 했다. 이를 게을리하다가 사고가 나면 집 주인이 그 태만으로 인해 유혈의 죄를 지게 된다. 여기서 우리는, (1) 하나님께서 사람의 생명을 얼마나 소중히 여기시는지 알 수 있다. 그분은 섭리로뿐 아니라 율법으로도 생명을 보호하신다. (2) 따라서 우리도 사람의 생명을 얼마나 소중히 여겨야 하는지, 어떤 이에게도 해가 오지 않도록 얼마나 주의를 기울여야 하는지 알 수 있다. 유대인들은 이 율법의 형평 원칙에 따라 생명을 위험에 빠뜨릴 수 있는 모든 것, 즉 두레박 우물 덮기, 다리 보수 등에도 동일하게 적용해야 할 의무가 있다고 말한다. 그렇지 않아 누군가 죽는다면 그 피가 우리에게 돌아올 것이다.
넷째, 이상한 혼합은 금지된다(신 22:9-10). 이에 대한 내용은 레위기 19:19에서 이미 다루었다. 이런 일들에 도덕적인 악이 있어 보이지 않기 때문에, 오늘날 우리는 밀과 호밀을 함께 뿌리고 말과 소를 함께 밭 갈고, 마와 모직을 섞어 짠 옷을 입는 것에 양심의 가책을 느끼지 않는다. 그러나 이것은 다음 중 하나를 금하기 위함이었다. (1) 이방인들의 우상숭배 관습에 동화되는 것. 또는 (2) 이스라엘 사람의 단순함과 순결에 반하는 것. 그들은 창조주께서 무한한 지혜로 분리해 두신 것들을 억지로 합치려는 헛된 호기심과 허영을 추구해서는 안 되었다. 불신자와 멍에를 함께 메거나 부정한 자들과 섞여서는 안 된다. 마치 소와 나귀를 함께 멍에 메우듯이. 그들의 삶과 처세는 잡다하거나 뒤섞이지 않고, 처음부터 끝까지 한 종류로 일관되어야 했다.
다섯째, 옷 가장자리에 술을 달라는 율법(민 15:38-39)이 여기서 다시 반복된다(신 22:12). 이로써 그들은 다른 민족들과 구별되었고, 얼핏 보아도 이스라엘 사람임을 알 수 있었다. 이는 그들이 이웃들의 멸시를 받을지라도 자기 나라와 그 독특한 신앙 관행을 부끄러워하지 않도록 가르쳤으며, 또한 각 계명의 특정한 상황에서 그 계명들을 기억하게 했다. 아마도 이 율법이 여기서 반복되는 것은, 바로 앞의 계명들이 너무 사소해 보여 간과하거나 잊혀질 위험이 있었기 때문일 것이다. 술을 보면 마와 모직을 섞어 짠 옷을 입지 말라는 것을 기억하게 된다(신 22:11).
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commentary-section/mhm-deu-22-5-12(Matthew Henry, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 위탁 번역 · 성경 인용은 WEB(PD) 기반
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The Punishment of Fornication. . 13 If any man take a wife, and go in unto her, and hate her, 14 And give occasions of speech against her, and bring up an evil name upon her, and say, I took this woman, and when I came to her, I found her not a maid: 15 Then shall the father of the damsel, and her mother, take and bring forth the tokens of the damsel's virginity unto the elders of the city in the gate: 16 And the damsel's father shall say unto the elders, I gave my daughter unto this man to wife, and he hateth her; 17 And, lo, he hath given occasions of speech against her, saying, I found not thy daughter a maid; and yet these are the tokens of my daughter's virginity. And they shall spread the cloth before the elders of the city. 18 And the elders of that city shall take that man and chastise him; 19 And they shall amerce him in a hundred shekels of silver, and give them unto the father of the damsel, because he hath brought up an evil name upon a virgin of Israel: and she shall be his wife; he may not put her away all his days. 20 But if this thing be true, and the tokens of virginity be not found for the damsel: 21 Then they shall bring out the damsel to the door of her father's house, and the men of her city shall stone her with stones that she die: because she hath wrought folly in Israel, to play the whore in her father's house: so shalt thou put evil away from among you. 22 If a man be found lying with a woman married to a husband, then they shall both of them die, both the man that lay with the woman, and the woman: so shalt thou put away evil from Israel. 23 If a damsel that is a virgin be betrothed unto a husband, and a man find her in the city, and lie with her; 24 Then ye shall bring them both out unto the gate of that city, and ye shall stone them with stones that they die; the damsel, because she cried not, being in the city; and the man, because he hath humbled his neighbour's wife: so thou shalt put away evil from among you. 25 But if a man find a betrothed damsel in the field, and the man force her, and lie with her: then the man only that lay with her shall die: 26 But unto the damsel thou shalt do nothing; there is in the damsel no sin worthy of death: for as when a man riseth against his neighbour, and slayeth him, even so is this matter: 27 For he found her in the field, and the betrothed damsel cried, and there was none to save her. 28 If a man find a damsel that is a virgin, which is not betrothed, and lay hold on her, and lie with her, and they be found; 29 Then the man that lay with her shall give unto the damsel's father fifty shekels of silver, and she shall be his wife; because he hath humbled her, he may not put her away all his days. 30 A man shall not take his father's wife, nor discover his father's skirt. These laws relate to the seventh commandment, laying a restraint by laying a penalty upon those fleshly lusts which war against the soul. I. If a man, lusting after another woman, to get rid of his wife slander her and falsely accuse her, as not having the virginity she pretended to when he married her, upon the disproof of his slander he must be punished, Deuteronomy 22:13-19 ; Deuteronomy 22:13-19 . What the meaning of that evidence is by which the husband's accusation was to be proved false the learned are not agreed, nor is it at all necessary to enquire--those for whom this law was intended, no doubt, understood it: it is sufficient for us to know that this wicked husband, who had thus endeavoured to ruin the reputation of his own wife, was to be scourged, and fined, and bound out from ever divorcing the wife he had thus abused, Deuteronomy 22:18 ; Deuteronomy 22:19 . Upon his dislike of her he might have divorced her if he had pleased, by the permission of the law ( Deuteronomy 24:1 ; Deuteronomy 24:1 ), but then he must have given her her dowry: if therefore to save that, and to do her the greater mischief, he would thus destroy her good name, it was fit that he should be severely punished for it, and for ever after forfeit the permission to divorce her. Observe, 1. The nearer any are in relation to us the greater sin it is to belie them and blemish their reputation. It is spoken of as a crime of the highest nature to slander thy own mother's son ( Psalms 50:20 ), who is next to thyself, much more to slander thy own wife, or thy own husband, that is thyself: it is an ill bird indeed that defiles its own nest. 2. Chastity is honour as well as virtue, and that which gives occasion for the suspicion of it is as great a reproach and disgrace as any whatsoever: in this matter therefore, above any thing, we should be highly tender both of our own good name and that of others. 3. Parents must look upon themselves as concerned to vindicate the reputation of their children, for it is a branch of their own. II. If the woman that was married as a virgin was not found to be one she was to be stoned to death at her father's door, Deuteronomy 22:20 ; Deuteronomy 22:21 . If the uncleanness had been committed before she was betrothed it would not have been punished as a capital crime; but she must die for the abuse she put upon him whom she married, being conscious to herself of being defiled, while she made him believe her to be a chaste and modest woman. But some think that her uncleanness was punished with death only in case it was committed after she was betrothed, supposing there were few come to maturity but what were betrothed, though not yet married. Now, 1. This gave a powerful caution to young women to flee fornication, since, however concealed before, so as not to mar their marriage, it would very likely be discovered afterwards, to their perpetual infamy and utter ruin. 2. It is intimated to parents that they must by all means possible preserve their children's chastity, by giving them good advice and admonition, setting them good examples, keeping them from bad company, praying for them, and laying them under needful restraints, because, if the children committed lewdness, the parents must have the grief and shame of the execution at their own door. That phrase of folly wrought in Israel was used concerning this very crime in the case of Dinah, Genesis 34:7 . All sin is folly, uncleanness especially; but, above all, uncleanness in Israel, by profession a holy people. III. If any man, single or married, lay with a married woman, they were both to be put to death, Deuteronomy 22:22 ; Deuteronomy 22:22 . This law we had before, Leviticus 20:10 . For a married man to lie with a single woman was not a crime of so high a nature, nor was it punished with death, because not introducing a spurious brood into families under the character of legitimate children. IV. If a damsel were betrothed and not married, she was from under the eye of her intended husband, and therefore she and her chastity were taken under the special protection of the law. 1. If her chastity were violated by her own consent, she was to be put to death, and her adulterer with her, Deuteronomy 22:23 ; Deuteronomy 22:24 . And it shall be presumed that she consented if it were done in the city, or in any place where, had she cried out, help might speedily have come in to prevent the injury offered her. Qui tacet, consentire videtur--Silence implies consent. Note, It may be presumed that those willingly yield to a temptation (whatever they pretend) who will not use the means and helps they might be furnished with to avoid and overcome it. Nay, her being found in the city, a place of company and diversion, when she should have kept under the protection of her father's house, was an evidence against her that she had not that dread of the sin and the danger of it which became a modest woman. Note, Those that needlessly expose themselves to temptation justly suffer for the same, if, ere they are aware, they be surprised and caught by it. Dinah lost her honour to gratify her curiosity with a sight of the daughters of the land. By this law the Virgin Mary was in danger of being made a public example, that is, of being stoned to death, but that God, by an angel, cleared the matter to Joseph. 2. If she were forced, and never consented, he that committed the rape was to be put to death, but the damsel was to be acquitted, Deuteronomy 22:24-27 ; Deuteronomy 22:24-27 . Now if it were done in the field, out of the hearing of neighbours, it shall be presumed that she cried out, but there was none to save her; and, besides, her going into the field, a place of solitude, did not so much expose her. Now by this law it is intimated to us, (1.) That we shall suffer only for the wickedness we do, not for that which is done to us. That is no sin which has not more or less of the will in it. (2.) That we must presume the best concerning all persons, unless the contrary do appear; not only charity, but equity teaches us to do so. Though none heard her cry, yet, because none could hear it if she did, it shall be taken for granted that she did. This rule we should go by in judging of persons and actions: believe all things, and hope all things. (3.) That our chastity should be as dear to us as our life when that is assaulted, it is not at all improper to cry murder, murder, for, as when a man riseth against his neighbour and slayeth him, even so is this matter. (4.) By way of allusion to this, see what we are to do when Satan sets upon us with his temptations: wherever we are, let us cry aloud to heaven for help ( Succurre, Domine, vim patior--Help me, O Lord, for I suffer violence ), and there we may be sure to be heard, and answered, as Paul was, My grace is sufficient for thee. V. If a damsel not betrothed were thus abused by violence, he that abused her should be fined, the father should have the fine, and, if he and the damsel did consent, he should be bound to marry her, and never to divorce her, how much soever she was below him, and how unpleasing soever she might afterwards be to him, as Tamar was to Amnon after he had forced her, Deuteronomy 22:28 ; Deuteronomy 22:29 . This was to deter men from such vicious practices, which it is a shame that we are necessitated to read and write of. VI. The law against a man's marrying his father's widow, or having any undue familiarity with his father's wife, is here repeated ( Deuteronomy 22:30 ; Deuteronomy 22:30 ) from Leviticus 18:8 . And, probably, it is intended (as bishop Patrick notes) for a short memorandum to them carefully to observe all the laws there made against incestuous marriages, that being specified which is the most detestable of all; it is that of which the apostle says, It is not so much as named among the Gentiles, 1 Corinthians 5:1 . return to ' Top of Page ' Deuteronomy Deu 21 Deuteronomy Deu Deuteronomy Deu 23 Footnotes: Copyright Statement These files are public domain and are a derivative of an electronic edition that is available on the Christian Classics Ethereal Library Website. Bibliographical Information Henry, Matthew. "Complete Commentary on Deuteronomy 22". 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origPath=window.location.pathname;var parts=origPath.split('/');var noVerse=(reason==='reference-noverse');var inputIsPerVerse=_ts_isPerVerseUrl(origPath);if(parts[1]==='interlinear-study-bible'){parts=parts.slice(0,5);parts[3]=book_data[book].url;parts[4]=noVerse?(chapter+'.html'):(chapter+'-'+verse+'.html');}else if(parts[1]==='commentary'){parts=parts.slice(0,4);parts[2]=book_data[book].url;parts[3]=noVerse?(chapter+'.html'):(chapter+'-'+verse+'.html');}else if(parts[1]==='commentaries'){parts[2]=comlang;parts[3]=comabbr;if(inputIsPerVerse){parts=parts.slice(0,6);parts[4]=book_data[book].url;parts[5]=noVerse?(chapter+'.html'):(chapter+'-'+verse+'.html');}else{parts=parts.slice(0,5);parts[4]=book_data[book].url+'-'+chapter+'.html';}}else if(parts[1]==='bible'){parts=parts.slice(0,6);parts[2]=translang;parts[3]=transabbr;parts[4]=book_data[book].url;parts[5]=(verse duction ","Verses 1-4","Verses 5-12","Verses 13-30"]; function
Pericope (part_of)
- part_of
pericope/per-deu-22-007 - part_of
pericope/per-deu-22-008 - part_of
pericope/per-deu-22-009 - part_of
pericope/per-deu-22-010 - part_of
pericope/per-deu-22-011 - part_of
pericope/per-deu-22-012
절 (explains)
bible-text/deu-22-13, bible-text/deu-22-14, bible-text/deu-22-15, bible-text/deu-22-16, bible-text/deu-22-17, bible-text/deu-22-18, bible-text/deu-22-19, bible-text/deu-22-20, bible-text/deu-22-21, bible-text/deu-22-22, bible-text/deu-22-23, bible-text/deu-22-24, bible-text/deu-22-25, bible-text/deu-22-26, bible-text/deu-22-27, bible-text/deu-22-28, bible-text/deu-22-29, bible-text/deu-22-30
Source
source-manifest/mhm— Matthew Henry Complete Commentary (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
이 단락의 율법들은 일곱 번째 계명과 관련되며, 영혼을 거슬러 싸우는 육체적 정욕에 처벌을 가함으로써 제재를 가한다.
첫째, 어떤 남자가 다른 여자를 탐하다가 아내를 버리려고 그녀를 비방하여 결혼 전에 처녀가 아니었다고 거짓 고발하면, 그 비방이 거짓으로 밝혀질 때 처벌을 받아야 한다(신 22:13-19). 그 증거의 의미에 대해 학자들 사이에 의견이 분분하며, 그것을 깊이 따질 필요도 없다. 이 율법의 적용 대상들은 분명히 이해했을 것이다. 우리에게 충분한 것은, 아내의 명예를 이렇게 훼손하려 한 악한 남편이 태형과 벌금을 받고 자신이 학대한 아내를 영영 이혼하지 못하도록 묶인다는 것이다(신 22:18-19). 그는 이미 자신의 싫증으로 율법이 허용하는 이혼을 할 수 있었다(신 24:1). 그러나 지참금을 아끼고 그녀에게 더 큰 해를 끼치기 위해 이렇게 명예를 훼손하려 했다면, 엄중히 처벌받아야 마땅하며 앞으로 그녀를 이혼할 권리를 영영 박탈당한다. 주목할 것: (1) 가까운 관계에 있는 사람을 거짓말로 명예를 손상시키는 것은 더 큰 죄이다. 자기 친어머니의 아들을 비방하는 것(시 50:20)은 본인 다음으로 가장 가까운 사람에 대한 것이므로 가장 큰 죄로 여겨진다. 하물며 자신이라고 할 수 있는 아내나 남편을 비방하는 것은 더욱 그렇다. 제 둥지를 더럽히는 새는 정말 나쁜 새다. (2) 순결은 덕목인 동시에 명예이며, 그것에 대한 의혹을 살 빌미를 주는 것은 어떤 불명예보다도 큰 치욕이다. 따라서 이 문제에서는 무엇보다도 자신의 좋은 이름과 남의 좋은 이름을 각별히 소중히 지켜야 한다. (3) 부모는 자녀의 명예를 지키는 일에 자신이 관계된 자로 여겨야 한다. 그것이 자기 명예의 일부이기 때문이다.
둘째, 처녀로 결혼한 여자가 처녀가 아닌 것으로 밝혀지면 아버지의 문 앞에서 돌로 쳐 죽여야 했다(신 22:20-21). 만약 부정이 약혼 전에 저질러진 것이라면 사형에 해당하는 죄로 처벌받지 않았을 것이다. 그러나 자신이 더럽혀진 줄 알면서도 결혼하는 남편에게 정숙하고 정결한 여자인 척했으니, 그녀를 속인 것에 대해 죽어야 한다. 그러나 일부는 이 부정이 사형으로 처벌된 것은 약혼 후에 저질러진 경우뿐이라고 생각하기도 한다. 성년에 이른 여자 중에 약혼하지 않은 자가 거의 없었다고 가정하면 그럴 수도 있다. (1) 이것은 아무리 결혼 전에 감추어졌다 해도 나중에 발각되어 영원한 치욕과 완전한 파멸을 초래할 것이므로, 젊은 여자들이 음행을 피하도록 강력하게 경고한다. (2) 부모는 자녀의 순결을 모든 수단으로 지켜야 함을 암시한다. 선한 충고와 훈계, 선한 본보기, 나쁜 교우 관계로부터의 격리, 기도, 필요한 제재 등을 통해서. 왜냐하면 자녀가 음란한 짓을 하면 부모 자신의 문 앞에서 처형을 지켜보는 슬픔과 수치를 당해야 하기 때문이다. "이스라엘에서 어리석은 일을 행함"이라는 표현은 디나의 사건에서 바로 이 범죄에 사용된 것이다(창 34:7). 모든 죄는 어리석음이요 음란함은 특히 그러하다. 그러나 무엇보다도 이스라엘, 즉 직분상 거룩한 백성 가운데서의 음란함이 더욱 그러하다.
셋째, 독신이든 기혼이든 어떤 남자가 유부녀와 동침하면 두 사람 모두 사형에 처해야 한다(신 22:22). 이 율법은 레위기 20:10에서 이미 다룬 것이다. 기혼 남자가 독신 여자와 동침하는 것은 이처럼 중한 죄가 아니었으며 사형에 처하지 않았다. 서자를 합법적인 자녀로 가정에 들이는 것과 같은 문제가 없었기 때문이다.
넷째, 처녀가 약혼했으나 아직 결혼하지 않은 경우, 그녀는 약혼한 남편의 눈에서 떨어져 있으므로 율법이 특별히 그녀와 그녀의 순결을 보호한다. (1) 자의로 순결을 잃은 경우에는 그 행음한 자와 함께 사형에 처해야 한다(신 22:23-24). 도시, 즉 소리쳤더라면 도움을 받을 수 있었을 곳에서 일이 일어났다면 그녀가 동의한 것으로 추정된다. "침묵은 동의를 의미한다"(라틴어: Qui tacet, consentire videtur). 주목할 것: 어떤 유혹에 맞서 갖출 수 있는 수단과 도움을 사용하지 않는 사람은(무슨 변명을 하든) 자발적으로 그것에 굴복하는 것이라 추정될 수 있다. 나아가 그녀가 도성 안에, 즉 교제와 오락의 장소에 있었다는 사실은, 정숙한 여자로서 죄와 위험에 대한 경계심을 가졌더라면 당연히 피했어야 할 아버지 집의 보호를 떠나 있었다는 것을 입증하는 증거가 된다. 주목할 것: 불필요하게 유혹에 자신을 노출시키는 사람은 자기도 모르게 그것에 사로잡히더라도 마땅한 결과를 받는 것이다. 디나는 그 땅의 딸들을 구경하겠다는 호기심을 채우려다 정절을 잃었다. 이 율법에 의하면 성모 마리아는 공중의 수치를 당할 위험, 즉 돌에 맞아 죽을 위험에 처했다. 그러나 하나님께서 천사를 통해 요셉에게 사실을 알려 주셨다. (2) 강제로 겁탈을 당하여 동의하지 않은 경우에는 강간한 자만 사형에 처하고 처녀는 무죄 방면해야 한다(신 22:25-27). 이웃의 소리가 들리지 않는 들판에서 일어난 일이라면, 그녀가 소리쳤으나 구해 줄 사람이 없었다고 추정한다. 또한 들판, 즉 한적한 곳에 간 것이 그녀를 그다지 더 노출시키지 않는다. 이 율법이 암시하는 바는, (1) 우리는 자신이 행한 악에 대해서만 벌을 받을 뿐, 남이 우리에게 행한 악에 대해서는 받지 않는다. 의지가 어느 정도 개입되지 않은 것은 죄가 아니다. (2) 반대 증거가 나타나지 않는 한 모든 사람에 대해 최선을 추정해야 한다. 자선뿐 아니라 형평도 그렇게 가르친다. 아무도 그녀의 외침을 듣지 못했더라도, 소리쳤어도 들릴 수 없는 상황이었으므로 소리쳤다고 간주한다. 이것이 사람과 행동을 판단하는 데 따라야 할 원칙이다. "모든 것을 믿고, 모든 것을 바란다." (3) 순결은 생명만큼 소중해야 하며, 그것이 침해당할 때 살인에 준하여 외치는 것은 조금도 부적절하지 않다. "사람이 그 이웃을 대항하여 일어나 그를 죽인 것 같이 이 일도 그렇기" 때문이다. (4) 이것을 사단의 유혹에 응용하면, 어디에 있든 하늘을 향해 큰 소리로 부르짖어야 한다("주여, 도우소서, 제가 폭력을 당하나이다"). 그러면 반드시 듣고 응답해 주실 것이다. 바울에게 하셨듯이 "내 은혜가 네게 족하도다"라고.
다섯째, 약혼하지 않은 처녀가 이와 같이 폭력으로 겁탈당한 경우에는 가해자가 벌금을 내야 하고, 아버지가 그 벌금을 받으며, 두 사람이 동의하면 가해자는 그녀와 결혼하고 자신이 아무리 그녀보다 신분이 높다 할지라도, 나중에 아무리 싫어지더라도(암논이 다말을 겁탈한 후 그리되었듯이) 영영 이혼하지 못한다(신 22:28-29). 이는 이런 악한 행동을 억제하기 위한 것으로, 그것에 대해 읽고 써야 하는 것이 부끄러울 정도의 일이다.
여섯째, 아버지의 아내와 결혼하거나 아버지의 아내와 부당한 친밀감을 갖는 것을 금하는 율법이 여기서 다시 반복된다(신 22:30; 레 18:8에서). 아마도 패트릭 주교가 지적했듯이, 이것은 그 모든 율법들을 주의 깊게 지키라는 짧은 기억장치로 의도된 것이다. 모든 근친상간 결혼 중에서 가장 역겨운 것이 명시된 것이다. 사도는 이것에 대해 "그런 음행은 이방 사람들 중에서도 없는 것"이라고 말한다(고전 5:1).
원주석
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