1절 카드 ↗
We may collect from this rebuke that the Jews were perverse interpreters of the best teaching; yea, they purposely reviled the Prophet’s expression, and drew it to a contrary meaning. For it, is far commoner than it ought to be among unbelievers, always to take occasion of turning backwards, twisting, distorting, and tearing the teaching of heaven. And at this time we see this impudence increasing greatly in the world. For the world is full of buffoons and other deceivers, who wickedly sport with God, and seek material for joking from the law and the gospel: and so also it appears to have been in the Prophet’s time; for although they listened to the wrath of God hanging over them, they did not cease to provoke him, and that too for many years. And not only were their own iniquities set forth against them, but also those of their fathers: hence the occasion for cavil when they heard — For so many ages you do not cease your warfare against God: he has borne with you patiently unto this day. Do you think that you can carry on your audacity with impunity? God wished hitherto to tame you by his forbearance; but your obstinacy is not to be subdued. Since, therefore, not only for one or two generations, but for four and five, your obstinacy has wrestled with God’s goodness, he cannot any longer pardon you. Since the prophets thus gathered up the iniquities of their fathers, impious men scattered abroad their witticisms — then we are to pay the penalty of our fathers’ sins: they provoked God, but we suffer the punishment which they deserved. The Prophet now convinces them of this unfairness, and shows that they had no reason for transferring their faults to others, or to thrust them away from themselves, since God was just in taking vengeance on them. We know that men willingly shuffle so as to free themselves from blame, and then afterwards accuse God of cruel injustice. It is true, indeed, that they are held in such constraint by their own consciences that they are compelled, whether they will or not, to feel that they are suffering punishment justly; but afterwards they become refractory, and suffocate their conscience, and strive pettishly with God. Hence these words — Though guiltless of your fathers’ crimes, Roman, ‘tis thine to latest times The vengeance of the gods to bear, Till you their awful domes repair. Horace, lib. 3, Od. 6, as translated by Francis. Since so many crimes were rife at Rome, why does that trifler say that the men of his own age were undeservedly paying the penalty due by their ancestors? But, as I have said, this is the testimony of a corrupt nature, because we desire to throw off the blame as far from ourselves as we possibly can. Hence we begin to strive with God, and to rebel against his judgments. And hence this destruction is the more useful to us, since it is proposed as a remedy for a disease by far too common. Whatever the meaning is, this sentiment came into common use like a proverb — that the children’s teeth were set on edge, because their fathers had eaten sour grapes . By these allegorical words they wished to free themselves from blame, as if God was unjustly charging the wickedness of their fathers against them. For to eat the sour grape or wild grape has the same meaning as to set the teeth on edge; for we know this to be the effect of acidity. If any one eats a sour grape, his teeth will suffer from its unripeness. To eat then is to cause this effect on the teeth — referring to sin: for they said that their own teeth suffered, not through their own eating the sour grapes, but through its flowing down from their fathers. On the whole, they wished to contend with God, as if he were afflicting the innocent, and that, too, under the fallacious pretext which I have mentioned, as God announced that he would avenge the wickedness which had been perpetrated in former ages. return to ' Top of Page ' <a name="verse-3" class="com-number"
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pericope/per-ezk-18-001
절 (explains)
Source
source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
이 책망에서 우리는 유대인들이 최선의 교훈을 삐뚤게 해석하는 자들이었음을 알 수 있다. 예언자의 표현을 의도적으로 조롱하여 반대 의미로 끌어갔다. 불신자들 가운데 이 뻔뻔함은 항상 너무도 일반적이었고 그래서는 안 되었다. 그들은 성경과 복음에서 조롱거리를 찾으며, 하늘의 교훈에 사악하게 장난친다. 예언자 시대에도 그러하였음이 분명하다.
예언자들이 그들의 선조들의 죄악들을 열거할 때 — 당신들은 하나님을 거스르는 전쟁을 여러 세대 동안 멈추지 않았으며, 하나님은 오늘날까지 인내로 당신들을 참으셨다고 — 불경건한 자들은 이것을 빌미로 삼았다. "그렇다면 우리가 조상들의 죄에 대한 벌을 받는 것이다." 에스겔은 이제 이 부당함을 책망하고, 하나님이 그들에게 복수하시는 것이 정당하다는 것을 보여 준다. 사람들은 자신들의 잘못에서 책임을 면하기 위해 즐겨 잔꾀를 쓰며, 그 다음에는 하나님을 잔인한 불의로 비난한다.
속담처럼 사용된 "아버지들이 신 포도를 먹었으니 아들들의 이가 시다"는 말의 의미는 분명하다. 이 비유적 표현으로 그들은 마치 하나님이 죄 없는 자들에게 죄를 묻는 것처럼 자신들을 죄에서 해방시키려 하였다. 신 포도를 먹는다는 것은 죄를 짓는 것이고, 이가 시다는 것은 형벌을 받는다는 것이다. 자기들은 먹지 않았는데 이가 시다고 하는 것 — 즉 조상들이 죄를 지었는데 자신들이 벌받는다고 주장한 것이다.
원주석
- 번역원본
commentary-section/cal-ezk-18-1-1(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역
3절 카드 ↗
Ye , says he, use this proverb; but as I live, says the Lord Jehovah, you shall not use this proverb anymore. He does not mean, by these words, that the Jews should repent and become more modest, and not dare to vomit forth such blasphemy against him; for he is not treating of repentance here; but it is just as if he said, I will strike from under you this boasting, since your iniquity shall be made manifest, and the whole world shall acknowledge the justice of your punishment, and that you have deserved it yourselves, and cannot throw it upon your fathers, as you have hitherto endeavored to do. The Jews indeed did not cease their rebellion against God, and there is no doubt that they were more and more exasperated, so as to expostulate with audacity against him; but because their wickedness was really apparent, and God was not hostile to them in vain, or for trifling reasons; and although he was severe, yet they had arrived at the highest pitch of impiety, so that no punishment could be sufficient or too oppressive. We now understand the meaning of the Prophet, or rather of the Holy Spirit, since God took away all pretense for shuffling from the Jews when he detected their impiety, and made it conspicuous that they were only suffering the due reward of their crimes. But God swears by himself, whence we gather how abominable was their blasphemy; and truly men cannot absolve themselves without condemning God; for God’s glory then shines forth, when every mouth is stopped, as we saw before. ( Ezekiel 16:63 ; Romans 3:19 .) As soon as men descend into that arena, through wishing to show their innocence, it is just as if they wished to reduce God’s justice to nothing. Hence it is not surprising that God is very angry when he is despoiled of his justice; for he cannot exist without this attribute. return to ' Top of Page ' <a name="verse-4" class="com-number"
Pericope (part_of)
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pericope/per-ezk-18-001
절 (explains)
Source
source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
"이스라엘 집이여 너희가 이 속담을 사용하지 못하게 될 것이라." 하나님이 이 말씀으로 의미하는 것은 유대인들이 회개하고 더 겸손해져서 그런 독신을 감히 입 밖에 내지 않을 것이라는 뜻이 아니다. 그분은 치료하고 계신 것이 아니라, 그들이 더 이상 이것을 이용하지 못하도록 빼앗겠다는 것이다. 그들의 죄악이 드러나고 세상 전체가 그들의 형벌이 정당하다는 것을 인정할 것이기 때문이다. 하나님이 맹세로 이것을 보증하신다. 그것이 얼마나 가증스러운 독신이었는지 알 수 있다. 사람들이 스스로를 무죄로 선언하면서 하나님을 정죄하지 않을 수 없기 때문이다. 하나님의 영광은 모든 입이 막힐 때 빛난다.
원주석
- 번역원본
commentary-section/cal-ezk-18-3-3(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역
4절 카드 ↗
We now see why an oath is interposed, while he pronounces that he will take care that the Jews should not ridicule any longer Behold, says he , all souls are mine; as the sole of the son so the soul of the father, all souls are mine; the soul, therefore, which has sinned it shall die . Some interpreters explain the beginning of the verse thus: that men vainly and rashly complain when God seems to treat them too severely, since the clay does not rise against the potter. Since God is the maker of the whole world, we are his workmanship: what madness, then, to rise up against him when he does not satisfy us: and we saw this simile used by Jeremiah. ( Jeremiah 18:6 .) The sentiment, then, is true in itself, that all souls are under God’s sovereignty by the right of creation, and therefore he can arbitrarily determine for each whatever he wishes; and all who clamor against him reap no profit: and this teaching it is advantageous to notice. But this passage ought to be understood otherwise; namely, that nothing is more unworthy than that God should be accused of tyrannizing over men, when he rather defends them, as being his own workmanship. When, therefore, God pronounces that all souls are his own, he does not merely claim sovereignty and power, but he rather shows that he is affected with fatherly love towards the whole human race since he created and formed it; for, if a workman loves his work because he recognizes in it the fruits of his industry, so, when God has manifested his power and goodness in the formation of men, he must certainly embrace them with affection. True, indeed, we are abominable in God’s sight, through being corrupted by original sin, as it is elsewhere said, ( Psalms 14:1 ;) but inasmuch as we are men, we must be dear to God, and our salvation must be precious in his sight. We now see what kind of refutation this is: all souls are mine, says he: I have formed all, and am the creator of all, and so I am affected with fatherly love towards all, and they shall rather feel my clemency, from the least to the greatest, than experience too much rigor and severity. At length he adds, the soul which sinned it shall die . Now, Ezekiel expresses how God restrains the Jews from daring to boast any longer that they are afflicted undeservedly, since no innocent person shall die; for this is the meaning of the sentence; for he does not mean that every guilty person should die, for this would shut against us the door of God’s mercy, for we have all sinned against him: so it would follow that there is no hope of safety, since every man must perish, unless God freed sinners from death. But the Prophet’s sense is not doubtful, as we have said, since those who perish are not without fault; neither can they bring up their innocence to God, nor complain of his cruelty in punishing them for the sins of others. Although here a question may arise, since no one at this day perishes who does not partly bear the fault of another, namely, of Adam, by whose fall and revolt the whole human race actually perished. Since therefore Adam, by his fall, brought destruction upon us, it follows that we perish through the fault of another. Since this question will be treated again in its own place, it will now be sufficient to say, in three words, that although we perish through the fault of another, yet the fault of each individual is joined with it. We are not condemned in Adam as if we were innocent in ourselves, but we have contracted pollution from his sin; and so it has come to pass that each must bear the punishment of his own crime, since the punishment which he deserved first is not simply inflicted on the whole human race, but we have been tainted with his sin, as will afterwards be said. Whatever the meaning, we shall not die innocent, since each is held convicted by the testimony of his own conscience. As far as relates to young children, they seem to perish not by their own, but for another’s fault; but the solution is twofold; for although sin does not appear in them, yet it is latent, since they carry about with them corruption shut up in their soul, so that they are worthy of condemnation before God. This does not come under the notice of our senses; but we should consider how much more acutely God sees a thing than we do: hence, if we do not penetrate into that hidden judgment, yet we must hold that, before we are born, we are infected by the contagion of original sin, and therefore justly destined to ultimate destruction: — -this is one solution. But as far as concerns the Prophet’s expression, the dispute concerning infants is vain and out of place, since the Prophet only wished to refute that impious perverseness, as I have said, so that the people should no longer charge God with cruelty. The soul, says he, which has sinned ; that is, none of you can boast of innocence when I punish you: as when it is said, He who does not labor, neither let him eat. ( 2 Thessalonians 3:10 .) Surely this cannot be extended to infants. Nature teaches us that they must be nourished, and yet sure enough they do not acquire their food by labor: but this is said of adults, who are old enough to acknowledge the reason why they were created, and their fitness for undergoing labor. So also, in this place, we are not treating of the tender young when newly born, but of adults, who wish to charge God instead of themselves, as if they are innocent; and so, when they cannot escape punishment, they are anxious to transfer the fault elsewhere — first upon others, and then upon God himself. return to ' Top of Page ' <a name="verse-5" class="com-number"
Pericope (part_of)
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pericope/per-ezk-18-001
절 (explains)
Source
source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
"보라, 모든 영혼이 다 내 것이라. 아버지의 영혼이 내 것인 것같이 아들의 영혼도 내 것이라. 범죄하는 그 영혼은 죽으리라." 일부 해석자들은 이 구절을 이렇게 설명한다 — 하나님이 너무 가혹하게 대우하신다고 불평할 때, 진흙이 토기장이를 거스르지 않는다. 하나님이 온 세상의 창조주이시므로, 우리가 그분에게 만족하지 못할 때 그분을 거스르는 것은 얼마나 큰 미친 짓인가? 이 말씀 자체로는 참이지만, 이 구절은 다르게 이해되어야 한다.
하나님이 모든 영혼은 자신의 것이라고 선언하실 때, 단지 주권과 능력만을 주장하시는 것이 아니라 오히려 온 인류에 대해 아버지다운 사랑으로 감동받으심을 보여 주신다. 자신이 만든 것을 사랑하지 않는 장인이 없듯이, 하나님이 사람을 창조하셨을 때 분명히 그들을 애정으로 품으신다. 따라서 이 논박의 의미는 이러하다: 모든 영혼은 내 것이다, 내가 모두를 만들었고 모두의 창조주이다. 그러므로 나는 아버지다운 사랑으로 모두를 품으며, 가장 작은 것에서부터 가장 큰 것까지 내 자비를 경험할 것이다. 그러나 끝에 덧붙이신다: "범죄하는 그 영혼은 죽으리라." 유대인들이 더 이상 자신들이 무고하다고 자랑하지 못하게 된다는 것이다. 아무 죄 없는 자는 죽지 않을 것이다.
그러나 모든 죄인이 죽어야 한다는 뜻은 아니다. 그것은 하나님의 자비의 문을 닫는 것이 될 것이다. 모두가 그분께 죄를 지었으므로 하나님이 죄인들을 죽음에서 해방시키지 않으면 안전하게 될 자가 없기 때문이다. 예언자의 의미는 의심할 여지 없이, 멸망하는 자들은 결코 죄 없는 자들이 아니라는 것이다. 따라서 그들은 다른 사람의 죄에 대해 벌받는다고 하나님을 비난하거나 그분의 잔인함을 한탄할 수 없다.
젊은 아이들의 경우에는 의문이 생길 수 있다. 그들은 자신의 죄가 아니라 다른 사람의 잘못으로 멸망하는 것처럼 보이기 때문이다. 그러나 해답은 두 가지이다. 비록 죄가 그들 안에 나타나지 않더라도, 그것은 잠재해 있다. 그들이 영혼 안에 닫혀 있는 부패를 담고 있으므로 하나님 앞에서 정죄를 받을 자격이 있다. 그러나 예언자의 표현에서 어린아이들에 대한 논쟁은 불필요하다. 예언자는 오직 유대인들이 하나님을 잔인함으로 비난하는 것을 논박하려 하였기 때문이다.
원주석
- 번역원본
commentary-section/cal-ezk-18-4-4(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역
5절 카드 ↗
Here the Prophet confirms his former teaching by examples. For he first says, if any one faithfully keep the law, he shall prosper, since God will repay the reward of justice: afterwards he adds, if the just man beget a son unlike himself, the justice of the father shall not profit the degenerate son, but he shall receive the reward of his iniquity. But if this second person should beget a son who does not imitate his father, God promises that this third person shall be acceptable by him, because he is just, and therefore enjoys prosperity and happiness. We see, then, that the grandfather and grandson are here spoken of, and that the son of the first, and father of the third, is placed between them. But this is the Spirit’s intention, that God has prepared a reward for each according to their lives, so that he does not permit them to be deprived of their promised blessing, nor let the impious and despisers of his law escape. Now let us come to the words, if any one has been just, says he , he shall be just, therefore he shall live . He speaks generally first: he afterwards enumerates certain species under which he embraces the sum of the whole law. The full sentence is, if any one has been just, he shall live in consequence of his justice. But the Prophet defines what it is to be just, and he there chooses certain parts of the law: by putting a part for the whole, as I have said, he signifies, that whoever faithfully observes the law is esteemed just before God. Now we must examine each of these kinds of justice, and afterwards come to the general doctrine. He says first, that he is just who does justice and judgement . By the word judgment holy Scripture signifies rectitude; but when the two words are joined together, judgment seems to express more than justice: for justice is nothing but equity, fidelity, integrity, when we abstain altogether from fraud and violence, and deal with our brethren as we wish them to deal with us. Whoever so conducts himself is said to do justice; but judgment is extended further, namely, when we not only desire to benefit but defend our brethren, when unjustly oppressed, as far as we can, and when we oppose the lust and violence of those who would overthrow all that is right and holy. Hence to do judgment and justice is nothing else than to abstain from all injury by cultivating good faith and equity with our neighbors: then to defend all good causes, and to take the innocent under our patronage when we see them unjustly injured and oppressed. But these duties belong properly to the second table of the law. But it is clear from this that we fear God when we live justly with our brethren, for piety is the root of charity. Although many profane persons seem blameless in their life, and manifest a rare integrity, yet no one ever loves his neighbor from his heart, unless he fears and reverences God. Since, therefore, charity flows from piety and the fear of God, as often as we see the duties of the second table placed before us, we should learn them to be the testimonies to the worship of God, as is this place: but then the Prophet also adds certain parts of the first table. return to ' Top of Page ' <a name="verse-6" class="com-number"
Pericope (part_of)
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pericope/per-ezk-18-002
절 (explains)
Source
source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
예언자는 이제 예들을 통해 이전 교훈을 확인한다. 첫째로 누구든지 율법을 신실하게 지키면 번성할 것이라고 말한다. 하나님이 의로움에 상을 주시기 때문이다. 다음으로 의인이 자신과 달리 생겨난 아들을 두면, 그 아버지의 의는 타락한 아들에게 유익이 되지 않고 그는 자기 죄악의 상을 받을 것이다. 그러나 이 두 번째 사람이 자기 아버지를 본받지 않는 아들을 낳는다면, 하나님은 이 세 번째 사람이 자신의 눈에 받아들여질 것이라고 약속하신다. 그러므로 성령의 의도는 하나님이 각 사람의 삶에 따라 상을 예비하셔서 그들이 약속된 복에서 박탈되지 않도록 하신다는 것이다.
예언자가 의를 어떻게 정의하는지를 보자. "의를 행하고 공의대로 행한다면." 성경에서 두 단어가 함께 쓰일 때, 공의는 의보다 더 포함한다. 의는 공정함과 성실함이다. 공의는 더 나아가 부당하게 억압받는 형제들을 지킬 때, 불의한 자들의 정욕과 폭력에 반대할 때 나타난다. 따라서 공의와 의를 행한다는 것은 모든 불의를 피하고 이웃과 선한 믿음과 공정함을 유지하며 억울하게 상처받고 억압받는 무고한 자들의 후원자가 되는 것이다.
원주석
- 번역원본
commentary-section/cal-ezk-18-5-5(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역
6절 카드 ↗
He says then, if he has not eaten upon the mountains, and not raised his eyes to the abominable deeds of the house of Israel. These two points respect the worship of God: for by the figure “a part for the whole” to eat, means to offer sacrifices: he refers to those to which banquets were added as appendages. And truly when Paul speaks of idolatry, he does not say, if any one bends his knees before stone or wood, but he quotes the words of Moses, that the people rose up to play after eating, that is, after banqueting. ( 1 Corinthians 10:7 ; Exodus 32:6 .) Hence a feast is there taken for that sacrilegious profaneness when the people made for themselves a calf, and wished to worship God before it. When, therefore, it is now said, if any one has not eaten upon, the mountains: by a feast, as I have said, a sacrifice offered to idols is intended. Now we know that altars were raised on high in every direction, because they thought that they were near God when they ascended to an elevated spot. Because, therefore, superstitions were so exercised on the mountains, hence the Prophet relates what was customary, if any one has not eaten, upon the mountains : then he explains himself more clearly, if any one has not raised his eyes to the idols of the house of Israel . To raise the eyes is here taken by a figure of speech for to be urged with eagerness towards superstitions: for we know that eyes are the principal outlets to the affections; for when the affections burst forth in the eyes, and are conspicuous there, it is not surprising if all our desires are marked by this form of speech. Thus a person is said to raise his eyes to the house of his neighbor when he covets it, and also towards his wife, or anything else, when he is seized by a depraved lusting. The meaning is, then, that those who do not contaminate themselves with idols are thought just before God, as far as concerns the first table of the law, since they are content with the simple and lawful worship of God, and do not incline from it in any direction; nor, like the superstitious, allow their eyes to be wandering and erratic: and so they are compared with harlots who seek lovers on all sides. I repeat it again. — the meaning is, that the true worshipers of God are those who are content with his doctrine, and are not carried hither and thither by a perverse appetite, and so fabricate for themselves idols. Besides, the Holy Spirit calls idols גלולים , gelolim , “defilements,” (211) since all superstition should be detested by us; for as we are prone by nature to all kinds of error, we cannot be sufficiently restrained within the true and pure worship of God. Since, then, unbelievers imagine their gods to be sacred, the Holy Spirit, on the other hand, pronounces them to be defiling, since their profane worship is disgusting and abominable. But he says, the idols of the house of Israel , so that all shuffling must cease: because, if he had spoken of idols only, they might have objected that they detested the false and foolish gods of the Gentiles; but since many ceremonies were through long use received among the elect people, these ought not to be condemned like the impious rites of the heathen. The Holy Spirit refutes this cavil, and says, that though the house of Israel has approved such defilement’s, yet they are not to be excused for setting aside the law of God, and devoting themselves to human fictions. And has not polluted his neighbors wife. The Prophet now returns again to the second table, and treats here of adultery; and the language must be noticed, since such contamination shows how holy God considers the marriage tie: hence we see the atrocity of the sin, and the detestable nature of adultery; for both parties are equally polluted, though it appears stronger in the female sex through their natural modesty. We must hold, then, that the very body is engrained with disgrace and infamy, as Paul says, when such sins are committed. Other sins, says he, are without the body; but this is a sin against the body itself which thus bears the marks of shame and infamy. ( 1 Corinthians 6:18 .) Here, as I have said, Ezekiel treats the case of the woman, since the offense is in her case more pernicious. It follows — and has not approached a female when legally unclean : for we know this to be prohibited under the law; as being contrary to nature; for it was not necessary to define the matter by written law, as it speaks for itself. and God detests such crimes, not only because their offspring would contaminate cities and the nation at large, but because they are adverse to the instincts of human nature. ( Leviticus 18:19 ; Leviticus 20:18 .) He afterwards adds, if he has not oppressed or afflicted any one . This is general, just as if the Prophet had said, if he has abstained from all fraud, violence, and injustice. But this is a great point to live so innocently among men, that no one should complain of any injury done to him, nor of any loss sustained. But it is not enough to preserve this self-restraint unless we desire to profit our brethren, since God wishes the good offices of life to be reciprocal: although, indeed, to take care to be free from all injustice ought to precede other duties. He says, if he has returned his pledge to the debtor . This ought not to be taken generally, but depends on the precept of the law; for we have often said, that the prophets are the interpreters of Moses, and so they often touch briefly on what Moses expresses more clearly. But if we wish to occupy ourselves usefully in reading them, we ought to determine the meaning of the law, and then to accommodate what we read in the prophets to what is there contained. (212) So, in this passage, to restore the pledge to, the debtor, is restricted to the poor and needy, who had pledged either their garments, or their beds, or the tools by which they acquired a livelihood: for God forbids taking a pledge of a widow or a poor person: then he forbids taking a m
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source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
"산 위에서 먹지 않았고" — 먹는다는 것은 부록으로 연회가 더해진 제사를 드린다는 뜻이다. "이스라엘 집의 우상을 앙망하지 않았고" — 눈을 높이 든다는 것은 미신에 대한 열정으로 촉구된다는 뜻이다. 눈은 감정의 주된 표현이다. 이웃의 집을 탐낼 때, 그의 아내나 다른 것을 탐낼 때도 같은 표현이 쓰인다. 그러므로 우상들을 향해 눈을 들지 않은 자는 하나님 앞에서 의롭다고 여겨진다고 하시는 것이다.
성령은 우상들을 "gelolim(더러움들)"이라 부르신다. 모든 미신을 우리가 혐오해야 하기 때문이다. 우리는 본성상 온갖 종류의 오류에 기울어져 있으므로, 하나님의 참되고 순수한 예배 안에 충분히 억제되지 않는다. 불신자들이 자신들의 신들을 신성하다고 생각하므로, 반대로 성령은 그것들을 더럽히는 것이라고 선언하신다.
"이웃의 아내를 더럽히지 않았고" — 예언자는 간음을 다룬다. 이 표현은 하나님이 결혼의 유대를 얼마나 거룩하게 여기시는지를 나타낸다. 간음의 잔혹한 성격을 알 수 있다. 바울이 말하듯, 그러한 죄가 행해질 때 몸 자체가 수치와 불명예로 물든다. "생리 중인 여인을 가까이하지 않았고" — 율법이 이것을 금지하고 있음을 우리는 알고 있다. 자연에 어긋나기 때문이다. "사람을 억압하지 않았고 빚진 자에게 전당을 돌려 주었고" — 이 구절은 모든 전당에 대한 것이 아니라 율법의 규정에 근거한다. 예언자들은 모세의 해석자들이므로 율법이 더 명확히 표현한 것을 짧게 언급하기도 한다. 가난한 과부의 외투나 침구나 생계 수단을 전당으로 받는 것을 금지하고 있었다.
원주석
- 번역원본
commentary-section/cal-ezk-18-6-6(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역
9절 카드 ↗
We yesterday explained why the Prophet says that no one is just unless he withdraw his hands from iniquity, because many occasions tempt us to injure others: unless we restrain ourselves in a middle course we often hurt our neighbors. Now among the virtues of a just man he puts, to judge according to truth: to act truthfully, says he , between man and man . This seems indeed to be the proper duty of judges who discharge a public office, but yet it is suitable to private persons; for although no one argues his own cause except before some one endued with power to decide it, yet we see that the inclinations of men often pervert equity and rectitude in judgments. Again, many are chosen arbitrators who do not hold any public office. The meaning is, that what Ezekiel previously sought concerning equity is extended to the causes of others, that no one should turn aside from right and equity through private friendship. Afterwards it follows , if he has walked in my statutes and kept my judgments, in acting with truthfulness. Again, the Prophet returns to general remarks: for he has recorded certain kinds of justice, as we said yesterday, whence its nature may be more clearly perceived. Besides, because God’s law contains within it more than the prophet has thus far mentioned; hence it was necessary to add this clause, who has walked in my decrees, says he. It is too cold to restrict this to ceremonies, as is sometimes done; hence I interpret it of edicts or decrees. The metaphor of walking does not require a long explanation, as it is very common in Scripture. Hence, to walk in God’s precepts is nothing else than to form his life and morals according to the rule which has been prescribed by God; or, what is the same thing, so to conduct oneself, that in desiring to be deemed just a man should attempt nothing but what is agreeable to God’s precepts. But since the observance of the law is difficult, first, because we are not only of a frail disposition, but prone to sin; hence the word “serving” is added, by which the Prophet commends diligence. Whoever wishes to direct his life according to God’s precepts should attentively keep them, since nothing is more natural than to transgress and fall. He now adds, for acting truthfully . Integrity is here denoted by the word truthfulness. We gather, then, from this word the fruitful teaching, that the object of God’s whole law is to conduct ourselves without deceit or fraud, and study to assist one another in simplicity, and to conduct ourselves with sincerity in every duty. If any one, then, asks the object of the law, the Prophet here describes it to us — the performance of truth ; and this is said rightly of the second table. But this may be adapted to the former table, since the Scripture teaches us that no dissembling can be pleasing to God. And we see also what Paul says when he briefly defines the end of the law to be charity out of any pure heart, and faith unfeigned. ( 1 Timothy 1:5 .) But the word truth in this passage is, in my judgment, referred to that sincerity which we must cultivate, so that no one should deceive another, nor act fraudulently or knowingly, but be really simple and sincere. He adds , he is just, and in living he shall live, says the Lord Jehovah . At length he pronounces, as we said, that he is just who has faithfully observed God’s law; then that a recompense is prepared for all the just who thus sincerely worship God. Now let us come to the second example. return to ' Top of Page ' <a name="verse-10" class="com-number"
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source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
"나의 규례를 따라 진실하게 행하면 그는 의인이니 반드시 살리라." 예언자는 마침내 하나님의 율법을 신실하게 지킨 자가 의인으로 여겨진다고 선언하며, 모든 의인에게 상이 예비되어 있다고 확인한다.
이제 두 번째 예로 넘어가자. "참으로 진실되게 행하였다"는 것에서, 에스겔이 성실성을 표현하기 위해 진실이라는 단어를 사용하고 있음을 알아야 한다. 이웃 사람들 사이에서도 생계를 정직하게 유지하고 아무도 속이거나 속이지 않으며 모든 의무에서 진실하고 성실하게 행하는 것이다. 율법의 전체 목적도 이것이다 — 진실의 이행 — 이것은 두 번째 표에 대해 잘 말해진다.
원주석
- 번역원본
commentary-section/cal-ezk-18-9-9(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역
10절 카드 ↗
He has oppressed the poor and needy : he had simply said, He has oppressed a man; but now to make the greatness of the crime appear, he speaks of the poor and needy: for cruelty in oppressing them is less tolerable. Whatever the condition of the person whom we treat, with injustice, our wickedness is in itself sufficiently worthy of condemnation; but when we afflict the wretched, whose condition ought to excite our pity, that, inhumanity is, as I have said, far more atrocious. Hence this circumstance exaggerates what Ezekiel had formerly simply expressed. In the phrase for seizing booty , the word for booty is in the plural: in the next phrase he omits the word for debtor, because it is sufficiently understood: in the next, he does not add “of the house of Israel” to the word “idols;” and in the last clause the word “abomination” seems to refer to one kind of grossness only: but if any wish to extend its meaning further, I do not, object; but since he lately used the word in the plural, I rather take this word in its restricted sense. I pass thus rapidly over this second example, as I shall over the third, because Ezekiel preserves the same sentiments, and repeats almost the same words as he had just used. Hitherto he has taught that life is laid up for all the just as the reward of their justice: but he now sets before us a degenerate son, sprung from a just father, running headlong into all kind of wickedness. He says, then, if a man who desires to obey the law beget a son of a perverse disposition, who rejects the discipline of his father, and at the same time violates the whole law of God, shall he surely live? No , says he , he shall die, his blood shall be upon him; that is, he cannot escape God’s judgment;, because his crimes cry out, and are heard. Hence none who turn aside from the right way shall remain unpunished: this is the simple meaning of the Prophet. Let us now come to the third member. return to ' Top of Page ' <a name="verse-14" class="com-number"
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source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
"아들을 낳았는데 가난하고 궁핍한 자를 압박하고" — 그는 단순히 "사람을 압박하였다"고 말하였지만, 이제 죄의 크기를 드러내기 위해 가난하고 궁핍한 자에 대해 말한다. 그들을 억압하는 것은 더 용납하기 어렵기 때문이다. 비록 우리가 불의하게 대하는 사람이 누구든 그 악함은 충분히 정죄받을 만하지만, 비참한 자들을 괴롭힐 때 그 비인간성은 훨씬 더 흉악하다.
에스겔은 신속하게 이 두 번째와 세 번째 예를 다루는데, 거의 같은 말을 반복하기 때문이다. 지금까지 그는 모든 의인에게 그들의 의로움에 대한 상으로 생명이 예비되어 있다고 가르쳤다. 그러나 이제 의로운 아버지에게서 나서 모든 종류의 사악함으로 달려가는 타락한 아들을 제시한다. "그러면 그가 살겠느냐? 결코 살지 못하리라. 그가 이 모든 가증한 일을 행하였으니 반드시 죽을 것이요 그 피가 자기에게로 돌아가리라."
원주석
- 번역원본
commentary-section/cal-ezk-18-10-10(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역
14절 카드 ↗
In this third example Ezekiel announces, that if a man be born of a wicked father, he may nevertheless be pleasing to God, if he be unlike his father and thus he refutes the proverb that was so common in Israel — that the father ate the sour grapes, and the children’s teeth were set on edge. For if the sons were sufferers through the father’s eating the sour grapes, then the pious who drew their origin from wicked despisers of God would be freed from all their sins. Thus Ezekiel would have been punished instead of his father, Ahaz, and Josiah instead of Manasseh. But here the Prophet bears witness that the good, however they may have been born from wicked parents, should receive the reward of righteousness no less certainly and faithfully than if they had come down from heaven, and if their family had always been without the commission of any crime. Since, therefore, God does not punish them for their fathers’ crimes, it follows that the Israelites uttered this taunt not only foolishly, but impiously, saying that their own teeth were set on edge, because their fathers had eaten the sour grapes. Besides, as there is a difference in the phrase, I shall notice briefly what is worthy of remark: if he begat a son who saw all that his father had done, and was afraid . Here the Prophet teaches that it needed the greatest attention for the son to forsake the example of a bad father. For sons are blind to their fathers’ vices; and although, when duty is set before them, they carelessly despise it, yet they fancy themselves held so far by pious reverence, that they dare not condemn their fathers. Hence it happens that sons do not acknowledge their fathers’ crimes, and thus a wicked father corrupts his son willingly. Bad discipline, therefore, is added to this, so that it is not surprising if the offspring is worse than his ancestors. For this reason the Prophet says, if he has seen , that is, if a righteous child has observed his father’s sins, since sons shut their eyes as much as possible to all their fathers’ crimes; nay, they embrace their vices for the greatest virtues. He then adds, if he has feared. It would not be sufficient to take notice of this without adding the fear of God. It is true, indeed, that many were unlike their parents, through being restrained by shame; for when they heard the reproaches of their parents, they were touched with ingenuous modesty, so as to be on their guard against such enormities. But all these followed the empty shadow of justice; and here the serious observance of the law is treated, which cannot flow from anything else but, the fear of God, and this, as Scripture says, is the beginning of wisdom. ( Psalms 111:10 ; Proverbs 1:7 .) A person thus may be blameless through his whole life, and yet not touch on any part of justice, since righteousness flows from only one principle — the fear of God. He afterwards adds, and has not done according to them. We see, therefore, that those who implicate themselves in others’ crimes are not otherwise deceived, unless they purposely stifle all difference between good and evil; for if they had attended to this, they would doubtless have been touched with some fear, and thus have governed their life according to God’s precepts: but scarcely one in a hundred thinks of this, and hence every one mingles freely with his neighbors, and so all perish together. He afterwards adds, he has not eaten upon the mountains, has not raised his eyes to the idols of the house of Israel: we have explained all these: and has not oppressed any one, and has not received a pledge. We said that this ought not to be explained of every pledge; for it was lawful for any one, on giving money, to receive a pledge for its return, but not from one who is destitute of either garments or the necessary implements of trade: so I pass this by. He has not received a prey, has distributed his bread to the hungry He adds, what he had not touched on previously, he has withdrawn his hand from the poor . This seems to differ from the opinion which we had in the sixteenth chapter, ( Ezekiel 16:49 .) Among the sins of Sodom, the Prophet there puts this also, that they withdrew their hand from the poor and needy; and surely, when we stretch forth the hand for the sake of help, it is a true proof of charity; but if we withdraw the hand, it is a proof of cruelty, since we do not deign to aid a brother who ought to obtain some favor from us. But we must bear in mind that there are two senses in which the hand is either extended or withdrawn. If I extend my hand to the poor to supply what is wanting, and to the weak to render him aid, this is the duty of charity. If, on the contrary, I withdraw my hand, I unjustly turn away from him who implores my confidence, and whose misery ought to win for him some favor. But we extend the hand when we seize on a neighbor’s goods, and violently deprive him of them, and despoil the innocent of their rights. On the contrary, he who withdraws his hand is humane in sparing his brethren, and not enriching himself at their expense, and profiting by their oppression. In this sense the Prophet now enumerates withdrawing the hand from the poor in the list of virtues, because the poor are subject to all kinds of injury. If, therefore, when we see booty already prepared for us, and yet we refrain from it, this is a proof of true charity. But again, we must remark upon what I treated but briefly yesterday, namely, that we must withdraw our hands from the poor, because nothing is more easy than to be enticed to make a gain of the poor; and wherever occasion and impunity offer themselves, avarice so seizes us, that we neither discern nor consider what is right and fair. Every one who wishes to preserve his self-restraint, and to subdue his affections, ought to attend to this with all his strength and with constant struggling: thus the Prophet says, we must withdraw the hand return to ' Top of Page ' <a name="verse-17" class="com-number"
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절 (explains)
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source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
세 번째 예에서 에스겔은 사악한 아버지에게서 태어난 자도 아버지와 달리 하나님께 기쁨이 될 수 있다고 선언한다. 이로써 이스라엘에서 그렇게 일반적이었던 속담 — 아버지가 신 포도를 먹었으니 아들들의 이가 시다 — 을 논박한다. 이미 말한 것처럼, 아들들이 아버지의 죄로 고통받는다면, 경건한 자들이 사악한 하나님 멸시자에게서 태어났더라도 그 죄에서 자유로울 것이다. 에스겔은 아들들이 어떤 부모에게서 태어났든 사악한 부모에게서 온 자들도 정의의 상을 확실하고 신실하게 받을 것이라는 증언을 남긴다.
그러나 여기서 표현의 차이가 있다: "아들을 낳았는데 그가 아버지의 모든 행위를 보고 두려워하였다." 예언자는 사악한 아버지의 예를 버리는 데 최고의 주의가 필요하다고 가르친다. 아들들은 아버지의 죄에 눈이 멀기 때문이다. 또한 불경건한 아버지가 자기보다 훌륭한 자녀를 두면 자신에게 낙인이 찍히는 것처럼 생각한다. 따라서 나쁜 교육이 더해져 자녀들이 조상보다 더 나쁜 것이 놀랄 일이 아니다. 이런 이유로 예언자는 말한다 — "만약 그가 보았다면" — 즉 의로운 자녀가 아버지의 죄를 관찰하였다면, 단지 아버지를 보았을 뿐만 아니라 "두려워하였다면." 하나님의 두려움 없이 선한 것을 알아봐도 충분하지 않다. 하나님의 두려움이 지혜의 시작이기 때문이다.
원주석
- 번역원본
commentary-section/cal-ezk-18-14-14(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역
17절 카드 ↗
Now at last he concludes: he shall not die through his father’s iniquity; he shall surely live. He does not repeat that this is just, yet we must understand it so; but he stops at the immediate effect, since God’s blessing awaits all the just, as Isaiah says surely there is a reward to the just, ( Isaiah 3:10 ;) and the Prophet exclaims as if it were believed with difficulty: for, since we see all things revolving promiscuously in the world, we directly imagine either that God is at rest in heaven, or that chance governs all things here on earth. But we must strive against this perverse supposition, and determine, as Isaiah teaches, that there is a reward for the just. The Prophet now expresses this, while a difficult question arises from the passage; for he says that he is just who has kept the law, and so God will bestow a recompense upon. him: hence these two things are connected together, and the question which I mentioned arises from the former clause; for the whole Scriptures teach that no one is just, and that none can be justified by the law. But these things are contrary to each other; to be just and worthy of reward through keeping the law, since none is just, all are transgressors, all devoid of justice, and so but one remedy remains — that of seeking our safety from the gratuitous mercy of God. But although, at first sight, this kind of it consistency disturbs the rude and partially-exercised commentator, yet this solution is easy, since, strictly speaking, justice is the observance of the law. If any one asks, then, what justice is, the proper definition is, the observance of law. Why so? Because the law, as I said yesterday, lays down the solid rule of justice; whoever observes it will be esteemed just; and thus justification is properly said to be placed in works. But, on the other hand, Scripture pronounces what is very true, and entirely confirmed by experience, that no one can satisfy the law, and, on account of this defect, we are all deprived of justification by works. What I have said may be made much clearer by many testimonies of Scripture. Not the hearer of the law, says Paul, in the second chapter of the epistle to the Romans, but the doer of the law, shall be justified, ( Romans 2:13 .) There Paul speaks naturally, that those are just who conform their whole life to the obedience of God’s law. So also John, in his canonical epistle: He who does righteousness is righteous. ( 1 John 3:7 .) Now, if any one asks whether any perfect observer of the law can be found, or one who does justice in every respect, the answer is at hand, that we are all by nature very far gone from all righteousness, and all our senses and affections are enemies which contend against God’s law, as Paul teaches: The whole soul of man is perverse, and we are not fit to think anything of ourselves, and that all our sufficiency is of God, since we are slaves of sin. ( Romans 8:7 ; 2 Corinthians 3:5 ; Romans 11:0 .) But it would be superfluous to heap together many testimonies. Let it suffice, then, that we are by nature all together rebels against God, so that not the slightest particle of good can be found in us. As far as concerns the faithful, they aspire indeed to righteousness, but lamely, and at a great distance from their aim; they often wander from the way, and they often fall, so that they do not satisfy the law, and hence require God’s pity. Hence we must come to the second kind of righteousness, which is improperly so called, namely, that which we obtain from Christ. He who does righteousness is righteous. (l John 3:7 .) None of us does it; but Christ, who fulfilled the law, is esteemed just before God. Hence it is necessary that we should be approved by God through his righteousness; that is, it is imputed to us, and we are accepted through his righteousness. Hence justification by faith, as it is called, is not properly righteousness; but on account of the defect of true righteousness, it is necessary to fly to this as to a sacred anchor; and Paul, in the tenth chapter to the Romans, explains this briefly and clearly. The righteousness of the law, says he, thus speaks: He who has done these things shall live in them; but the righteousness of faith says, He who has believed shall be just. The Apostle here speaks of a double righteousness — that of the law and of faith: he says, that the righteousness of the law is situated in works, since no one is thought just unless he fulfills the law. ( Romans 10:5 .) Since all are far distant from this standard, another is added and substituted, namely, that we may embrace the righteousness of Christ by faith, and so become just, by another righteousness without us: for if any one again objects that justification by the law is superfluous, I answer, that it profits us in two ways; first, because the law brings in those convicted of their own unrighteousness to Christ. This, then, is one fruit of the law, that we renounce our own righteousness, when our iniquity so discloses itself, that it compels us to be silent before God, as we formerly saw. A more fruitful result follows; because, when God regenerates his elect, he inscribes a law on their hearts and in their inward parts, as we have elsewhere seen, and shall see again in the thirty-sixth chapter. ( Jeremiah 31:33 ; Ezekiel 36:26 .) But the difficulty is not yet solved; because the faithful, even if regenerated by God’s Spirit, endeavor to conform themselves to God’s law, yet, through their own weakness, never arrive at that point, and so are never righteous: I answer, although the righteousness of works is mutilated in the sons of God, yet it is acknowledged as perfect, since, by not imputing their sins to them, he proves what is his own. Hence it happens, that although the faithful fall back, wander, and sometimes fall, yet they may be called observers of the law, and walkers in the commandments of God, and observers of his righteousness. But this arises from gratuitous imputation, and hen
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source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
이제 마침내 결론짓는다: "아버지의 죄악으로 죽지 아니하고 반드시 살겠다." 그는 그가 의롭다는 것을 반복하지 않지만 그것은 이해해야 한다. 즉각적인 효과에 멈추면서, 이사야가 말하듯 모든 의인에게 상이 있음을 선언한다: "의인에게 복이 있으리라." 예언자는 이것을 믿기 어려운 것처럼 외친다.
그러나 이 구절에서 어려운 질문이 생긴다. 율법을 지킨 자는 의롭다고 하는데, 율법으로는 아무도 의롭다 함을 얻을 수 없고 율법을 지킨 자가 없다는 것을 성경 전체가 가르친다. 이 겉보기 모순을 해결하려면, 의의 올바른 정의가 율법의 준수라는 것을 알아야 한다. 의가 무엇인지 묻는다면, 율법의 준수가 그 올바른 정의이다. 그러나 성경은 또한 누구도 율법을 만족시킬 수 없으며 이 결함 때문에 우리 모두는 행위에 의한 칭의에서 박탈된다고 선언한다.
율법에 의한 칭의는 두 가지 면에서 우리에게 유익하다. 첫째로, 율법이 불의를 인식함으로써 그리스도께로 이끌기 때문이다. 둘째로 더 유익한 결과는, 하나님이 자기 택한 자들을 중생시키실 때 그들의 마음과 내면에 율법을 새기시기 때문이다. 신자들이 하나님의 율법을 준수하기 위해 노력하지만 약함 때문에 그것을 완전히 이루지 못하더라도, 그들은 율법의 준수자요 하나님의 명령 안에서 행하는 자요 그분의 의의 준수자라고 불릴 수 있다. 이것은 값없는 전가로 이루어지며, 그들에게 죄를 묻지 않으심으로써 하나님은 자신의 것을 증명하신다.
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commentary-section/cal-ezk-18-17-17(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역
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He inculcates the same thing more at length, not for the sake of ornament so much as to refute that impious saying in which the Israelites so perniciously persisted. Since then it was difficult to tear from their minds what was so deeply rooted in them, the Prophet often exclaims that no one was punished except he deserved it for his crimes. He adds in the next verse what seems superfluous and absurd: for the Israelites did not contend with God for sparing the innocent: but here Ezekiel represents them speaking as if they wished the innocent son to be punished equally with the wicked father. But he does not mean that they contended about the right, but about the fact, as we usually say. For since they were imbued with that error, that punishments extended beyond the criminals, on the other hand he pronounces that the just were not absolved by their own goodness, if they sprang from impious parents, although the people supposed so; for they were buried under their own depraved judgment, otherwise they must have perceived that justice is never deprived by God of its reward of life. return to ' Top of Page ' <a name="verse-20" class="com-number"
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source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
그는 이전 가르침을 더 길게 반복한다. 장식을 위해서가 아니라 이스라엘 사람들이 이 점에서 그토록 완악하게 고집하였던 불경건한 말을 논박하기 위해서이다.
그는 이어서 이 이야기를 계속하면서 말한다 — "죄 없는 아들이 아버지와 동등하게 벌받기를 원하는 것처럼 이스라엘이 말한 것은 말하지 않는다." 이는 그가 권리에 대해 다투지 않고 사실에 대해 다툰다는 것을 의미한다. 그들은 형벌이 범죄자들을 넘어 확장된다는 잘못된 생각에 사로잡혔다. 그 반대 방향에서 에스겔은 자신들의 선함으로 의롭다 함을 얻지 못한다고 선언한다.
원주석
- 번역원본
commentary-section/cal-ezk-18-18-18(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역
20절 카드 ↗
Ezekiel still pursues the sentiment which we have explained, namely, that God is a just judge and treats every one according to his conduct; as Paul says, As each has lived in the flesh, so God lays up a reward for him. ( Romans 8:13 .) But he more clearly refuted the proverb, that the sons should suffer for their fathers’ sins. He says, then, that each when he comes before God’s tribunal should be judged by his works. As far then as the general sentiment is concerned, it is in accordance with common sense that God should exact punishment of the wicked, and that they should receive the just reward of their works. But in the next clause, the question arises how the Spirit here pronounces that the son should not pay the penalty due to the father, when God so often declares that he visits the sins of the fathers upon the children unto the third and fourth generation. ( Exodus 20:5 .) That sentiment often occurs: but there are two passages peculiarly remarkable, where it is annexed to the second precept of the law, ( Deuteronomy 5:9 ,) and then in that remarkable vision which occurred to Moses, God pronounces the same thing as before, namely, that the iniquity of the fathers should fall upon the sons. ( Exodus 34:7 .) These passages seem opposed to each other, but it will be easy to remove the contradiction by beginning with the fall of Adam, since if we do not consider the whole race fallen in Adam, we can scarcely extricate ourselves from that difficulty which we often feel as causing pungent scruples. But the principle of one universal fall in Adam removes all doubts. For when we consider the perishing of the whole human race, it is said with truth that we perish through another’s fault: but it is added at the same time, that every one perishes through his own iniquity. If then we inquire into the cause of the curse which presses upon all the posterity of Adam, it may be said to be partly another’s and partly our own: another’s, through Adam’s declension from God, in whose person the whole human race was spoiled of righteousness and intelligence, and all parts of the soul utterly corrupted. So that every one is lost in himself, and if he wishes to contend with God, he must always acknowledge that the fountain of the curse flows from himself. For before the child was born into the world, it was corrupt, since its menial intelligence was buried in darkness, and its will was perverse and rebellious against God. As soon as infants are born they contract pollution from their father Adam: their reason is blinded, their appetites perverted, and their senses entirely vitiated. This does not immediately show itself in the young child, but before God, who discerns things more acutely than we do, the corruption of our whole nature is rightly treated as sin. There is no one who during the course of his life does not perceive himself liable to punishment through his own works; but original sin is sufficient for the condemnation of all men. When men grow up they acquire for themselves the new curse of what is called actual sin: so that he who is pure with reference to ordinary observation, is guilty before God: hence Scripture pronounces us all naturally children of wrath: these are Paul’s words in the second chapter of the epistle to the Ephesians, ( Ephesians 2:3 .) If then we are children of wrath, it follows that we are polluted from our birth: this provokes God’s anger and renders him hostile to us: in this sense David confesses himself conceived in sin. ( Psalms 51:5 .) He does not here accuse either his father or his mother so as to extenuate his own wickedness; but, when he abhors the greatness of his sin in provoking the wrath of God, he is brought back to his infancy, and acknowledges that he was even then guilty before God. We see then that David, being reminded of a single sin, acknowledges himself a sinner before he was born; and since we are all under the curse, it follows that we are all worthy of death. Thus, the son properly speaking shall not die through the iniquity of his father, but is considered guilty before God through his own fault. Now let us proceed further. When God pronounces that the iniquity of the father returns into the bosom of the son, we must remember that when God involves the son in the same death with the father, he does so principally because the son of the impious is destitute of his Spirit: whence it happens that he remains in the death in which he was born. For if we do not consider any other punishments than those which are openly inflicted, a new scruple will again arise from which we cannot free ourselves, since this inquiry will always recur, how can the son perish by his own fault, if he can produce good fruit and so reconcile himself to God? But the first punishment with which God threatens the reprobate is that which I have mentioned, namely, that their offspring are destitute and deprived of spiritual gifts, so that they sink deeper and deeper into destruction: for there are two kinds of punishment, the one outward and the other inward, as we express it. God punishes the transgressors of his law by either the sword, or by famine, or by pestilence, as he everywhere denounces: he is also armed with other means of slaughter for executing his wrath, and all these punishments are outward and openly apparent. But there is another sort inward and hidden, when God takes away the spirit of rectitude from the reprobate, when he gives them up to a reprobate mind, subjects them to foul desires, and deprives them of all his gifts hence God is said to cause the fathers’ iniquity to recoil upon the children not only when he outwardly punishes the little ones, but because he devotes a cursed offspring to eternal destruction, through being destitute of all the gifts of the Spirit,. Now we know that God is the fountain of life, ( Psalms 36:9 ,) whence it follows that all who are separated from him are dead. Now therefore it is evident how God throws the iniquity of the
Pericope (part_of)
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source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
에스겔은 그가 이미 설명한 내용을 계속 추구하면서 — 하나님이 공의로운 심판자시며 각 사람의 행실대로 대우하신다고 — 그것을 다시 한 번 확인한다. 아들들이 아버지의 죄에 대한 형벌을 받지 않아야 한다는 속담을 더 명확히 논박한다.
그러나 여기서 한 가지 질문이 제기된다. 어떻게 성령이 아들이 아버지의 형벌을 받지 않을 것이라고 선언할 수 있는가? 하나님이 그를 사랑하는 자들에게는 은혜를 베풀고 아버지의 죄악을 삼사 대까지 갚겠다고 자주 선언하신다. 이 구절들은 서로 반대되는 것처럼 보인다.
아담의 타락에서 시작하면 이 어려움을 쉽게 해결할 수 있다. 전 인류가 아담 안에서 타락하였다는 것을 생각하지 않으면 이 어려움에서 빠져나오기 어렵기 때문이다. 아담의 타락으로 전 인류가 의와 지성을 박탈당하고 영혼의 모든 부분이 완전히 부패하게 된 것이다. 그러므로 각 사람은 자기 죄의 형벌을 져야 한다. 아담이 마땅히 받아야 할 형벌이 단순히 온 인류에게 가해지는 것이 아니라, 우리가 그의 죄로 오염되었기 때문이다.
하나님이 부모의 죄악을 자녀들에게로 내려보내신다고 할 때, 이는 단지 외적인 형벌뿐만 아니라 하나님이 저주받은 자손에게서 성령의 모든 선물을 빼앗아 그들이 더 깊이 멸망으로 떨어지도록 하시기 때문이다. 이 내면의 형벌이 있는 것이다 — 하나님이 불경건한 자들에게서 올바름의 영을 거두시고 그들을 부패한 마음에 넘겨 주시며 더러운 욕망에 굴복하게 하시고 그분의 모든 선물에서 박탈하신다. 하나님이 생명의 원천이시므로, 그분에게서 분리된 모든 자는 죽었다.
원주석
- 번역원본
commentary-section/cal-ezk-18-20-20(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역
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In this sentence God proposes the hope of pardon, and invites and exhorts to penitence all the transgressors of his law. But this doctrine is specially worthy of notice, that God extends his arms, and is prepared to meet and receive all who betake themselves to good fruits: for despair hurls us into madness, and then hardens our hearts by abandoned obstinacy. Hence it is necessary that God should extend his hand towards us, and animate us to penitence. This is the meaning of this passage of the Prophets, as soon as the impious is turned away from his impiety, God will be at peace with him. Now we see that no excuse remains for us if this humane invitation of God does not stir us up when he bears witness that he is propitious to us when we heartily desire to be reconciled to him. But he here requires serious repentance when he says, if the impious has turned away from his impiety, and has kept my statutes, and done justice and judgment, he shall live , says he. For a sort of half conversion is discerned in many who think that in this way they are safe before God, but they are greatly deceived; for many mingle virtues with vices, and imagine their guilt blotted out, if they can only bring forward something as worthy of praise. But this is just as if any one should offer muddy will to his master, because he had mixed it not only with dregs, but even with filth: so are all the works of those who do not put away all depraved desires, and strive to free themselves from all the corruption’s of the flesh. Thus what is here taught is worthy of notice, namely, that the beginning of conversion is, when any one renounces himself and his own lusts. But it is necessary to add another part of duty, that when any one bids farewell to his vices, he must devote himself obediently to God. The Prophet joins the two together, therefore, since one cannot be separated from the other. Hence the Spirit here shortly defines what true and legitimate conversion is. He says, that when any one is thus converted, that his life is prepared for God, since God will forget all his sins. This is a confirmation of the doctrine; for God cannot be entreated as long as he imputes our sins to us: hence, that we may determine him to be propitious to us, he promises, as soon as we repent, that all our sins shall be buried, and no longer come into remembrance. But this is the incomparable goodness of God, since he deigns to forget all our sins as soon as he sees us earnestly desirous of returning to him. On the whole, Ezekiel pronounces that all the penitent pass at once from death to life, since God blots out all their transgressions by voluntary oblivion. It afterwards follows — return to ' Top of Page ' <a name="verse-23" class="com-number"
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source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
이 구절에서 하나님은 용서의 소망을 제시하시고 율법 범죄자들 모두를 회개로 초대하고 권면하신다. 절망이 우리를 광기로 내몰고 완고한 고집으로 마음을 굳어지게 하기 때문이다. 따라서 하나님이 자신의 손을 뻗어 우리를 향해 회개로 기운다는 것을 확인하는 것이 필요하다. 이것이 이 구절의 의미이다 — "악인이 자신의 악에서 돌이키면 하나님은 그와 화평하실 것이다."
그러나 하나님은 여기서 반쪽 회개로는 충분하지 않다고 가르치신다. 그 이유는 많은 사람들이 덕과 악덕을 섞어 자신의 죄가 지워진 것처럼 생각하기 때문이다. 그러나 이것은 더러운 물을 찌꺼기와 오물이 섞인 채로 주인에게 드리는 것과 같다. 따라서 이 구절에서 가르치는 것은 주목할 만하다. 회개의 시작은 자신과 자신의 욕망을 포기하는 것이다. 둘째 부분을 추가해야 하는데, 즉 악덕을 작별할 때 순종하며 하나님께 자신을 드리는 것이다. 따라서 예언자는 이 두 가지를 함께 묶는다. 두 가지는 서로 분리될 수 없기 때문이다. "그가 이렇게 돌이키면 하나님은 모든 그의 죄를 기억하지 않으실 것이다."
원주석
- 번역원본
commentary-section/cal-ezk-18-21-21(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역
23절 카드 ↗
He confirms the same sentiment in other words, that God desires nothing more earnestly than that those who were perishing and rushing to destruction should return into the way of safety. And for this reason not only is the Gospel spread abroad in the world, but God wished to bear witness through all ages how inclined he is to pity. For although the heathen were destitute of the law and the prophets, yet they were always endued with some taste of this doctrine. Truly enough they were suffocated by many errors: but we shall always find that they were induced by a secret impulse to seek for pardon, because this sense was in some way born with them, that God is to be appeased by all who seek him. Besides, God bore witness to it more clearly in the law and the prophets. In the Gospel we hear how familiarly he addresses us when he promises us pardon. ( Luke 1:78 .) And this is the knowledge of salvation, to embrace his mercy which he offers us in Christ. It follows, then, that what the Prophet now says is very true, that God wills not the death of a sinner, because he meets him of his own accord, and is not only prepared to receive all who fly to his pity, but he calls them towards him with a loud voice, when he sees how they are alienated from all hope of safety. But the manner must be noticed in which God wishes all to be saved, namely, when they turn themselves from their ways . God thus does not so wish all men to be saved as to renounce the difference between good and evil; but repentance, as we have said, must precede pardon. How, then, does God wish all men to be saved? By the Spirit’s condemning the world of sin, of righteousness, and of judgment at this day, by the Gospel, as he did formerly by the law and the prophets. ( John 16:8 .) God makes manifest to mankind their great misery, that they may betake themselves to him: he wounds that he may cure, and slays that he may give life. We hold, then, that; God wills not the death of a sinner, since he calls all equally to repentance, and promises himself prepared to receive them if they only seriously repent. If any one should object — then there is no election of God, by which he has predestinated a fixed number to salvation, the answer is at hand: the Prophet does not here speak of God’s secret counsel, but only recalls miserable men from despair, that they may apprehend the hope of pardon, and repent and embrace the offered salvation. If any one again objects — this is making God act with duplicity, the answer is ready, that God always wishes the same thing, though by different ways, and in a manner inscrutable to us. Although, therefore, God’s will is simple, yet great variety is involved in it, as far as our senses are concerned. Besides, it is not surprising that our eyes should be blinded by intense light, so that we cannot certainly judge how God wishes all to be saved, and yet has devoted all the reprobate to eternal destruction, and wishes them to perish. While we look now through a glass darkly, we should be content with the measure of our own intelligence. ( 1 Corinthians 13:12 .) When we shall be like God, and see him face to face, then what is now obscure will then become plain. But since captious men torture this and similar passages, it will be needful to refute them shortly, since it can be done without trouble. God is said not to wish the death of a sinner . How so? since he wishes all to be converted. Now we must see how God wishes all to be converted; for repentance is surely his peculiar gift: as it is his office to create men, so it is his province to renew them, and restore his image within them. For this reason we are said to be his workmanship, that is, his fashioning. ( Ephesians 2:10 .) Since, therefore, repentance is a kind of second creation, it follows that it is not in man’s power; and if it is equally in God’s power to convert men as well as to create them, it follows that the reprobate are not converted, because God does not wish their conversion; for if he wished it he could do it: and hence it appears that he does not wish it. But again they argue foolishly, since God does not wish all to be converted, he is himself deceptive, and nothing can be certainly stated concerning his paternal benevolence. But this knot is easily untied; for he does not leave us in suspense when he says, that he wishes all to be saved. Why so? for if no one repents without finding God propitious, then this sentence is filled up. But we must remark that God puts on a twofold character: for he here wishes to be taken at his word. As I have already said, the Prophet does not here dispute with subtlety about his incomprehensible plans, but wishes to keep our attention close to God’s word. Now, what are the contents of this word? The law, the prophets, and the gospel. Now all are called to repentance, and the hope of salvation is promised them when they repent. this is true, since God rejects no returning sinner: he pardons all without exception: meanwhile, this will of God which he sets forth in his word does not prevent him from decreeing before the world was created what he would do with every individual: and as I have now said, the Prophet only shows here, that when we have been converted we need not doubt that God immediately meets us and shows himself propitious. The remainder tomorrow. return to ' Top of Page ' <a name="verse-24" class="com-number"
Pericope (part_of)
- part_of
pericope/per-ezk-18-006
절 (explains)
Source
source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
하나님이 죄인의 죽음을 원하지 않으신다는 것을 다른 말로 확인한다. 이것이 사실임을 증명하는 것은, 복음이 세상에 퍼졌을 뿐만 아니라 하나님이 모든 시대를 통해 자신의 자비를 얼마나 쉽게 내어 주시는지를 증언하기를 원하셨다는 것이다. 율법과 예언자들에서 더 분명하게 증거하셨고, 복음에서 하나님이 어떻게 자신이 베푸신 자비를 그리스도 안에서 주신다고 약속하시며 우리에게 친밀하게 말씀하시는지 듣는다.
하나님이 모든 사람이 구원받기를 원하신다는 방식에 주목해야 한다 — 그들이 자신의 길에서 돌이킬 때이다. 하나님은 선악 사이의 차이를 포기하면서 모든 사람이 구원받기를 원하지는 않으신다. 오히려 회개가 용서에 앞서야 한다. 그러므로 하나님이 어떻게 모든 사람이 구원받기를 원하시는가? 성령이 복음을 통해 오늘날 죄와 의와 심판에 대해 세상을 책망하듯이, 예전에는 율법과 예언자들을 통해 그렇게 하셨다. 하나님이 인류에게 그들의 큰 비참함을 알게 하셔서 그분께 나아오게 하신다. 상처 입히시는 것은 치유하기 위함이요, 죽이시는 것은 생명을 주기 위함이다.
하나님의 선택에 대한 반론이 있을 수 있다 — 그러면 하나님이 특정한 수의 사람들을 구원으로 미리 정하신 것이 아닌가? 그 대답은 예언자가 여기서 하나님의 비밀스러운 뜻에 대해 논하는 것이 아니라, 단지 비참한 사람들을 절망에서 끌어내어 용서의 소망을 붙들고 회개하며 제시된 구원을 받아들이도록 하려 한다는 것이다.
또 다른 반론이 있다 — 하나님이 두 마음으로 행동하시는 것이다. 하나님의 뜻은 단순하지만 우리의 감각에는 큰 다양성이 포함되어 있다는 것이 대답이다. 또한 하나님이 인내 깊이 들여다볼 때 자신의 뜻이 단순함에도 모든 것을 구원하기를 원하시면서도 동시에 모든 불경건한 자들을 영원한 멸망에 정하셨다는 것이 어떻게 이해될 수 있는지 우리의 눈이 강렬한 빛에 어두워지는 것도 놀랍지 않다. 지금은 희미한 거울로 보므로 우리 자신의 지혜의 척도에 만족해야 한다. 하나님처럼 되어 그분을 대면하여 볼 때 지금은 모호한 것이 명확해질 것이다.
원주석
- 번역원본
commentary-section/cal-ezk-18-23-23(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역
24절 카드 ↗
As in the last lecture the Prophet offered to sinners a sure hope of pardon if they heartily repented, and promised that God would be propitious to them as soon as they shall seek reconciliation with him: so now, on the other hand, he pronounces, if the just shall decline from his justice , whatever he has hitherto done, shall not come into the account before God. He urged sinners to repentance when he assured them that God was prepared to pardon them: but he now frightens those who profess for the occasion to be pure and sincere worshipers of God, if they fall back in the midst of their course: as Paul says, Let him who stands take heed lest he fall. ( 1 Corinthians 10:12 .) Besides, we gather from this passage, as Christ teaches, that those only are happy who persevere, ( Matthew 24:13 ;) since a temporary righteousness will never profit those apostates who afterwards turn aside from God. We see, then, how these two clauses unite together, namely, that God invites all who are in danger of perdition with extended arms, and promises them salvation if they heartily return to him. Again, that he may restrain within the bounds of duty those who have made some progress, and correct their sloth and stir up their anxiety, he threatens, that unless they pursue the course of a holy and pious life to the end, their former righteousness will not profit them. But here a question arises, Can a truly just person deflect from the right way? for he who is begotten of God is so free from the tyranny of sin that he devotes himself wholly to righteousness: and then if any do turn aside, they prove that they were always strangers to God. If they had been of us, says John, they would never have gone out from us. ( 1 John 2:19 .) And regeneration is an incorruptible seed: so we must determine that the faithful who are truly regenerate never fall away from righteousness, but are retained by God’s unconquered power: for God’s calling in the elect is without repentance. ( Romans 11:29 .) Hence he continues the course of his grace even to the end. Nor are they to be listened to, who, in contradiction to Scripture, teach that faith is extinct in the elect, when, through its barrenness, they bring forth no fruit. In what sense, then, does Ezekiel mean that the just fall away? That question is easily answered, since he is not here treating of the living root of justice, but of the outward form or appearance, as we commonly say. Paul reminds us that God knows us, but adds, that this seal remains. ( 2 Timothy 2:19 .) God therefore claims to himself alone the difference between the elect and the reprobate, since many seem to be members of his Church who are only outwardly such. And that passage of Augustine is true, that there are many wolves within, and many sheep without. (227) For before God demonstrates his election, the sheep wander, and seem altogether strangers to the hope of salvation. Meanwhile many hypocrites make use of the name of God, and openly boast themselves pre-eminent in the Church, but inwardly they are wolves. But because it often happens that some make the greatest show of piety and justice, the Prophet very properly says, that if such fall away, they cannot boast of their former righteousness before God, since its remembrance will be bloated out. In fine, we see that the word righteousness is referred to our senses, and not to God’s hidden judgment; so that the Prophet does not teach anything but what we perceive daily: for those who seem to excel others desert their calling, shake off every yoke, and cast away the fear of God, and sometimes rush on with diabolical fury. When this result occurs we hear what the Spirit pronounces by the mouth of the Prophet, that none of their righteousness shall be taken into account . But weight is added to his words when he says, if you have turned aside from righteousness, and done according to all the abominations of the impious, (or wicked,) shall he live? For the Prophet separates those who desert God and rush into every wickedness from those who fall through infirmity or want of thought, and from those also who would fall headlong into ruin, unless God preserved them, yet do not utterly cast off his fear, and the desire of living piously and righteously. For example: every one is occasionally off his guard; and hence, in numberless ways, we offend God through error: and hence David exclaims, Who can understand his faults? ( Psalms 19:12 .) We fall of our own accord, since we are often conquered by temptations, even when our consciences accuse us; so that, although sanctified, we decline from the path of uprightness through ignorance, and depart from duty through infirmity. But what is far worse, the saints sometimes rush headlong, as though utterly desperate. For the example of David shows that the elect, although regenerated by God’s Spirit, not only sin to a small extent, but, as I have said, plunge into the very lowest abyss. David became a perfidious homicide, and a traitor to the army of God; then that wretched king fell into a series of crimes: yet he failed in only one thing, and showed that God’s grace was only suffocated within him, and not altogether extinguished. For as soon as Nathan reproves him, he confesses that he had sinned, and is prepared to undergo any punishment which God may inflict. Since, therefore, the saints sometimes fall, the Prophet here stretches forth his hand, lest they should despair, and bears witness that God does not reject them unless they turn aside from their righteousness and commit all the abominations which the impious do. By these words, as we see, he expresses a complete revolt, and he so mitigates the severity of the sentence, lest the minds of those who had only partially relapsed should despond. Now we see the meaning of this language: If he has done according to all the abominations of the wicked, shall he live? says he; all the righteousness which he has done shall not be remembered, because he shall perish
Pericope (part_of)
- part_of
pericope/per-ezk-18-006
절 (explains)
Source
source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
악인에게 회개하라고 권면하신 것처럼, 이제 반대로 의로운 사람도 자기의 의에서 돌아설 경우 이전에 행한 것이 하나님 앞에 기억되지 않을 것이라고 선언하신다. 예언자는 죄인들에게 하나님이 그들을 용서할 준비가 되어 있음을 확인시킴으로써 회개를 권면하였다. 그러나 이제 이전에 어느 정도 진전을 이룬 자들이 자신들의 게으름을 교정하도록, 하나님은 거룩하고 경건한 삶의 과정을 끝까지 추구하지 않으면 이전의 의로움이 그들에게 유익이 되지 않을 것이라고 위협하신다.
여기서 한 가지 질문이 생긴다 — 진실로 의로운 사람이 올바른 길에서 벗어날 수 있는가? 하나님으로부터 난 자는 죄의 지배에서 자유로워 전적으로 의에 헌신하기 때문이다. 만약 그들 중 어떤 이가 돌이선다면, 그들이 항상 하나님께 낯선 자였음을 증명한다. 하나님의 부르심은 후회가 없기 때문이다. 따라서 하나님의 중생 선물에는 항상 인내가 부가된다.
그러면 어떤 의미에서 에스겔은 의인이 떠난다고 말하는가? 의의 살아 있는 뿌리가 아니라 겉모습이나 외양을 이야기한다. 하나님 교회의 지체인 것처럼 보이지만 외적으로만 그러한 자들이 많다. 그러므로 예언자가 의로움에서 떠난다고 말할 때, 우리 감각에 보이는 의로움을 말하는 것이지 하나님의 숨겨진 심판에 관한 것이 아니다. 따라서 예언자는 우리가 날마다 관찰하는 것 이상을 가르치지 않는다. 즉 경건과 의에서 가장 뛰어난 것처럼 보이던 자들이 자기 소명을 버리고, 모든 멍에를 떨쳐 버리며, 하나님의 두려움을 버리고, 때로는 마귀적인 광기로 달려가는 일이 있다는 것이다.
원주석
- 번역원본
commentary-section/cal-ezk-18-24-24(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역
25절 카드 ↗
The Prophet here shows that those who used the vulgar taunt — that the children’s teeth were set on edge, because their fathers had eaten sour grapes — had broken away from all restraint; and nothing further remained to hinder them from uttering their blasphemies arrogantly against God: but their insolence and madness now increases when they say that God’s ways are not equal . And this is discerned in almost all hypocrites: at first they indirectly find fault with God, and yet pretend not to do so: while they endeavor to excuse themselves, they accuse him of injustice, and of too much rigor, yet they do not openly break out into such impiety as to dare to charge God with this crime: but after they profit nothing by their double dealing, the devil inflames them to such a pitch of boldness that they hesitate not openly to condemn God himself. The Prophet refers to this when he says that this disgraceful saying was bandied about among the Israelites, that the ways of the Lord are unequal . Lest, therefore, we should happen to resist God, and to contend with him, let us learn to restrain our rashness in good time before he becomes enraged against us. As soon as any thoughts spring up, tending to reflect upon the character of the Almighty, let us quickly restrain them; for if we do not, they will entangle us by degrees, and draw us into the extremity of folly, and then no sense of either religion or shame will deter us from open rebellion against God. But it is worth while noticing the source of this impiety: first of all, when we think of men’s relation to God, they should be ashamed to rise up against their Maker: for the clay does not cry out against the potter; and we are a hundredfold more insignificant than the clay, with reference to God. ( Isaiah 45:9 ; Romans 9:20 .) But let us come to another consideration. We know with how much greater clearness the angels are able reverently to adore God’s wisdom than the human race. What, therefore, must we do? Not only is God’s wisdom incomprehensible, but his justice is the most perfect rule of all justice. Now, if we desire to pass opinions upon God’s works according to our own perceptions, and to weigh them in our balance, what else are we doing but passing judgment upon him? But we must remember that passage of Isaiah, As I live, says Jehovah, every knee shall bend before me, and every tongue shall swear by me. ( Isaiah 45:23 .) Paul, too, is a faithful interpreter of this sentiment, when he forbids mortals to judge arrogantly, by saying, we shall all stand before the judgment-seat of Christ ( Romans 14:10 .) Since, then, it will be necessary for us to render an account before Christ heavenly tribunal, we must now acquiesce in God’s judgments; because, when at length our license has entirely spent itself, and our petulance has had its full scope, God will be our judge. We see, therefore, that when men claim to themselves the right of daring to pronounce their own opinions on God’s work, they first subject his wisdom to their own fictions, and then feel too much hostility and contempt towards his justice. But this one thing ought to be sufficient, that men are too forgetful of their own condition when they dare to open their mouth against their Maker, not only to murmur, but openly to condemn him, as if they were his superiors. Let us then obey the contrary rule; let us with sobriety and modesty learn to look upon those works of God which are unknown to us, and to concede to him the praise of supreme wisdom, although his counsels seem at first sight contradictory. Hosea also briefly reminds us of this. For after God had promised that he would be merciful to the people, and when he had discoursed on the slaughter which he had inflicted, he says, that at length he would heal them: he adds, Who is wise, and he shall understand these things? ( Hosea 14:9 ;) because many might have thought it inconsistent to remit so many sins for the abandoned people; and others might object that what they heard was utterly incredible and absurd, since God suffered the people to be utterly torn to pieces, so that no hope remained. For this reason, then, the Prophet exclaims, that we have need of rare and singular prudence to comprehend and embrace that teaching. When he says, “who is wise?” it signifies that the number is but small of those who will wait patiently till God really fulfills his promises. Yet he adds, because the ways of the Lord are right, and the just shall walk in them; but the impious shall stumble and perish. When he speaks here of the ways of the Lord, he does not mean only precepts, though the Scriptures often take the word in this sense; but he means the whole order of government which God upholds, and all the judgments which he exercises. He says, therefore, that all the ways of the Lord are right, and the just shall walk in them, since the just will give God the glory calmly, and with the proper docility; and when they are agitated by various doubts, and through their infirmity are ever in a ferment through the force of many temptations, yet they will always repose on the providence of God, and briefly determine, by cutting off every occasion for long and perplexing and thorny questions, that God is just. Thus the just walk in the ways of the Lord, because they submit to all his works. He says also, that the impious stumble and fall; for as soon as they begin to think that God does not act rightly or prudently, they are rebellious, and are carried away by blind impulse, and their pride at length hurries them headlong into madness. Thus they stumble in the ways of the Lord: because, as we see in this passage, they vomit forth their blasphemies against God. Hence we ought, to be influenced by this course of action, namely, adoring with humility the counsel of God, although to us incomprehensible, and attributing the praise of justice to all his works, though in our opinion they may not correspond, or be consistent with each other. — This, th
Pericope (part_of)
- part_of
pericope/per-ezk-18-007
절 (explains)
Source
source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
예언자는 여기서 그 죄악이 명백한데도 감히 하나님께 반역하는 자들의 얼마나 광포한 자들인지를 보여 준다. 하나님의 모든 율법 범죄자들을 징벌하시고 죄인들이 회개하면 그들을 사하실 준비가 되어 있다는 것보다 더 정당한 것이 있겠는가? 의인이 타락하면 벌받는 것도 가혹하게 보이지만, 덕은 인내 없이는 승인될 수 없다는 것이 상식이다. 이 모든 행동 과정에서 너무도 명백하게 하나님이 의롭고 흠이 없으신데, 마치 그분의 길이 불공평한 것처럼 그분을 향해 독신을 퍼붓는 것이 어떤 광기인가! 그러므로 사람들에게 하나님을 거스르는 생각들이 솟아오를 때, 즉시 억제해야 한다. 즉시 억제하지 않으면 차차 얽히게 되어 어리석음의 극단으로 이끌리게 될 것이다.
하나님의 뜻이 우리의 이해보다 훨씬 높다는 것을 배우자. 그분의 지혜는 헤아릴 수 없고, 그분의 정의는 모든 정의의 가장 완전한 규칙이다. 우리가 하나님의 역사들에 대해 우리 자신의 인식에 따라 의견을 내거나 우리의 저울로 달아보려 한다면, 그분을 판단하는 것이다. 우리는 그리스도의 심판대 앞에 서야 한다는 것을 기억하자. 이사야가 말씀하시듯, 여호와가 말씀하신다: "내가 삶으로 맹세하노니 모든 무릎이 내게 꿇을 것이다."
원주석
- 번역원본
commentary-section/cal-ezk-18-25-25(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역
26절 카드 ↗
The Prophet repeats what we formerly saw, namely, that the state of the case turned upon this, Whether the people had any cause of complaint when God absolves those who repent, and condemns the just who desert the course of a pious and holy life? Now, we must always return to this cardinal point, that God rewards every one according to his works, since he offers mercy to all the lost, and demands nothing else but a sincere and hearty return to him. Since, then, God treats the impious with such clemency, and is so ready to pardon them, what is the reason why men contend with him? If the just should retrace his steps, and after having shown some signs of the fear of God, throw off all obedience, who can object when God punishes him, and blots out the remembrance of his former righteousness? God, therefore, determines the result fairly in each case. We have explained how the phrase, the just should turn aside from their righteousness , ought to be understood, not that the elect ever utterly fall away, as many think their faith is extinguished, and every root of piety also in the sons of God; that is too absurd, because, as I have said, the gift of regeneration has perseverance always annexed to it: but here that righteousness which mankind recognize is intended. But we know how frequently it happens that what seemed entirely pure and perfect is deficient. Now, God pronounces that he would punish all who fall away from him, and would be accessible and propitious to miserable sinners who desire to be reconciled to him; and he repeats again, if the wicked have seen and turned away from his wickedness . We must mark this phrase, for it shows that thinking rightly is the commencement of repentance; because, though the reprobate knowingly and willingly transgress God’s law, it is certain that they labor under blindness and madness, so that the Scripture does not call them foolish and beside themselves in vain. He does not extenuate their faults, as if they sinned ignorantly; but he means that they were so blinded by diabolical madness as to think of nothing; for surely horror would immediately possess their minds if they only perceived God to be their adversary, and themselves to be making war with him. For this reason, therefore, when the Prophet describes to us the conversion of the wicked, he says, if he has seen ; that is, if at length he has returned to a sound mind, and collected his senses, so that he may not rush on madly, as he has been accustomed to do, but may look upon both God and himself. It now follows — return to ' Top of Page ' <a name="verse-29" class="com-number"
Pericope (part_of)
- part_of
pericope/per-ezk-18-007
절 (explains)
Source
source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
예언자는 이전에 우리가 본 것을 반복한다 — 즉 하나님이 회개하는 자들을 죄 없다 하시고 경건하고 거룩한 삶의 과정을 버리는 의인을 정죄하시는 데 있어 불평할 이유가 없다는 것이다. 우리는 항상 이 핵심 지점으로 돌아와야 한다. 하나님은 모든 잃어버린 자들에게 자비를 제공하시고, 그들이 진심으로 그분께 돌아오는 것 이상을 요구하지 않으신다. 회개한 악인들에게 그런 관용을 베푸시고 그들을 기꺼이 용서하시는 분이신데, 무슨 이유로 사람들이 그분과 다투겠는가?
원주석
- 번역원본
commentary-section/cal-ezk-18-26-26(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역
29절 카드 ↗
Here God briefly shows how furious those are who dare to rebel against him even when his justice is manifest: for what can be desired more justly than that God should punish all the transgressors of his law? and also, if sinners repent, that he should be prepared to pardon them? But if it seems hard that punishment should overtake the just if they fall away, common sense dictates that no virtue can be approved without perseverance. Since, therefore, it is very clear throughout this course of action, that God is just and without blame, what madness it is to vomit forth blasphemies against him, as if his ways were unjust! But God shows in one word, as I have mentioned, that the Israelites had no excuse for such dishonesty and impudence; and he repeats what he had formerly said, that men would always be guilty of rashness in insolently cursing God when their own ways are found oblique and perverse: but God will sufficiently vindicate his own ways. But we must add what follows — return to ' Top of Page ' <a name="verse-30" class="com-number"
Pericope (part_of)
- part_of
pericope/per-ezk-18-007
절 (explains)
Source
source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
하나님은 자신의 정의가 나타났는데도 감히 그분께 반역하는 자들이 얼마나 광포한가를 한 마디로 보여 주신다. 모든 율법 범죄자들을 징벌하고 죄인들이 회개하면 그들을 사할 준비가 되어 있다는 것이 가장 공의로운 일이다. 의인이 경건하고 거룩한 삶을 끝까지 추구하지 않아 타락하면 벌받는 것도 상식이 그것을 가르친다. 이 모든 행동 과정에서 너무도 명백하게 하나님이 의롭고 흠이 없으신데, 마치 그분의 길이 불공평한 것처럼 독신을 퍼붓는 것은 어리석음이다.
원주석
- 번역원본
commentary-section/cal-ezk-18-29-29(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역
30절 카드 ↗
Here God precisely points out that he would discharge the office of judge, and then he reduces the Israelites to order, and refutes their audacity: for, as long as men do not feel God’s judgments hanging over them, and are not held completely in cheek, they grow restive in their petulance. We see how ferocious and wanton the reprobate are, because they are not held in by the fear of punishment, nor do they dread the judgments of God. Hence that he may take away every vestige of excuse, he says, I will be your judge: plead now; but I will decide your strives in one word, since each of you shall be judged by my will. It is certain, then, that God here asserts for himself the praise of justice and rectitude; but at the same time he brings forward his own authority, that he may strike terror into those who thus madly dare to oppose his sway, and call upon him to render an account. Now, therefore, we understand in what sense he says that he will judge them all according to their ways ; that is, although you do not confess yourselves worthy of destruction, it is sufficient that I, as the lawful judge, pronounce you so. I will judge you justly, therefore, since I pronounce sentence according to your ways and to my supreme power, that all your complaints and murmurs may cease. He afterwards exhorts them to repentance, and signifies that they have no other remedy than being dissatisfied with their sins, and deprecating his wrath. Hence we collect that men rebel so extravagantly against God, while they wander away from themselves, since, if they descended within themselves, and sincerely examined their whole life, they would be instantly humbled before God; hence that thought should stimulate them to repentance: but because their conscience is stupid, and they are willingly brutish, they boldly blaspheme God. On the other hand, God now offers a remedy on their repentance and return from their wickedness. The word being converted, or return, refers to the renovation of the mind and heart: for this also is the beginning of repentance, that we should be inwardly renewed in mind, as Paul says, and so be made new men. ( Ephesians 4:22 .) And this deserves notice, because many, when repentance is spoken of, fix their eyes only on the outward fruits of penitence. But we must begin at the root, as the Prophet teaches, by saying be you converted . But he afterwards adds, והשיבו , veheshibu , and return. This second word ought to be referred to the fruits of penitence; for as interior conversion comes first in order, when we leave off our peculiar vices, and renounce flesh and blood, the fruits and proofs of repentance thought to follow, as John said, Bring forth fruits as witnesses to your repentance. ( Matthew 3:8 ; Luke 3:8 .) We see, then, that the Prophet begins with purity of heart, and then comes to hands, as the Scripture elsewhere says, flint is, to outward works. He says, from all your iniquities or crimes, to show that a partial repentance is not approved by God. It is true, indeed, that even those who strive with all their might to act rightly, do not succeed in discharging their duty without many faults remaining; but we are not treating here of perfection, but only of sincere affection and serious endeavors. Let us then only strive seriously to return into the way, and to humble ourselves calmly and sincerely: this is the integrity which the Prophet now requires. return to ' Top of Page ' <a name="verse-31" class="com-number"
Pericope (part_of)
- part_of
pericope/per-ezk-18-007
절 (explains)
Source
source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
하나님은 자신이 심판자의 직을 행할 것이라고 정확히 지적하시고, 이스라엘 사람들을 제자리로 돌아오게 하시고 그들의 뻔뻔함을 논박하신다. 불경건한 자들이 형벌에 대한 두려움으로 완전히 제어받지 않는 한, 그리고 하나님의 심판을 두려워하지 않는 한, 그들은 방자함 속에서 유순해지지 않는다. 그러므로 모든 변명의 흔적을 제거하기 위해 하나님이 말씀하신다: "내가 너희의 심판자이다." 이제 변론하라. 그러나 나는 한마디로 너희의 다툼을 결정할 것이다 — 각자가 내 뜻대로 심판받을 것이기 때문이다.
그 다음에 회개를 권면하시며, 그들에게 다른 치료책이 없다는 것을 보여 주신다. 사람들이 자기 자신 안에 내려가서 자기 삶을 진실하게 검토한다면 즉시 하나님 앞에 겸손해질 것이다. 따라서 그 생각이 그들을 회개로 자극해야 한다. "하나님의 길에서 돌이켜라." 히브리어 단어는 "돌이키다"와 "돌아오다" 두 가지이다. 마음의 내적 회심이 먼저 오는데, 하나님께 돌이키는 것을 의미한다. 그 다음에는 열매들이 이어진다. 바울도 이를 지적한다 — 마음이 새로워지는 것에서 시작된다. "너희의 모든 죄에서"라는 말은 부분적인 회개가 하나님께 승인되지 않음을 보여 준다. 우리가 주목해야 할 것은 완전함이 아니라 진실한 감정과 진지한 노력이다.
원주석
- 번역원본
commentary-section/cal-ezk-18-30-30(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역
31절 카드 ↗
Ezekiel again exhorts the people to leave off complaining, and to acknowledge that there is no remedy for their evils but to be reconciled to God. But that cannot be done unless they repent. For God was not hostile to them in vain; nor did he, after the manner of men, persecute with hatred the innocent, and those who did not deserve it. Hence it was necessary to seek God’s pardon suppliantly. Ezekiel had already touched upon this, but he now confirms it more at length. He says, therefore, that they not only lost their labor, but increased the flame of God’s wrath by striving with him, and complaining that they were unworthily treated by him: cast forth , says he, your iniquities from you . He shows that the cause of all evils is within themselves: so that they have no excuse. But he afterwards expresses more clearly that they were entirely imbued with contempt of God, impiety, and depraved desires. For if he had only spoken of outward wickedness, the reproof would have been partial, and therefore lighter; but after he commanded them to bid farewell to their sins, he adds, make yourselves a new heart and a new spirit . He requires, therefore, from them a thorough renewal, so that they should not only conform their life to the rule of the law, but should fear God sincerely, since no one can produce good fruit but from a living root. Outward works, then, are the fruits of repentance, which must spring from some root; and this is the inward affection of the heart. What is added is to refute their impiety, for they wished their destruction to be ascribed to God. Here God takes up the character of a mourner, saying, Why will ye die, O house of Israel? while the next verse confirms this more clearly. return to ' Top of Page ' <a name="verse-32" class="com-number"
Pericope (part_of)
- part_of
pericope/per-ezk-18-007
절 (explains)
Source
source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
에스겔은 다시 백성에게 불평을 그만두고 자신들의 악과 화해하기 위해서는 하나님께 화해받는 것밖에는 다른 해결책이 없음을 인정하도록 권면한다. 회개하지 않으면 그것은 불가능하다. "너희의 범죄한 것들을 너희에게서 던져 버리라." 그분은 모든 악의 원인이 그들 자신 안에 있음을 보여 주신다. 더 명확하게 말씀하신다 — "새 마음과 새 영을 너희에게 만들라." 그분은 단지 외적인 삶의 변화가 아니라 철저한 갱신을 요구하신다. 선한 열매는 선한 뿌리에서 나오기 때문이다. 외적인 행위들이 회개의 열매로 뒤따라야 한다.
원주석
- 번역원본
commentary-section/cal-ezk-18-31-31(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역
32절 카드 ↗
We see, therefore, how God throws off that false reproach from himself with which the children of Israel taunted him, saying, that they perished by his immoderate rigor, and could find no reason for his severity against them. He announces, on the other hand, that the cause of death rested with themselves; and then he points out the remedy, that they should amend their life, not only in outward appearance, but in sincerity of heart: and at the same time he testifies of his willingness to be entreated; nay, he meets them of his own accord, if they only repent heartily and unfeignedly. We now understand the Prophet’s meaning. We said, that we are admonished in this way, that if we desire to return to God we must begin at the beginning, namely, renewal of the heart and spirit; because, as Jeremiah says, he looks for truth and integrity, and does not value outward disguises. ( Jeremiah 5:3 .) But it may seem absurd for God to exhort the Israelites to form their hearts anew : and men badly trained in the Scriptures erect their crests under the pretense of this passage, as if it were in the power of man’s free will to convert himself. They exclaim, therefore, either that God here exhorts his people deceitfully, or else that when alienated from him we can by our own movement repent, and return into the way. But the whole Scripture openly refutes this. It is not in vain that the saints so often pray that God would renew them; ( Psalms 51:12 , and very often elsewhere;) for it would be a feigned and a lying prayer, if newness of heart were not his gift. If any one requests of God what he is persuaded that he has already, and by his own inherent virtue, does he not trifle with God? But nothing occurs more frequently than this mode of entreaty. Since therefore, the saints pray to God to renew them, they doubtless confess that to be his peculiar gift; and unless he moves his hand, they have no strength remaining, so that they can never rise from the ground. Besides, in many passages God claims the renewal of the heart as peculiar to himself. We noticed that remarkable passage in the eleventh chapter of this Prophet, ( Ezekiel 11:19 ,) he will repeat the same in the thirty-sixth chapter, ( Ezekiel 36:26 ;) and we know what Jeremiah says in his thirty-first chapter, ( Jeremiah 31:33 .) But Scripture is everywhere full of testimonies of this kind, so that it would be superfluous to heap together many passages; nay, if any one denies that regeneration is a gift of the Holy Spirit, he will tear up by the roots all the principles of piety. We have said that regeneration is like another creation; and if we compare it with the first creation, it far surpasses it. For it is much better for us to be made children of God, and reformed after his image within us, than to be created mortal: for we are born children of wrath, corrupt and degenerate; ( Ephesians 2:3 ;) since all integrity was lost when God’s image was removed. We see, then, the nature of our first creation; but when God re-fashions us, we are not only born sons of Adam, but we are the brothers of angels, and members of Christ; and this our second life consists in rectitude, justice, and the light of true intelligence. We now see that if it had been in man’s free will to convert himself, much more would be ascribed to him than to God, because, as we have said, it was much more valuable to be created sons of God than of Adam. It ought, then, to be beyond all controversy with the pious that men cannot rise again when they are fallen, and turn of themselves when alienated from God; but this is the peculiar gift of the Holy Spirit. And the sophists, who in all ways endeavor to obscure God’s grace, confess that half the act of conversion is in the power of the Holy Spirit: for they do not say that we are simply and totally converted by the motion of our own free will, but they imagine a concurrence of grace with free will, and of free will with grace. Thus they foolishly represent us as cooperating with God: they confess, indeed, that God’s grace goes before and follows; and they seem to themselves very liberal towards God when they acknowledge this twofold grace in man’s conversion. But God is not content with that partition, since he is deprived of half his right: for he does not say that he would assist men to renew themselves and to repent; but he attributes the work to himself entirely: I will give you a new heart and a new spirit. ( Ezekiel 36:26 .) If it is his to give, it follows that the slightest portion of it cannot be transferred to man without diminishing something from his right. But they object that the following precept is not in vain, that men should make for themselves a new heart . Now their deception arises through ignorance, from their judging of the powers of men by the commands of God; but the inference is incorrect, as we have said elsewhere: for when God teaches what is right, he does not think of what we are able to do, but only shows us what we ought to do. When, therefore, the power of our free will is estimated by the precepts of God, we make a great mistake, because God exacts from us the strict discharge of our duty, just as if our power of obedience was not defective. We are not absolved from our obligation because we cannot pay it; for God holds us bound to himself, although we are in every way deficient. They object again, God then deludes men when he says, make yourselves a new heart. I answer, we must always consider to what purpose God thus speaks, namely, that men convicted of sin may cease to throw the blame on any one else, as they often endeavor to do; for nothing is more natural than to transfer the cause of our condemnation away from ourselves, that we may seem just, and God appear unjust. Since, then, such depravity reigns among men, hence the Holy Spirit demands from us what all acknowledge they ought to pay: and if we do not pay it, still we are bound to do so, and thus all strife and complaint should cease. T
Pericope (part_of)
- part_of
pericope/per-ezk-18-007
절 (explains)
Source
source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
"왜 이스라엘 집이여 너희가 죽으려 하느냐?" 하나님이 자신에게 억울하게 뒤집어씌운 거짓 비난을 물리치시는 모습이다. 이스라엘 자녀들은 하나님이 그들을 지나친 가혹함으로 인해 죽어 가고 있으며 자신들은 그것에 어떤 이유를 찾지 못한다고 스스로를 달래었다. 반면에 하나님은 죽음의 원인이 그들 자신 안에 있음을 선언하신다. 또한 그들에게 치료책을 보여 주신다 — 외적으로만이 아니라 진정으로 삶을 교정하는 것 — 동시에 기꺼이 그들의 청을 들으실 것을 증언하신다.
이제 "새 마음을 만들라"는 것이 사람의 자유의지 능력에 있다고 경솔하게 주석을 달아서는 안 된다. 성도들이 하나님께 갱신시켜 달라고 기도하는 것이 얼마나 많은가. 만약 그것이 이미 그들 안에 있고 본래의 덕으로 갖고 있다면, 그 기도는 거짓이고 거짓말하는 것이다. 더욱이 여러 구절에서 하나님이 마음의 갱신을 자신의 특별한 사역으로 주장하신다. 하나님이 이 예언자의 11장에서 말씀하셨고, 36장에서 같은 것을 반복하실 것이다. 예레미야 31장에서도 같은 내용이 있다. 중생이 성령의 선물이 아니라는 것을 부정한다면, 경건의 모든 원리들을 뿌리까지 뽑아버리는 것이다.
중생은 첫 번째 창조와 같다. 그리고 우리가 그것을 첫 번째 창조와 비교한다면 훨씬 더 뛰어나다. 아담의 자녀로 창조되는 것보다 하나님의 자녀가 되어 그분의 형상으로 다시 만들어지는 것이 훨씬 더 낫기 때문이다. 사람의 자유의지로 스스로 회심할 수 있다면, 하나님보다 그에게 더 많이 귀속되게 된다. 따라서 타락하였을 때 다시 일어서지 못하고 하나님에게서 떠났을 때 스스로 돌이키지 못한다는 것이 경건한 자들에게 논란이 없어야 한다 — 이것이 성령의 특별한 선물이다.
그러나 소피스트들은 이렇게 반박할 것이다 — 그렇다면 하나님이 사람들에게 새 마음을 만들라고 권면하시는 것이 거짓이다. 그 속임수는 그들이 하나님의 명령으로 사람의 능력을 판단한다는 무지에서 비롯된다. 하나님이 명하시는 것이 의무인지를 알려 주실 때 우리가 그 의무를 이행할 능력을 생각하시는 것이 아니다. 우리의 능력이 결함이 있기 때문에 의무에서 면제되지 않는다. 하나님은 우리가 모든 면에서 부족하더라도 우리를 자신에게 붙들어 두신다. 하나님이 새 마음을 만들라고 말씀하시는 것은 사람들이 죄 없음을 주장하고 하나님은 불의하다고 고발하는 것을 막기 위해서이다.
원주석
- 번역원본
commentary-section/cal-ezk-18-32-32(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역