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Here Micah begins his address to the faithful, who were a remnant among that people; for though the infection had nearly extended over the whole body, there were yet a few, we know, who sincerely worshipped God. Hence Micah, that he might not dishearten God’s children by extreme terror, reasonably adds what we have now heard, — that though for a time the temple would be demolished and laid waste, it would yet be only for a season, for the Lord would be again mindful of his covenant. When, therefore, the Prophet had hitherto spoken of God’s dreadful vengeance, he directed his discourse to the whole people and to the princess; but now, especially, and as it were apart, addresses the pious and sincere servants of God; as though he said, “There is now a reason why I should speak to the few: I have hitherto spoken of the near judgment of God on the king’s counselors, the priests and the prophets; in short, on the whole community, because they are all become wicked and ungodly; a contempt of God and an irreclaimable obstinacy have pervaded the whole body. Let them therefore have what they have deserved. But now I address the children of God by themselves, for I have something to say to them.” For though the Prophet publicly proclaimed this promise, there is yet no doubt but that he had regard only to the children of God, for others were not capable of receiving this consolation; nay, he had shortly before condemned the extreme security of hypocrites, inasmuch as they leaned upon God; that is, relied on a false pretense of religion, in thinking that they were redeemed by a lawful price when they had offered their sacrifices. And we know that we meet with the same thing in the writings of the Prophets, and that it is a practice common among them to add consolations to threatening, not for the sake of the whole people, but to sustain the faithful in their hope, who would have despaired, had not a helping hand been stretched forth to them: for the faithful, we know, tremble, as soon as God manifests any token of wrath; for the more any one is touched with the fear of God, the more he dreads his judgment, and fears on account of his threatening. We hence see how necessary it is to moderate threatenings and terrors, when prophets and teachers have a regard to the children of God; for, as I have said, they are without these fearful enough. Let us then know that Micah has hitherto directed his discourse to the wicked despisers of God, who yet put on the cloak of religion; but now he turns his address to the true and pious worshipers of God. And he further so addresses the faithful of his age, that his doctrine especially belongs to us now; for how has it been, that the kingdom of God has been propagated through all parts of the earth? How has it been, that the truth of the gospel has come to us, and that we are made partakers with the ancient people of the same adoption, except that this prophecy has been fulfilled? Then the calling of the Gentiles, and consequently our salvation, is included in this prophecy. But the Prophet says, And it shall be in the extremity of days, (114) that the mount of the house of Jehovah shall be set in order (115) on the top of mountains The extremity of days the Prophet no doubt calls the coming of Christ, for then it was that the Church of God was built anew; in short, since it was Christ that introduced the renovation of the world, his advent is rightly called a new age; and hence it is also said to be the extremity of days: and this mode of expression very frequently occurs in Scripture; and we know that the time of the gospel is expressly called the last days and the last time by John, ( John 2:18 ,) as well as by the author of the Epistle to the Hebrews, ( Hebrews 1:2 ,) and also by Paul, ( 2 Timothy 3:1 ;) and this way of speaking they borrowed from the prophets. On this subject some remarks were made on Joel 2:0 . Paul gives us the reason for this mode of speaking in 1 Corinthians 10:11 : “Upon whom,” he says, “the ends of the world are come.” As Christ then brought in the completion of all things at his coming, the Prophet rightly says that it would be the last days when God would restore his Church by the hand of the Redeemer. At the same time, Micah no doubt intended to intimate that the time of God’s wrath would not be short, but designed to show that its course would be for a long time. It shall then be in the last of days; that is, when the Lord shall have executed his vengeance by demolishing the temple, by destroying the city, and by reducing the holy place into a solitude, this dreadful devastation shall continue, not for one year, nor for two; in a word, it will not remain only for forty or fifty years, but the Lord will let loose the reins of his wrath, that their minds may long languish, and that no restoration may be evident. We now then understand the Prophet’s design as to the last days. He calls the mount, the mount of the house of Jehovah, (116) in a sense different from what he did before; for then it was, as we have stated by way of concession; and now he sets forth the reason why God did not wish wholly to cast aside that mount; for he commanded his temple to be built there. It is the same, then, as though he said, — “This ought not to be ascribed to the holiness of the mountain, as if it excelled other mountains in dignity; but because there the temple was founded, not by the authority of men, but by a celestial oracle, as it is sufficiently known.” The mount then of the house of Jehovah shall be set in order on the top of the mountains, that is it shall surpass in height all other mountains; and it shall be raised, he says , above the highest summits, and assemble (117) there shall all nations. It is certain, that by these words of the Prophet is to be understood no visible eminence of situation: for that mount was not increased at the coming of Christ; and they who lived in the time of the Prophet entertained no gross idea of this kind. But
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여기서 미가는 신실한 자들에게, 즉 저 백성 가운데 남은 자들에게 말하기 시작한다. 비록 감염이 거의 온 몸에 퍼졌지만, 우리는 하나님을 진심으로 예배하는 소수가 여전히 있었음을 안다. 그러므로 미가는 하나님의 자녀들이 극도의 두려움으로 낙심하지 않도록, 이제 우리가 들은 것을 합리적으로 덧붙인다 — 성전이 잠시 허물어지고 황폐하게 될 것이지만 그것은 잠깐이며, 주님이 다시 자신의 언약을 기억하실 것이라고.
선지자가 지금까지 하나님의 두려운 진노에 대해 말할 때는 온 백성과 군주들에게 담론을 향했다. 그러나 이제 특별히 그리고 말하자면 따로 경건하고 진실한 하나님의 종들에게 말한다. 마치 이렇게 말하는 것 같다: "이제 나는 소수에게 말해야 할 이유가 있다. 나는 지금까지 왕의 고문들과 제사장들과 선지자들에 대한, 한마디로 온 공동체에 대한 하나님의 임박한 심판에 대해 말했다. 그들 모두가 사악하고 불경하게 되었기 때문이다. 그러므로 그들이 받을 만한 것을 가지게 하라. 이제 나는 하나님의 자녀들에게 따로 말하겠다."
비록 선지자가 이 약속을 공개적으로 선포했지만, 그가 하나님의 자녀들만을 생각했음은 의심의 여지가 없다. 다른 이들은 이 위로를 받을 능력이 없었기 때문이다. 아니 그는 바로 앞에서 위선자들의 극도의 안전감을 정죄했다. 그들이 하나님께 의지했는데, 즉 율법적인 제물들을 드렸을 때 정당한 값으로 구속받았다고 생각하며 종교의 거짓된 구실에 의존했기 때문이다.
선지자들의 저술에서도 우리는 같은 것을 만나는데, 위협에 위로를 더하는 것이 그들 사이에서 일반적인 관행이다 — 온 백성을 위해서가 아니라 소망을 잃어 버렸을 신실한 자들을 지탱하기 위해. 도움의 손이 그들에게 뻗치지 않았다면 절망했을 그들을. 우리는 신실한 자들이 하나님이 진노의 표시를 나타내는 즉시 두려워한다는 것을 안다. 어떤 사람이 하나님을 더 두려워하면 할수록, 그의 심판을 더 두렵게 여기고 그분의 위협 때문에 더 두려워한다. 그러므로 선지자들과 교사들이 하나님의 자녀들을 생각할 때 위협과 두려움을 완화하는 것이 얼마나 필요한지를 우리는 본다.
그러므로 미가가 지금까지 종교의 외관을 걸치고 있었던 사악한 하나님의 멸시자들에게 담론을 향했음을 알자. 그러나 이제 그는 하나님의 참되고 경건한 예배자들에게 말을 돌린다. 그리고 그는 자신의 시대의 신실한 자들에게 말하지만, 그의 교리는 특히 지금 우리에게 속한다. 하나님의 왕국이 어떻게 지상의 모든 부분으로 퍼졌는가? 복음의 진리가 어떻게 우리에게 이르렀으며 우리가 어떻게 옛 백성과 같은 입양에 참여자가 되었는가? 이 예언이 성취되지 않았다면 어떻게 이루어졌겠는가? 그러므로 이방인들의 소명, 따라서 우리의 구원이 이 예언에 포함되어 있다.
"말일에 이르러서는 여호와의 전의 산이 산들의 꼭대기에 굳게 서겠다." 이 '말일'을 선지자는 의심할 여지 없이 그리스도의 오심이라 부른다. 그때가 하나님의 교회가 새롭게 세워진 때이기 때문이다. 그리스도가 세상의 새롭게 됨을 가져오셨으므로, 그분의 강림은 당연히 새 시대라 불린다. 그래서 그것이 말일이라고도 불린다. 이 표현 방식이 성경에 매우 자주 등장한다. 복음의 때가 요한(요일 2:18), 히브리서 저자(히 1:2), 바울(딤후 3:1)에 의해 명시적으로 마지막 날들과 마지막 때라 불린다는 것을 우리는 안다. 이 말하기 방식은 선지자들에게서 빌려온 것이다. 바울은 이 표현 방식의 이유를 고린도전서 10:11에서 준다: "세말을 만난 우리에게…" 그리스도가 자신의 오심에 모든 것의 완성을 가져오셨으므로, 선지자가 그 구속자의 손으로 하나님이 자신의 교회를 회복하실 때 그것이 마지막 날들이 될 것이라고 말하는 것은 당연하다.
동시에 미가는 하나님의 진노의 때가 짧지 않을 것임을, 즉 그것이 오랫동안 지속될 것임을 암시하려 했음이 의심할 여지 없다. "말일에 이르러서는." 즉 주님이 성전을 허무시고 도성을 멸하시고 거룩한 장소를 황폐로 만드시는 복수를 집행하신 후, 이 두려운 황폐가 1년도 2년도 지속되지 않을 것이다. 40년이나 50년에 그치지 않을 것이다. 주님이 자신의 진노의 고삐를 풀어서 그들의 마음이 오래 쇠잔하게 하시고 회복의 조짐이 보이지 않게 하실 것이다.
"여호와의 전의 산"을 그는 앞에서와 다른 의미로 부른다. 앞에서는 양보로 말했다. 이제 그는 왜 하나님이 그 산을 완전히 버리기를 원치 않으셨는지의 이유를 제시한다. 거기서 성전이 세워졌기 때문이다. 이것은 마치 이렇게 말하는 것 같다 — "이것은 그 산의 거룩함에 돌려져서는 안 된다, 마치 그것이 다른 산들보다 존엄에서 탁월한 것처럼. 성전이 거기 세워진 것은 사람들의 권위가 아니라 천상의 신탁으로 된 것이기 때문이다." 그러면 여호와의 전의 산이 산들의 꼭대기에 굳게 설 것이다. 즉 높이에서 다른 모든 산들을 능가할 것이다. 그리고 모든 민족이 거기로 모일 것이다.
이 선지자의 말로 지역의 가시적 높음이 이해되어야 하지 않음은 확실하다. 그 산이 그리스도의 오심에 높아지지 않았기 때문이다. 선지자의 시대에 살았던 자들도 이런 종류의 조야한 생각을 갖지 않았다.
원주석
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commentary-section/cal-mic-4-1-1(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역
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There follows, however, a fuller explanation, when he says, that many nations would come He said only before that nations would come: but as David, even in his age, made some nations tributary to himself, the Prophet here expresses something more, — that many nations would come; as if he had said, “Though David subjugated some people to himself, yet the borders of his kingdom were narrow and confined, compared with the largeness of that kingdom which the Lord will establish at the coming of his Messiah: for not a few nations but many shall assemble to serve him, and shall say,” etc. The Prophet now shows that it would be a spiritual kingdom. When David subdued the Moabites and the Amorites, and others, he imposed a certain tribute to be paid annually but he was not able to establish among them the pure and legitimate worship of God, nor was he able to unite them in one faith. Then the Moabites and other nations, though they paid a tribute to David, did not yet worship the true God, but continued ever alienated from the Church. But our Prophet shows that the kingdom, which God would set up at the coming of the Messiah, would be spiritual. For they shall say, (118) Let us you and ascend to the mount of Jehovah, and to the house of the God of Jacob; and he will teach us of his ways, and we will walk in his paths: for, go (119) forth shall a law from Zion, and the word of Jehovah from Jerusalem Throughout this passage the Prophet teaches us, that people are not to be constrained by an armed force, or by the power of the sword, to submit to David’s posterity, but that they are to be really and thoroughly reformed, so that they submit themselves to God, unite with the body of the Church, and become one people with the children of Abraham; for they will yield a voluntary service, and embracing the teaching of the Law, they will renounce their own superstitions. This then is the Prophet’s meaning. But the remainder we shall defer till to-morrow. (118) Marckius says, “ corde, ore, et opere — with the heart, mouth, and in deed.” (119) כי , ki, for, or because: what follows contains the reason for the preceding promise. How could it be, that the mount of the house of Jehovah should be firmly fixed on the top of mountains, etc.? The answer is here given, “for go forth shall a law from Zion,” etc. And this was literally fulfilled at the commencement of the Gospel; it was first preached at Jerusalem: in consequence of this, the mount of Jehovah’s house, or the Church, was formed; and what is here predicted was in part fulfilled, and will no doubt be hereafter more completely fulfilled. It is said, “on top of the mountains,” not of a mountain. The Church was not to be confined to one place, but was to be preeminent throughout the earth. It was to be coextensive with the word that was to go forth from Zion. — Ed. return to ' Top of Page ' <a name="verse-3" class="com-number"
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그러나 더 충분한 설명이 따라온다. 많은 민족이 올 것이라고 말할 때. 그는 앞에서 민족들이 올 것이라고만 말했다. 그러나 다윗도 자신의 시대에 일부 민족들을 자신에게 조공을 바치게 했으므로, 선지자는 여기서 더 많은 것을 표현한다 — 많은 민족이 올 것이라고. 마치 이렇게 말하는 것 같다: "다윗이 일부 사람들을 자신에게 예속시켰지만, 그의 왕국의 경계는 주님이 자신의 메시아 오심에 세우실 왕국의 광대함에 비해 좁고 제한되어 있었다. 소수의 민족이 아니라 많은 민족이 그분을 섬기기 위해 모일 것이다." 그런 다음 선지자는 그것이 영적 왕국일 것임을 보여 준다.
다윗이 모압 사람들과 아모리 사람들과 다른 이들을 정복했을 때, 그는 매년 납부되는 일정한 조공을 부과했다. 그러나 그들 가운데 순수하고 합법적인 하나님의 예배를 세울 수 없었고, 하나의 믿음으로 그들을 하나로 만들 수 없었다. 모압 사람들과 다른 민족들이 다윗에게 조공을 바쳤지만, 참 하나님을 예배하지는 않았고 교회에서 언제나 소외되어 있었다. 그러나 우리 선지자는 하나님이 메시아 오심에 세우실 왕국이 영적일 것임을 보여 준다.
"우리가 여호와의 산에, 야곱의 하나님의 전에 오르자, 그가 그의 도로 우리에게 가르치실 것이라, 우리가 그 길로 행하리라." 이 구절 전체에서 선지자는 우리에게 가르친다. 백성은 무장된 힘이나 칼의 권능으로 다윗의 후손에게 복종하도록 강제되는 것이 아니다. 실제로 그리고 철저하게 변화되어 하나님께 복종하고 교회의 몸에 연합하여 아브라함의 자녀들과 하나의 백성이 될 것이다. 그들이 자발적인 섬김을 드릴 것이며, 율법의 가르침을 받아들여 자신들의 미신들을 버릴 것이기 때문이다. 이것이 선지자의 의미다.
"이는 율법이 시온에서부터 나오고 여호와의 말씀이 예루살렘에서부터 나올 것임이니라." '키'(כי)는 '왜냐하면'을 의미한다. 앞에 나온 약속의 이유가 여기에 담겨 있다. 여호와의 전의 산이 어떻게 산들의 꼭대기에 굳게 설 수 있는가? 그 대답이 여기에 주어진다. "율법이 시온에서부터 나올 것이기 때문이다." 이것은 복음의 시작에 문자적으로 성취되었다. 복음은 먼저 예루살렘에서 전파되었다. 이 결과로 여호와의 전의 산, 즉 교회가 형성되었다. 여기서 예언된 것이 부분적으로 성취되었으며 의심할 여지 없이 이후에 더 완전히 성취될 것이다.
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commentary-section/cal-mic-4-2-2(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역
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The Prophet here describes the fruit of Divine truth, — that God would restore all nations to such gentleness, that they would study to cultivate fraternal peace among themselves, and that all would consult the good of others, having laid aside every desire for doing harm. As then he has lately showed, that the Church of God could not be otherwise formed than by the Word, and that the legitimate worship of God cannot be set up and continued, except where God is honored with the obedience of faith; so now he shows that Divine truth produces this effect, — that they, who before lived in enmity towards one another and burned with the lust of doing harm, being full of cruelty and avarice, will now, having their disposition changed, devote themselves wholly to acts of kindness. But, before the Prophet comes to this subject, he says, — He will judge (122) among many people, and will reprove strong nations. The word judge, in Hebrew, means the same as to rule or govern. It is certain that God is spoken of here: it is then the same as though the Prophet had said that though the nations had not hitherto obeyed God, they would now own him as king and submit to his government. God has indeed ever governed the world by his hidden providence, as he does still govern it: for how much soever the devil and the ungodly may rage; nay, how ever much they may boil with unbridled fury, there is no doubt but that God restrains and checks their madness by his hidden bridle. But the Scripture speaks of God’s kingdom in two respects. God does indeed govern the devil and all the wicked, but not by his word, nor by the sanctifying power of his Spirit: it is so done, that they obey God, not willingly, but against their will. The peculiar government of God is that of his Church only, where, by his word and Spirit, He bends the hearts of men to obedience, so that they follow him voluntarily and willingly, being taught inwardly and outwardly, — inwardly by the influence of the Spirit, — outwardly by the preaching of the word. Hence it is said in Psalms 110:0 , ‘Thy willing people shall then assemble.’ This is the government that is here described by the Prophet; God then shall judge; not as he judges the world, but he will, in a peculiar manner, make them obedient to himself so that they will look for nothing else than to be wholly devoted to him. But as men must first be subdued before they render to God such obedience, the Prophet expressly adds, And he will reprove (corripiet) or convince (arguet) many people . And this sentence ought to be carefully noticed; for we hence learn, that such is our innate pride, that not one of us can become a fit disciple to God, except we be by force subdued. Truth then would of itself freeze amidst such corruption as we have, except the Lord proved us guilty, except he prepared us beforehand, as it were, by violent measures. We now then perceive the design of the Prophet in connecting reproof with the government of God: for the verb יכח , ikech, signifies sometimes to expostulate, to convince, and sometimes to correct or reprove. (123) In short, the wickedness and perversity of our flesh are here implied; for even the best of us would never offer themselves to God, without being first subdued, and that by God’s powerful correction. This, then, is the beginning of the kingdom of Christ. But when he says, that strong nations would be reproved, he hereby eulogizes and sets forth the character of the kingdom of which he speaks: and we hence learn the power of truth, — that strong men, when thus reproved, shall offer themselves, without any resistance, to be ruled by God. Correction is indeed necessary, but God employs no external force, nor any armed power, when he makes the Church subject to himself: and yet he collects strong nations. Hence then is seen the power of truth: for where there is strength, there is confidence and arrogance, and also rebellious opposition. Since then the Lord, without any other helps, thus corrects the perverseness of men, we hence see with what inconceivable power God works, when he gathers his own Church. It is to be added, that there is not the least doubt, but that this is to be applied to the person of Christ. Micah speaks of God, without mentioning Christ by name; for he was not yet manifested in the flesh: but we know that in his person has this been fulfilled, — that God has governed the universe, and subjected to himself the people of the whole world. We hence conclude that Christ is true God; for he is not only a minister to the Father, as Moses, or any one of the Prophets; but he is the supreme King of his Church. Before I proceed to notice the fruit, the expression, רחוק עד , od rechuk, “afar off” must be observed. It may intimate a length of time as well as distance of place. Jonathan applies it to a long continuance of time, — that God would convince men to the end of the world. But the Prophet, I doubt not, intended to include the most distant countries; as though he had said, that God would not be the king of one people only, or of Judea alone, but that his kingdom would be propagated to the extremities of the earth. He will then convince people afar off He afterward adds, with respect to the fruit, They shall beat their swords into plowshares, and their spears into pruninghooks I have already briefly explained the meaning of the Prophet: he in fact shows that when the nations should be taught by the word of God, there would be such a change, that every one would study to do good, and to perform the duties of love towards his neighbors. But by speaking of swords and spears he briefly intimates, what men, until they are made gentle by the word of the Lord, are ever intent on iniquitous tyranny and oppression; nor can it be otherwise, while every one follows his own nature; for there are none who are not wedded to their own advantages, and the cupidity of men is insatiable. As then all are thus intent on gain, while every one is blinded by se
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선지자는 여기서 신성한 진리의 열매를 묘사한다 — 하나님이 모든 민족을 그런 온유함으로 회복하셔서 그들이 형제적 평화를 기르는 데 힘쓰고 모든 해를 끼치려는 욕망을 버린 채 다른 이들의 유익을 도모할 것이라는 것.
선지자가 최근에 하나님의 교회가 말씀으로만 세워질 수 있음을 보여 주었고, 하나님을 믿음의 순종으로 영예롭게 하는 곳 외에 하나님의 합법적인 예배가 세워지고 지속될 수 없음을 보여 주었듯이, 이제 그는 신성한 진리가 이 효과를 낸다고 보여 준다. 이전에 서로 적대하며 해를 끼치려는 욕망으로 불타고 잔인함과 탐욕으로 가득 찬 자들이 이제 그 성향이 변화되어 친절한 행위들에 온전히 헌신할 것이다.
그러나 선지자가 이 주제에 이르기 전에 말한다: "그가 많은 백성들 사이에서 심판하실 것이요, 강대한 나라들을 심판하실 것이라." '심판하다'라는 말은 히브리어에서 다스리다 또는 통치하다와 같다. 하나님에 대해 말하고 있음은 분명하다. 그러므로 민족들이 지금까지 하나님에게 순종하지 않았지만 이제 그분을 왕으로 인정하고 그분의 통치에 복종할 것이라는 것과 같다.
하나님이 실로 자신의 숨겨진 섭리로 세상을 항상 다스려 오셨고 지금도 다스리신다. 그러나 성경은 하나님의 왕국에 대해 두 가지 의미로 말한다. 하나님이 실로 마귀와 모든 악인을 다스리시지만, 그분의 말씀으로도 그분의 영의 거룩하게 하는 능력으로도 아니다. 그것은 그들이 기꺼이 하지 않고 원치 않게 하나님에게 순종하는 방식으로 된다. 하나님의 특별한 통치는 그분의 교회의 것만이다. 거기서 말씀과 영으로 그분이 사람들의 마음을 순종으로 구부리사 그들이 자발적으로 기꺼이 그를 따르게 하신다. 내면으로는 영의 영향으로, 외면으로는 말씀 전파로 가르침을 받아.
시편 110편에서 이렇게 말한다: "주의 권능의 날에 주의 백성이 거룩한 옷을 입고 즐거이 헌신하니." 이것이 선지자가 여기서 묘사하는 통치다. 그러므로 하나님이 심판하실 것이다. 세상을 심판하시듯 아니라, 특별한 방식으로 그들을 자신에게 순종하게 하사 그들이 그분에게 온전히 헌신되기를 원하는 것 외에 아무것도 바라지 않게 하실 것이다.
그러나 사람들이 먼저 굴복되어야 하나님께 그런 순종을 드리므로, 선지자는 명시적으로 덧붙인다: "많은 민족들을 책망하실 것이라." 이 문장은 세심히 주목받아야 한다. 이것으로 우리는 우리의 타고난 오만이 그런 것이어서, 강력한 수단으로 굴복되지 않으면 우리 중 어느 누구도 하나님에게 적합한 제자가 될 수 없음을 배운다. 진리는 우리가 가진 그런 부패 속에서 그 자체로 얼어붙을 것이다. 주님이 우리를 먼저 격렬한 수단으로 준비하지 않으신다면.
우리는 선지자가 책망을 하나님의 통치와 연결하는 의도를 이제 알 수 있다. 강한 민족들이 이처럼 책망을 받으면 저항 없이 하나님의 통치를 받으려 스스로를 드릴 것임을 말할 때, 그는 자신이 말하는 왕국의 성격을 찬양하고 설명한다. 그리고 우리는 진리의 권능을 배운다. 하나님은 자신의 교회를 자신에게 복종시킬 때 어떤 외적 힘도 무장된 권능도 사용하지 않으신다. 그러나 그분이 강한 민족들을 모으신다. 따라서 진리의 권능이 보인다. 강함이 있는 곳에는 자신감과 오만도 있고, 반역적인 저항도 있다. 그러므로 주님이 다른 어떤 도움도 없이 사람들의 패역함을 이처럼 교정하시므로, 우리는 하나님이 자신의 교회를 모으실 때 얼마나 불가사의한 능력으로 역사하시는지를 본다.
"그들이 그 칼을 쳐서 보습을 만들고, 창을 쳐서 낫을 만들 것이며, 나라와 나라가 칼을 들고 서로 치지 아니하며 다시는 전쟁을 연습하지 아니하리라." 선지자는 여기서 하나님의 말씀으로 가르침받을 때 큰 변화가 있어 각자가 선을 행하고 이웃에게 사랑의 의무를 수행하는 데 힘쓸 것임을 보여 준다. 그러나 칼과 창을 말함으로 사람들이 주님의 말씀으로 온유해지기까지 부당한 전제와 억압에 항상 몰두함을 간략히 암시한다. 모든 사람이 자신의 본성을 따르는 한 달리 될 수 없다. 모두가 자신의 유익에 사로잡혀 있으며 사람들의 탐욕은 만족할 줄 모른다.
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Micah goes on here with the same subject, — that when the minds of men shall be disposed to acts of kindness, every one shall enjoy God’s blessing without being disturbed. There seems indeed to be two things here included, — that acts of hostility shall cease, — and that real happiness cannot exist among men, except Christ rules among them by the doctrine of his Gospel. And the same thing the prophets teach elsewhere, that is, that every one shall live without fear; and this they do, in order to show that men ever live in a miserable dread, except when they are safe under the protection of God. It is the same thing as though the Prophet had said, that the life of men is most miserable, where the doctrine of the Gospel is not had, inasmuch as when they are disturbed by continual disquietude, every one fears for himself, every one suffers constant terrors. There is nothing more miserable than such a state of things, for peace is the chief good. We now then understand the meaning of the Prophet to be, — that under the reign of Christ the faithful shall enjoy true and full happiness, as they shall be exempt from trembling and fear; hence he names the vine and the fig-tree. He might have said, “Every one shall live securely at home;” but he says, Every one shall rest under his own fig-tree and under his own vine; that is, though exposed to thieves, he shall yet fear no violence, no injury; for those who were thieves shall observe what is just and right; those who were bloody shall study to do good. Hence when no one closes the door of his house, yea, when he goes out into the fields and sleeps in the open air; he will still be safe and secure. We now then see why the Prophet mentions here the fig-tree and the vine, rather than the dwelling-house. And there will be no one to terrify them. What the Prophet designed to express is here more clearly specified, — that there would be no danger, and that there would therefore be no need of hiding-places or of any defenses. Why? Because the very fields, he says, will be free from every thing that may hurt, as there will be none to cause fear. And the Prophet seems to allude to the blessing promised in the Law, for Moses used nearly the very same words: and the Prophets, we know, drew many things from the Law; for their design was to retain the people in its doctrine, and to render it as familiar as possible to them. As then Moses promised, among other things, this security, ‘Ye shall sleep, and none shall terrify you,’ ( Leviticus 26:6 ;) so the Prophet also, in speaking here of the kingdom of Christ, shows that this blessing would be then fully accomplished. He now at last subjoins, The mouth of Jehovah hath thus spoken, that he might confirm what seemed incredible: for, as I have already said, since he had shortly before predicted the devastation of mount Zion and the ruin of the temple, it seemed very improbable that the nations would come there to worship God. But he declares that the mouth of God had thus spoken, that the faithful might overcome all obstacles and struggle against despair; though they saw the temple destroyed, the mount Zion desolated, though they saw a horrible waste and wild beasts occupying the place of men; they were yet to continue to entertain firm hope. — How so? Because Jehovah has made a promise and he will fulfill it: for when mention is made of God’s mouth, his omnipotence is to be understood by which will be executed whatever he has promised. return to ' Top of Page ' <a name="verse-5" class="com-number"
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미가는 여기서 같은 주제를 계속한다 — 사람들의 마음이 친절한 행위들로 기울어질 때 각자가 방해받지 않고 하나님의 복을 누릴 것이라는 것. 실로 두 가지가 여기서 포함된 것 같다 — 적대 행위들이 그칠 것이다 — 그리고 그리스도가 복음의 교리로 그들 가운데 다스리지 않으면 사람들 사이에 참된 행복이 존재할 수 없다.
선지자들이 다른 곳에서도 가르치는 것 — 각자가 두려움 없이 살 것이라고 — 은 하나님의 보호 아래 안전하지 않을 때 사람들이 항상 비참한 두려움 속에 산다는 것을 보여 주기 위함이다. 복음의 교리가 없으면 사람들의 삶이 가장 비참하다는 것과 같다. 끊임없는 불안으로 흔들릴 때 각자가 자신을 두려워하고 끊임없는 공포를 겪기 때문이다. 그런 상태보다 더 비참한 것은 없다. 평화가 가장 큰 선이기 때문이다.
"각 사람이 자기 포도나무 아래와 자기 무화과나무 아래 앉을 것이라, 두렵게 할 자가 없으리니." 그는 단순히 "각자가 집에서 안전하게 살 것이다"라고 말할 수도 있었다. 그러나 각자가 자신의 무화과나무와 포도나무 아래 쉴 것이라고 한다. 즉 도둑에게 노출되어도 폭력이나 해가 없을 것이다. 도둑이었던 자들이 공의롭고 올바른 것을 지킬 것이기 때문이다. 피를 흘리던 자들이 선을 행하는 데 힘쓸 것이다. 따라서 아무도 집문을 잠그지 않고, 아니 들로 나가 야외에서 잠들어도 안전하고 평안할 것이다. 이것이 선지자가 여기서 거처보다 무화과나무와 포도나무를 언급하는 이유다.
"여호와의 입이 이같이 말씀하셨느니라." 그는 믿기 어려운 것처럼 보이는 것을 확인하기 위해 이것을 덧붙인다. 이미 말했듯이, 시온 산의 황폐와 성전의 폐허를 예언한 직후에 민족들이 거기 와서 하나님을 예배할 것이라는 것이 매우 불확실하게 보였기 때문이다. 그러나 그는 하나님의 입이 그처럼 말씀하셨음을 선언한다. 신실한 자들이 모든 장애를 극복하고 절망에 맞서 싸우도록. 성전이 파괴되고 시온 산이 황폐하고 끔찍한 황폐와 짐승들이 사람들 대신 그 장소를 차지하는 것을 보더라도, 그들은 굳건한 소망을 계속 품어야 한다. 왜? 여호와가 약속을 하셨고 그분이 그것을 성취하실 것이기 때문이다. 하나님의 입이 언급될 때 그것으로 어떤 것이든 그분이 약속하신 것을 실행하실 전능하심이 이해되어야 한다.
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Micah, after having spoken of the restoration of the Church, now confirms the same truth, and shows that the faithful would have reason enough to cleave constantly to their God, and to despise all the superstitions of the world, and that though they may be tossed here and there by contrary opinions, they will yet continue in true religion. This verse then is connected with the kingdom of Christ; for until we are gathered, and Christ shines among us and rules us by his word, there can be in us no constancy, no firmness. But when under the auspices of Christ, we join together in one body the Church, such then becomes the constancy of our faith, that nothing can turn us from the right course, though new storms were at any time to arise, by which the whole world might be shaken, and though it were to happen that the universe should be agitated or pass away. We now understand what the Prophet means. He therefore says, All nations shall walk every one in the name of his god. This sentence must be thus explained, — “Though nations be divided into various sects, and each be addicted to their own superstitions, yet we shall continue firm in the pure worship of God and in unity of faith.” But this question occurs, how could the Prophet say that there would be such discords in the world, when he had shortly before spoken of the Church being gathered and united together? for he had said, Come shall all nations, and each will say, Come, let us ascend into the mount of Jehovah. There seems to be here some sort of inconsistency, — that all nations would come to mount Zion, and yet that every people would have their own gods. But the solution is not difficult: the Prophet in this verse strengthens the faithful, until Christ should be revealed to the world: nor is there any doubt but the Prophet intended to sustain the confidence of the godly, who might have otherwise been overwhelmed a hundred times with despair. When the children of Israel were driven into exile, when their inheritance was taken away from them, when the temple had been demolished, when, in a word, no visible religion existed, they might, as I have said, have desponded, had not this promise come to their minds, — that God would restore mount Zion, and gather a Church from the whole world. But there was also need of some confirmation, and this is what the Prophet now subjoins. Hence he says, “Since the Lord gives you hope of so glorious a restoration, you ought to feel confidence. and, in reliance on his promise, to continue in his true worship, how much soever the Gentiles may serve their own idols, and boast that they have the true God. However, then, every one of the nations may take pride in their superstitions, you ought not to fluctuate, nor turn here and there, like reeds, which are tossed to and fro, as the wind changes; but ye shall continue firm and steady in your course; for ye know that God is true, who has once for all adopted you, and has promised that your salvation will be the object of his care, even when the world shall think you to be ruined and lost.” We hence see that what the Prophet had in view was to raise up into confidence the minds of the godly in the midst not only of troubles, but of utter confusion. All nations then shall walk, that is, when the temple and the city shall be demolished, and the people be led into distant exile, the ungodly will, at the same time, triumph, every one will extol his own gods: though our God should not then appear, there will yet be no reason why we should be discouraged; but we ought to recomb on his word. We shall then walk in the name of our God, and that for ever and ever; that is, though it should happen that the world should a hundred times be turned and turned over again, there shall yet be no change in our minds: for as the truth of God is eternal, so also our faith ought to be constant and never to vary. Now the difficulty is removed, and we see how these two things agree, — that all nations shall come and with one consent worship God, and yet that to each of them there would be their own gods: for the diversity of time must be here regarded, when all nations would walk every one in the name of his god. (125) By saying, איש בשם אלהיו , aish beshem Aleiu, he touches, in an indirect way, on that variety which exists among men. Though all of them pertinaciously follow and defend their own superstitions yet each one fabricates a goal for himself. Thus it happens, that nothing is certain, for they follow only their own inventions. But this the Prophet meant only to touch by the way. His main object was that which I have stated, — that though the Church of God would be small, and should find a great multitude opposed to it, it ought not yet to succumb. We know how violent a thing is public consent; for when the majority conspire together, the small number, who entertain a different opinion, are, as it were instantly swallowed up. It is not then without reason that the Prophet exhorts the faithful here to an invincible firmness of mind, that they might triumph over all the nations. However small, then, might be the faithful in number, the Prophet wished them to look down, as it were from a higher place, not only on a large multitudes but on all mankind. Though then all nations walk, etc. : nor is the word כל , cal , all, superfluous, — though all nations shall walk, etc. There was then but one nation, the offspring of Abraham, among whom true religion existed; and it was a dreadful devastation, when God suffered the royal city and the temple to be pulled down, and the whole body of the people to be torn asunder, to be driven away here and there, so that no kingdom and no kind of civil community remained. Hence the Prophet intimates here, that though the faithful should find that in number and dignity they were far surpassed by their enemies, they yet should not despair. “Though then all the nations walked, every one in the name of their god, — though every people set up their s
Pericope (part_of)
- part_of
pericope/per-mic-4-001
절 (explains)
Source
source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
미가는 교회의 회복에 대해 말한 후, 이제 같은 진리를 확인한다. 신실한 자들이 자신들의 하나님에게 끊임없이 매달리고 세상의 모든 미신들을 경멸할 이유가 충분함을 보여 준다. 그들이 반대 의견들로 이리저리 흔들릴 수 있지만 참된 종교 안에 계속 있을 것이다.
이 절은 그러므로 그리스도의 왕국과 연결되어 있다. 우리가 모이고 그리스도가 우리 가운데 빛나시며 그분의 말씀으로 우리를 다스리시기까지는 우리 안에 항상성도 굳건함도 없을 수 있기 때문이다. 그러나 그리스도의 후원 아래 우리가 교회로 하나의 몸에 연합될 때, 우리의 믿음은 그런 항상성을 갖게 되어 새로운 폭풍들이 언제든 일어나도 온 세상이 흔들리거나 우주가 동요되거나 지나가더라도 우리를 올바른 과정에서 돌아서게 할 수 없다.
"모든 민족들이 각기 자신의 신의 이름으로 행하겠지만, 우리는 우리 하나님 여호와의 이름으로 영원히 행하리로다." 이 문장은 이렇게 설명되어야 한다: "민족들이 다양한 종파로 나뉘고 각기 자신들의 미신에 빠져 있지만, 우리는 하나님의 순수한 예배와 믿음의 일치 안에 굳건할 것이다."
그런데 이 질문이 생긴다: 선지자가 교회가 모이고 하나로 뭉쳐질 것이라고 방금 말했는데, 어떻게 세상에 그런 불화가 있을 것이라고 말할 수 있는가? 모든 민족이 시온 산에 올 것이라 했는데, 그럼에도 모든 민족이 자신들의 신들을 갖게 될 것이라니. 어떤 불일치가 있는 것 같다. 그러나 해결이 어렵지 않다. 선지자는 이 절에서 그리스도가 세상에 나타나시기까지의 기간 동안 신실한 자들을 강하게 한다.
그러므로 선지자는 이렇게 말한다: "주님이 너희에게 그처럼 영광스러운 회복의 소망을 주시므로, 너희는 확신을 느껴야 하고, 그분의 약속을 신뢰하여 그분의 참된 예배 안에 계속해야 한다. 이방인들이 얼마나 많이 자신들의 우상들을 섬기고 자신들이 참 하나님을 가졌다고 자랑할지라도." "그러므로 모든 민족들이 각기 자신들의 신의 이름으로 걸을지라도, 우리는 우리 하나님 여호와의 이름으로 행할 것이다, 영원히." 즉 세상이 백 번 뒤바뀌더라도 우리 마음에는 아무 변화도 없을 것이다. 하나님의 진리가 영원하듯 우리의 믿음도 항상 변하지 않아야 하기 때문이다.
원주석
- 번역원본
commentary-section/cal-mic-4-5-5(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역
6절 카드 ↗
The Prophet pursues the same subject. But we must ever remember what I have previously reminded you of, — that the trials would be so grievous and violent that there would be need of strong and uncommon remedies; for the faithful might have been a hundred times sunk, as it were, in the deepest gulfs, except they had been supported by various means. This then is the reason why the Prophet confirms so fully the truth which we have noticed respecting the restoration of the Church. In that day, he says, I will gather the halting This metaphor is not only found here; for David sage that his own affliction was like that of halting. The word צלעה , tsaloe, means the side: hence they metaphorically call those halters who walk only on one side: it is the same as though he had said, that they were maimed or weak. (127) He then adds, I will assemble the ejected, whom I have afflicted. In the next verse he repeats the same, I will make the halting, he says, a remnant; that is, I will make her who is now halting to remain alive, and her who is cast afar off, a strong nation . Some explain אנאלאה , (128) enelae, in a more refined manner, and say that it means, She who is gone before; as though the Prophet said, God will sustain the halting, and to those who are lively he will add strength. But this exposition is too strained. We see that the context will not admit it; for the Prophet brings forward the Church here as afflicted by the hand of God, and nigh utter ruin: and then, on the other hand, he intimates, that it was to be restored by God’s power, and that it would thereby gather new strength, and flourish as before: he therefore calls the Church as one cast far away, as in the previous verse; and the other verse clearly shows, that the Prophet’s design was no other but to point out the twofold state of the Church. Now, in the first place, we must observe, that the Prophet meets the trial then present, which must have otherwise depressed the hearts of the godly. He saw that they were in a manner broken down; and then their dispersion was as it were a symbol of final ruin. If then the faithful had their minds continually fixed on that spectacle, they might have a hundred times despaired. The Prophet therefore comes here seasonably to their help, and reminds them, that though they were now halting, there was yet in God new vigor; that though they were scattered, it was yet in God’s power to gather those who had been driven afar off. The meaning briefly is, that though the Church differed nothing for a time from a dead man, or at least from one that is maimed, no despair ought to be entertained; for the Lord sometimes raises up his people, as though he raised the dead from the grave: and this fact ought to be carefully noticed, for as soon as the Church of God does not shine forth, we think that it is wholly extinct and destroyed. But the Church is so preserved in the world, that it sometimes rises again from death: in short, the preservation of the Church, almost every day, is accompanied with many miracles. But we ought to bear in mind, that the life of the Church is not without a resurrection, nay, it is not without many resurrections, if the expression be allowed. This we learn from the words of the Prophet, when he says, ‘I will then gather the halting, and assemble the driven away;’ and then he adds, ‘and her whom I have with evils afflicted.’ And this has been expressly said, that the faithful may know, that God can bring out of the grave those whom he has delivered to death. For if the Jews had been destroyed at the pleasure of their enemies, they could not have hoped for so certain a remedy from God: but when they acknowledged that nothing happened to them except through the just judgment of God, they could entertain hope of restoration. How so? Because it is what is peculiar to God to bring forth the dead, as I have already said, from the grave; as it is also his work to kill. We then see that what the Prophet promised, respecting the restoration of the Church, is confirmed by this verse: I am he, says God, who has afflicted; cannot I again restore you to life? For as your death is in my hand, so also is your salvation. If the Assyrians or the Chaldeans had gained the victory over you against my will, there would be some difficulty in my purpose of gathering you; but as nothing has happened but by my command, and as I have proved that your salvation and your destruction is in my power, there is no reason for you to think that it is difficult for me to gather you, who have through my judgment been dispersed. (127) It means, doubtless, no more here; some refer it to halting between two opinions, between idols and God: but such an idea is foreign to the drift of this passage. It is the depressed, weak, or afflicted and miserable state of the Church that is here set forth. — Ed. (128) It is a Niphal participle from הלא , and corresponds in meaning with הנדחה , “the ejected,” in the last verse; only it is a stronger term, as it means one cast to a distance, while the latter signifies one cast or driven away. The first, as rendered by Junius and Tremelius, is procul disjecta , and the other is depulsa — Ed. return to ' Top of Page ' <a name="verse-7" class="com-number"
Pericope (part_of)
- part_of
pericope/per-mic-4-002
절 (explains)
Source
source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
선지자는 같은 주제를 계속한다. 그러나 우리가 내 기억을 다시 일깨운 것을 항상 기억해야 한다 — 시련이 너무나 심각하고 격렬하여 강하고 흔치 않은 치료책이 필요할 것이었다. 신실한 자들이 다양한 수단으로 지지받지 않았다면 가장 깊은 구렁에 백 번이나 빠질 수 있었기 때문이다. 이것이 선지자가 교회의 회복에 대해 그가 주목한 진리를 이처럼 충분히 확인하는 이유다.
"그 날에 나는 저는 자들을 모을 것이요." 이 은유는 여기서만 발견되는 것이 아니다. 다윗도 자신의 고통이 저는 것과 같다고 말했다. 저는 자들이라고 불린 것은 은유적으로 한쪽으로만 걷는 자들을 가리킨다. 마치 그가 그들이 불구이거나 약하다고 말하는 것 같다. "내가 쫓겨난 자들을 모으겠고, 내가 고통을 준 자들을 모으리라."
선지자가 교회를 하나님의 손에 고난당하고 완전한 파멸에 가까이 있는 것으로 제시하고, 그런 다음 반면에 하나님의 권능으로 회복되고 새 힘을 얻어 전처럼 번성할 것임을 암시한다는 것이 분명하다. 그러므로 그는 교회를 멀리 던져진 자로, 앞 절에서처럼 부른다. 그리고 다른 절은 선지자의 목적이 교회의 두 가지 상태를 가리키는 것 외에 다른 것이 아님을 분명히 보여 준다.
이제 먼저 선지자가 당시의 시련을 다루었음을 주목해야 한다. 그것이 달리 경건한 자들의 마음을 낙심시켰을 것이다. 그는 그들이 어떤 의미에서 무너져 있음을 보았다. 그리고 그들의 분산은 말하자면 최후 파멸의 표였다. 신실한 자들이 계속해서 그 광경에 마음을 고정시켰다면 백 번이나 절망했을 것이다.
선지자는 그러므로 여기서 그들에게 적절히 도움을 주며 상기시킨다 — 그들이 지금은 저는 자들이지만, 하나님 안에 새 힘이 있다는 것을. 그들이 흩어졌지만 하나님이 멀리 쫓겨난 자들을 모으는 것이 그분의 권능 안에 있다는 것을. 요점은 교회가 잠시 죽은 사람과, 또는 적어도 불구자와 다를 바 없더라도 절망해서는 안 된다는 것이다. 주님이 때로 마치 무덤에서 죽은 자를 살리듯 자신의 백성을 세우시기 때문이다. 이 사실이 세심히 주목받아야 한다. 하나님의 교회가 빛나지 않는 즉시 우리는 그것이 완전히 꺼지고 파괴되었다고 생각하기 때문이다.
그러나 교회는 세상에서 그렇게 보존된다. 때로 죽음에서 다시 살아난다. 한마디로 교회의 보존에는 거의 매일 많은 기적들이 동반된다. 그러나 교회의 생명이 부활 없이는 없다는 것을 우리는 기억해야 한다. 아니 표현이 허용된다면 많은 부활들 없이는 없다. 우리는 이것을 선지자의 말에서 배운다: "내가 저는 자들을 모으겠고 쫓겨난 자들을 모으겠다." "내가 고통을 준 자들을." 이것이 명시적으로 말해진 것은 신실한 자들이 하나님이 자신이 죽음에 넘기신 자들을 무덤에서 이끌어 낼 수 있음을 알도록 하기 위함이다.
원주석
- 번역원본
commentary-section/cal-mic-4-6-6(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역
7절 카드 ↗
He then adds, I will make the halting a remnant By remnant he understands the surviving Church. Hence the metaphor, halting, is extended even to destruction; as though he said, “Though the Jews for a time may differ nothing from dead men, I will yet cause them to rise again, that they may become again a new people.” It was difficult to believe this at the time of exile: no wonder, then, that the Prophet here promises that a posterity would be born from a people that were dead. For though Babylon was to them like the grave, yet God was able to do such a thing as to bring them forth as new men, as it really happened. He afterwards subjoins And the driven afar off, a strong nation When the Jews were scattered here and there, how was it possible that God should from this miserable devastation form for himself a new people, and also a strong people? But the Prophet has put the contrary clauses in opposition to one another, that the Jews, amazed at their own evils, and astonished, might not cast away every consolation. As then he had dispersed them, he would again gather them, and would not only do this, but also make them a strong nation. He then adds, Reign shall Jehovah over them on mount Zion, henceforth and for ever The Prophet no doubt promises here the new restoration of that kingdom which God himself had erected; for the salvation of the people was grounded on this — that the posterity of David should reign, as we shall hereafter see. And it is a common and usual thing with the prophets to set forth the kingdom of David, whenever they speak of the salvation of the Church. It was necessary then that the kingdom of David should be again established, in order that the Church might flourish and be secure. But Micah does not here name the posterity of David, but mentions Jehovah himself, not to exclude the kingdom of David, but to show that God would become openly the founder of that kingdom, yea, that he himself possessed the whole power. For though God governed the ancient people by the hand of David, by the hand of Josiah and of Hezekiah, there was yet, as it were, a shade intervening, so that God reigned not then visibly. The Prophet then mentions here some difference between that shadowy kingdom and the latter new kingdom, which, at the coming of the Messiah, God would openly set up. Jehovah himself shall then reign over them; as though he said, “Hitherto indeed, when the posterity of David held the government, as God himself created both David and his sons, and as they were anointed by his authority and command, it could not have been thought but that the kingdom was his, though he governed his people by the ministry and agency of men: but now God himself will ascend the throne in a conspicuous manner, so that no one may doubt but that he is the king of his people.” And this was really and actually fulfilled in the person of Christ. Though Christ was indeed the true seed of David, he was yet at the same time Jehovah, even God manifested in the flesh. We hence see, that the Prophet here in lofty terms extols the glory of Christ’s kingdom; as though he had said that it would not be a shadowy kingdom as it was under the Law. Jehovah then shall reign over you. He then subjoins, on mount Zion . We know that the seat of the kingdom of Christ has not been continued on mount Zion; but this verse must be connected with the beginning of this chapter. The Prophet has previously said, From Zion shall go forth a law, and the word of Jehovah from Jerusalem. If then the interpretation of this place be asked, that is, how Jehovah showed himself the king of his people, and erected his throne on mount Zion, the answer is, that from thence the law went forth from that place, as from a fountain flowed the doctrine of salvation, to replenish the whole world. As then the Gospel, which God caused to be promulgated through the whole world, had its beginning on mount Zion, so the Prophet says that God would reign there. But we must at the same time observe, that through the defection and perfidy of the people it has happened that mount Zion is now only an insignificant corner of the earth, and not the most eminent in the world, as also the city Jerusalem, according to the prediction of Zechariah. Mount Zion then is now different from what it was formerly; for wherever the doctrine of the Gospel is preached, there is God really worshipped, there sacrifices are offered; in a word, there the spiritual temple exists. But yet the commencement of the Gospel must be taken to the account, if we would understand the real meaning of the Prophet, that is, that Christ, or God in the person of Christ, began to reign on mount Zion, when the doctrine of the Gospel from thence went forth to the extremities of the world. It now follows — return to ' Top of Page ' <a name="verse-8" class="com-number"
Pericope (part_of)
- part_of
pericope/per-mic-4-002
절 (explains)
Source
source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
그런 다음 덧붙인다: "내가 저는 자들을 남은 자들로 삼겠다." 남은 자들로 그는 살아남은 교회를 이해한다. 따라서 저는 자들이라는 은유는 파멸까지 확장된다. 마치 이렇게 말하는 것 같다: "유대인들이 잠시 죽은 자와 다를 바 없더라도, 내가 그들을 살려서 새 백성이 되게 하겠다." 포로의 때에 이것을 믿기 어려웠다. 그러므로 선지자가 여기서 죽은 백성에게서 후손이 태어날 것을 약속하는 것은 이상하지 않다. 바벨론이 그들에게 무덤과 같았지만, 하나님이 그들을 새 사람들로 이끌어 내실 수 있었기 때문이다. 실제로 그렇게 되었다.
"쫓겨난 자들을 강한 나라로 삼겠다." 유대인들이 여기저기 흩어졌을 때 하나님이 이 비참한 황폐에서 어떻게 새 백성, 그것도 강한 백성을 이루실 수 있었겠는가? 그러나 선지자는 반대되는 절들을 대립시켜 유대인들이 자신들의 악으로 어리벙벙하게 되어 모든 위로를 내버리지 않도록 했다. 그분이 그들을 흩으신 것처럼, 그분이 다시 그들을 모으실 것이다. 그것만이 아니라 그들을 강한 나라로 만드실 것이다.
"여호와가 이후부터 시온 산에서 영원까지 그들을 다스리시리라." 선지자는 여기서 하나님 자신이 세우신 그 왕국의 새 회복을 약속한다. 백성의 구원이 다윗의 후손이 다스려야 한다는 데 기반을 두고 있었기 때문이다. 그리고 선지자들이 교회의 구원에 대해 말할 때마다 다윗의 왕국을 제시하는 것이 일반적이고 관례적인 것이다.
미가는 여기서 다윗의 후손을 이름으로 말하지 않고 여호와 자신을 언급한다. 다윗의 왕국을 배제하려는 것이 아니라, 하나님이 공개적으로 그 왕국의 창설자가 되실 것임을 보여 주려 했다. 아니 그분 자신이 전체 권능을 소유하셨다는 것을. 하나님이 옛날 다윗의 손으로, 요시야와 히스기야의 손으로 옛 백성을 다스리셨지만, 말하자면 그 사이에 그늘이 개입되어 하나님이 그때 가시적으로 다스리시지 않았다.
그러므로 선지자는 여기서 저 그림자 왕국과 메시아 오심에 하나님이 공개적으로 세우실 후기 새 왕국 사이의 차이를 언급한다. 여호와 자신이 그때 그들을 다스리실 것이다. 마치 이렇게 말하는 것 같다: "지금까지 다윗의 후손이 정부를 잡았을 때, 하나님이 다윗과 그의 아들들 둘 다 창조하셨고 그들이 그분의 권위와 명령으로 기름 부음 받았으므로, 그것이 그분의 왕국이었음을 의심하지 않았다. 비록 그분이 사람들의 사역과 대행으로 자신의 백성을 다스리셨지만. 그러나 이제 하나님이 두드러지게 왕좌에 오르실 것이므로 그분이 자신의 백성의 왕임을 아무도 의심하지 않을 것이다."
이것은 그리스도의 인격 안에서 실제로 성취되었다. 그리스도가 진실로 다윗의 참 씨였지만, 동시에 여호와, 즉 육신으로 나타나신 하나님이셨기 때문이다. 우리는 선지자가 여기서 그리스도 왕국의 영광을 높이 드높임을 본다. 마치 그것이 율법 아래서처럼 그림자 왕국이 아닐 것이라고 말하는 것 같다.
원주석
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commentary-section/cal-mic-4-7-7(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역
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Micah still continues the same subject, — that the miserable calamities of the people, or even their ruin, will not prevent God to restore again his Church. Thou tower of the flock, he says, the fortress of the daughter of Zion, doubt not but that God will again restore to thee thy ancient kingdom and dignity from which thou seemest now to have entirely fallen. But interpreters take the tower of the flock in various senses. Some think that the devastation of the city Jerusalem is pointed out, because it became like a cottage, as it is said in Isaiah; and עפל , ophil, they render “obscure,” for its root is to cover. But another explanation is simpler, — that the holy city is called the tower of the flock, because God had chosen it for himself, to gather his people thence; for we know that they had there their holy assemblies. Thou, then, the tower of the flock, and then, the fortress of the daughter of Zion, to thee shall come the former kingdom (129) If, however, the former sense be more approved, I will not contend; that is, that Jerusalem is here called the tower of the flock on account of its devastation, as it was reduced as it were into a cottage. As to the main import of the passage, there is no ambiguity; for the Prophet here strengthens the minds of the godly: they were not to regard the length of time, nor to allow their thoughts, to be occupied with their present calamity, but to feel assured, that what God had promised was in his power, that he could, as it were, raise the dead, and thus restore the kingdom of David, which had been destroyed. Do then, he says, firmly hope. — Why? because come to thee, come to thee shall the former kingdom (130) Here the breaking off of the sentence is to be noticed, when the Prophet speaks of the ancient kingdom and dignity. It is not indeed to be doubted, but that the people of God had become objects of mockery, and that hypocrites and heathens thought that what David had testified respecting the perpetuity of his kingdom was a mere delusion. ‘Behold thy kingdom,’ he said, ‘shall continue as long as the sun and the moon,’ ( Psalms 72:0 ) but soon after the death of Solomon, a small portion only was reserved for his posterity, and at length the kingdom itself and its dignity disappeared. This is the reason that the Prophet now says, that the former kingdom would come. Come, he says, to thee, daughter of Zion, come shall the former kingdom There is indeed no doubt, but that by the former kingdom he understands its most flourishing condition, recorded in Scripture, under David and Solomon. The kingdom, he says, to the daughter of Jerusalem shall come He expressly mentions the daughter of Jerusalem, because the kingdom of Israel had obscured the glory of the true kingdom. Hence the Prophet testifies here that God was not unmindful of his promise, and that he would restore to Jerusalem the dignity which it had lost, and unite the whole people into one body, that they might be no more divided, but that one king would rule over the whole race of Abraham. But this was not fulfilled, we are certain, at the coming of Christ, in a manner visible to men: we must therefore bear in mind what Micah has previously taught, — that this kingdom is spiritual; for he did not ascribe to Christ a golden scepter, but a doctrine, “Come, and let us ascend unto the mount of Jehovah, and he will teach us of his ways; and then he added,” From Zion shall go forth a law, and the word of Jehovah from Jerusalem. This, then, ought ever to be remembered, — that God has not rendered Jerusalem glorious in the sight of men, as it was formerly, nor has he enriched it with influence and wealth and earthly power; but he has yet restored the sovereign authority; for he has not only subjected to himself the ten tribes which had formerly revolted, but also the whole world. Let us go on — (129) “I think the temple is meant, or Jerusalem; the place where the flock, the whole congregation of the people assembled to worship God. Newcome retains the Hebrew word עדר , eder , a tower in or near Bethlehem, Genesis 35:21 , or as some think, a tower near the sheep gate in Jerusalem. I believe Jerusalem, or the temple, or both, are meant; for these were considered the stronghold of the daughter of Zion, the fortress of the Jewish people.”— Adam Clarke. What especially confirms this view is, that the two clauses are in apposition, the latter is explanatory of the former. — Ed. (130) Calvin observes the order of the original, which is not done in our version. The whole verse may be thus rendered, — And thou tower of the flock, The fortress of the daughter of Zion! To thee it shall return; Yea, come shall the former dominion, The kingdom to the daughter of Jerusalem. The verb אתה , which I render “return,” means mostly, to come, to come near, to approach, to happen. — Ed. return to ' Top of Page ' <a name="verse-9" class="com-number"
Pericope (part_of)
- part_of
pericope/per-mic-4-002
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source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
미가는 여전히 같은 주제를 계속한다 — 백성의 비참한 재난들이나 심지어 그들의 파멸도 하나님이 다시 자신의 교회를 회복하시는 것을 막지 않을 것이라는 것.
"시온 딸이여, 뭇 양의 망대, 딸 예루살렘의 산성이여." 일부는 양의 망대를 예루살렘의 황폐를 가리키는 것으로, 오두막처럼 되었기 때문에 이사야에서처럼 취한다. '오펠'(עפל)을 그들은 '어둡다'고 번역하는데 그 어근이 덮다를 의미하기 때문이다. 그러나 더 단순한 다른 설명이 있다 — 거룩한 도성이 양의 망대라 불린 것은 하나님이 자신의 백성을 거기서 모으시기 위해 그것을 선택하셨기 때문이다. 그들이 거기서 거룩한 집회를 가졌음을 우리는 안다.
"그 전의 왕권이 돌아오리라." 앞의 왕권이 여기로 올 것이다. "전의 지배권, 예루살렘 딸에게 왕권이 오리라." 무엇보다도 그 백성이 조롱의 대상이 되었고, 위선자들과 이방인들이 다윗이 자신의 왕국의 영속성에 대해 증언한 것이 단순한 환상이라고 생각했을 것이 의심의 여지가 없다. "보라, 너의 왕국이 해와 달만큼 오래 계속될 것이라"(시 72편). 그러나 솔로몬이 죽은 직후 그의 후손을 위해 작은 부분만 남겨졌고 결국 왕국 자체와 그 존엄이 사라졌다. 이것이 선지자가 이제 전의 왕권이 올 것이라고 말하는 이유다.
"전의 왕권이 오리라." 전의 왕권으로 그가 다윗과 솔로몬 아래서 성경에 기록된 가장 번성한 상태를 이해함은 의심의 여지가 없다. "예루살렘 딸에게 왕국이 오리라." 이스라엘 왕국이 참 왕국의 영광을 가렸기 때문에 예루살렘의 딸을 명시적으로 언급한다. 따라서 선지자는 여기서 하나님이 자신의 약속을 잊지 않으셨음을, 그리고 예루살렘에 잃었던 존엄을 회복하시고 온 백성을 한 몸으로 연합하실 것임을 증언한다. 그들이 더 이상 분열되지 않고 한 왕이 아브라함의 온 족속을 다스리도록. 그러나 이것이 그리스도의 오심에 사람들에게 가시적인 방식으로 성취되지 않았음은 확실하다. 그러므로 미가가 이 왕국이 영적임을 가르쳤음을 기억해야 한다.
원주석
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commentary-section/cal-mic-4-8-8(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역
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The Prophet blends here things in their nature wholly contrary, — that the Jews were for a time to be cut off, — and that afterwards they were to recover their former state. Why, he says, dost thou cry out with crying? We must notice the Prophet’s design. He did not intend to overturn what he had before stated; but as the minds of the godly might have fainted amidst so many changes, the Prophet here gives them support, that they might continue firm in their faith; and hence he says, Why dost thou cry aloud with loud crying? That is, “I see that grievous troubles will arise capable of shaking even the stoutest hearts: time will be changeable; it will often be, that the faithful will be disturbed and degraded; but though various tumults may arise, and tempests throw all things into confusion, yet God will redeem his people.” We now then see what the Prophet means by saying, Why dost thou now cry? Why dost thou make an uproar? for the verb here properly means, not only to cry out, but also to sound the trumpet; as though he said, Why do the Jews so much torment themselves? There is he says, no doubt, a good reason. And he adds, Is there no king among thee? This was doubtless the reason why the Jews so much harassed themselves; it was, because God had deprived them of their kingdom and of counsel: and we know what Jeremiah has said, ‘Christ,’ that is, the anointed of the Lord, ‘by whose life we breathe, is slain,’ ( Lamentations 4:20 .) Since, then, the whole Church derived as it were its life from the safety of its king, the faithful could not be otherwise than filled with amazement when the kingdom was upset and abolished; for the hope of salvation was taken away Is there, then, not a king among thee? and have thy counselors perished? Some think that the unfaithfulness of the people is here indirectly reproved, because they thought themselves to be destitute of the help of God and of his Christ, as though he said, — “Have ye forgotten what God has promised to you, that he would be your king for ever, and would send the Messiah to rule over you? nay, has he not promised that the kingdom of David would be perpetual? Whence then, is this fear and trembling, as though God no longer reigned in the midst of you, and the throne of David were hopelessly overturned?” These interpreters, in confirmation of this opinion, say, that Christ is here distinguished by the same title as in Isaiah 9:7 ; where he is called יועף , ivots , a counselor. But as in this verse, it is the Prophet’s design to terrify, and to reprove rather than to alleviate the grievousness of evils by consolation; it is more probable, that their own destitution is set before the people; as though Micah said, “What cause have you for trembling? Is it because your king and all his counselors have been taken away?” But what immediately follows proves that this sorrow arose from a just cause; it was because they were stripped of all those things which had been till that time the evidences of God’s favor. return to ' Top of Page ' <a name="verse-10" class="com-number"
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pericope/per-mic-4-003
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source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
선지자는 여기서 본성상 완전히 반대되는 것들을 섞는다 — 유대인들이 잠시 끊어질 것이지만 이후 자신들의 전 상태를 회복할 것이라는 것.
"너는 왜 크게 소리를 치느냐?" 우리는 선지자의 목적을 주목해야 한다. 그가 앞에서 말한 것을 뒤집으려 한 것이 아니다. 경건한 자들의 마음이 그토록 많은 변화들 속에서 약해질 수 있었으므로, 선지자가 여기서 그들이 믿음 안에 굳건히 있도록 지지한다.
"왜 지금 소리를 크게 치느냐, 왜 소란을 피우느냐?" 왜냐하면 히브리어 동사는 소리치는 것뿐 아니라 나팔 부는 것도 의미하기 때문이다. 마치 이렇게 말하는 것 같다: "유대인들은 왜 자신들을 이처럼 괴롭히는가?" 확실히 이유가 있다. 그리고 덧붙인다: "네 가운데 왕이 없느냐?" 유대인들이 이처럼 자신들을 괴롭힌 이유는 의심할 여지 없이 하나님이 그들에게서 왕국과 모사를 빼앗으셨기 때문이었다. 예레미야가 말한 것을 우리는 안다: "우리의 숨, 우리 콧구멍의 기름 부음 받은 자인 여호와는 그들의 함정에 잡혔도다"(애 4:20). 왕국의 안전에 교회 전체가 말하자면 그 생명을 의지했으므로, 왕국이 무너지고 폐지되었을 때 신실한 자들이 경악하는 것은 달리 될 수 없었다. 구원의 소망이 빼앗겼기 때문이다.
일부 해석자들은 이것이 간접적으로 백성의 불신을 책망하는 것이라고 생각한다. 마치 이렇게 말하는 것 같다: "너희가 하나님이 영원히 너희 왕이 되실 것을, 메시아를 보내 너희를 다스리실 것을 약속하셨음을 잊었느냐? 그분이 다윗의 왕국이 영원할 것을 약속하시지 않으셨느냐? 그러면 이 두려움과 떨림은 어디서 오는가? 마치 하나님이 더 이상 너희 가운데 다스리지 않으시고 다윗의 왕좌가 돌이킬 수 없이 뒤집어진 것처럼." 그러나 이 절에서 선지자의 목적이 위로로 악의 심각성을 완화하는 것이 아니라 두렵게 하고 책망하는 것이므로, 자신들의 결핍이 백성 앞에 제시된 것이 더 개연성 있다. 마치 미가가 이렇게 말하는 것 같다: "너희가 두려워 떨 이유가 있느냐? 너희의 왕과 모든 그의 모사들이 빼앗겼기 때문인가?"
원주석
- 번역원본
commentary-section/cal-mic-4-9-9(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역
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Why then has pain laid hold on thee as on one in travail? Be in pain, he says, and groan; (132) that is, I will not prevent thee to grieve and to mourn; as though he said, “Certainly even the strongest cannot look on calamities so dreadful, without suffering the heaviest sorrow; but though God may for a time subject his children to the greatest tortures, and expose them to the most grievous evils, he will yet restore them at length from their exile.” Thou shalt depart , he says, from the city, and dwell in the field: thou shalt come even to Babylon; but there thou shalt be delivered; there shall Jehovah redeem thee from the hand of thy enemies The import of the whole is, that though God would have a care for his people, as he had promised, there was yet no cause for the faithful to flatter themselves, as though they were to be exempt from troubles; but the Prophet, on the contrary, exhorts them to prepare themselves to undergo calamities, as they were not only to be ejected from their country, and to wander in strange lands like vagrants, but were to be led away into Babylon as to their grave. But to strengthen the minds of the faithful to bear the cross, he gives them a hope of deliverance, and says, that God would there deliver them, and there redeem them from the hand of their enemies. He repeats the adverb, שם , shem , there, twice, and not without cause: for the faithful might have excluded every hope of deliverance, as though the gate of God’s power had been closed. And this is the reason why the Prophet repeats twice , there, there; even from the grave he will deliver and redeem thee: “Extend then your hope, not only to a small measure of favor, as though God could deliver you only from a state of some small danger, but even to death itself. Though then ye lay, as it were, in your graves, yet doubt not but that God will stretch forth his hand to you, for he will be your deliverer. God then in whose power is victory, can overcome many and innumerable deaths.” (132) Ingemisce , groan, mourn, or sigh and sob. גחי , burst forth, or break out; that is, into tears or mourning. “Bring forth,” as it is rendered by Newcome and Henderson, seems not to be the import of the word here. It may be rendered, as Parkhurst proposes, “labor and bring forth.” — Ed. return to ' Top of Page ' <a name="verse-11" class="com-number"
Pericope (part_of)
- part_of
pericope/per-mic-4-003
절 (explains)
Source
source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
"해산하는 여자같이 그대에게 고통이 임하였다. 구로하고 나올지어다." 즉 슬퍼하고 애통하는 것을 내가 막지 않겠다는 것이다. 마치 이렇게 말하는 것 같다: "확실히 가장 굳센 자도 이처럼 두려운 재난을 보면서 가장 무거운 슬픔을 겪지 않을 수 없다. 그러나 하나님이 잠시 그분의 자녀들을 가장 극심한 고통에 처하게 하시고 가장 심각한 악들에 드러내실지라도, 그분이 결국 포로에서 그들을 회복하실 것이다."
"성읍에서 나가서 들에 거할지어다. 또 바벨론까지 이를지어다. 거기서 구원을 얻으리라. 거기서 여호와가 네 원수들의 손에서 너를 속량하시리라." 전체 의미는 이것이다. 하나님이 약속하신 것처럼 자신의 백성을 돌보실지라도, 신실한 자들이 스스로를 아첨하며 마치 고난에서 면제된 것처럼 생각할 이유가 없다. 반대로 선지자는 그들이 고난을 겪을 준비를 하도록 권면한다. 그들이 자기 나라에서 쫓겨나 낯선 땅을 방랑자처럼 돌아다닐 뿐 아니라 무덤으로 가는 것처럼 바벨론으로 끌려갈 것이기 때문이다.
그러나 신실한 자들의 마음이 십자가를 견디도록 강화하기 위해, 그는 구원의 소망을 주며 하나님이 거기서 그들을 구하시고 거기서 원수들의 손에서 그들을 속량하실 것이라고 한다. 부사 '쉠'(שם, 거기서)을 그는 두 번 반복한다. 이유 없이 않다. 신실한 자들이 마치 하나님의 능력의 문이 닫힌 것처럼 구원의 모든 소망을 제외시킬 수 있었기 때문이다. 이것이 선지자가 두 번 반복하는 이유다. 거기서, 거기서. 무덤에서도 그분이 너희를 구하시고 속량하실 것이다. "그러므로 너희 소망을 작은 은혜의 분량에 제한하지 말고 죽음 자체에까지 미치게 하라. 비록 너희가 말하자면 무덤에 누워 있다 하더라도 하나님이 너희에게 손을 뻗으실 것을 의심하지 말라. 그분이 너희의 구원자가 되실 것이기 때문이다. 승리가 그분의 권능 안에 있는 하나님은 많고 무수한 죽음들을 이기실 수 있다."
원주석
- 번역원본
commentary-section/cal-mic-4-10-10(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역
11절 카드 ↗
The Prophet’s object here is to give some alleviation to the faithful lest they should succumb under their calamities; for, as we have stated, there were most grievous evils approaching, sufficient to overwhelm the minds of the godly. The Prophet then raises up here, with the moat suitable comfort, those who would have otherwise fainted under their calamities; and the sum of the whole is this, — that the faithful were not to be confounded on finding the ungodly proudly triumphing, as they are wont to do, when they seem to have gained their wishes. Since, then, the wicked show a petulant spirit beyond all bounds, the Prophet exhorts the faithful to sustain themselves by God’s promises, and not to care for such insolence. He then subjoins a promise, — that God would assemble all the forces of their enemies, as when one gathers many ears of corn into a bundle, that he may thrash them on the floor. I will come now to the words of the Prophet. Assemble, he says, against thee do nations, or strong nations: for, by saying, גוים רבים , guim rebim , he intimates one of two things, either that they were strong, or that they were large in number: as to the subject there is no great difference. The Prophet had this in view, — that though the Church of God may be pressed by a great multitude of enemies, it yet ought not to be broken down in mind: for the ungodly, while they cruelly domineer, do not understand the design of God. Assemble, then, against thee do many nations He sets the thing before them, to heal them of terror: for when we are beyond the reach of harm, we, for the most part, too heedlessly despise all dangers; and then, when we come to a real struggle, we tremble, or even fall and become wholly weak. This is the reason why the Prophet sets before the Jews their prospects, and shows that the time was near when they were to endure a siege, as enemies would, on all sides, surround them. Assemble then do nations, and strong or many nations: he shows here that the Jews had no reason to despond, though their enemies would far exceed them in number, and in forces, and in courage, for it was enough for them to be under the protection of God. Who say, condemned now shall be Zion (133) The verb חנף , chenaph, means to act wickedly and perversely. It may then be literally rendered, ‘profane (scelerata) shall be Zion; and on it shall our eye look:’ but this word is often taken metaphorically for condemnation. The meaning then is, ‘Zion is now condemned:’ and the Prophet, no doubt, intended to intimate here, that the enemies would so triumph, as though Zion were not under the guardianship of God; as when any one, who has rendered himself hateful by his vices, is left and forsaken by his patrons. So, then, the Prophet here arms the faithful against the arrogance of their enemies, that they might not despair, when they found that they were condemned by the consent of all men, and that this was the opinion of all, — that they were forsaken by God. (133) Jam damnata erit . Newcome renders the distich thus, — Who say, Let her be defiled, And let our eye see its desire on Zion. Profaned, or defiled, it is no doubt the meaning of the verb. But it is better to retain the future tense here, though it may often, in the third person, be rendered as an imperative. To look on, is a Hebrew idiom, and means often to triumph or exalt over another, or to gain the upper hand. See Psalms 22:17 ; Psalms 118:7 . Several copies have the word for “eyes” in the singular number, as the verb is so: but anomalies of this kind often occur, as it is the case in Greek with respect to plural nouns in the neuter gender, and in Welsh, and when the verb precedes its nominative, almost in all instances. I offer the following version, — Who say, “Defiled shall she be, And look on Zion shall our eyes.” — Ed. return to ' Top of Page ' <a name="verse-12" class="com-number"
Pericope (part_of)
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pericope/per-mic-4-003
절 (explains)
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source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
선지자의 목적은 여기서 신실한 자들이 자신들의 재난 아래 무너지지 않도록 어느 정도 완화를 주는 것이다. 이미 말한 것처럼, 경건한 자들의 마음을 압도하기에 충분한 가장 심각한 악들이 다가오고 있었기 때문이다. 선지자는 그러므로 달리 재난 아래 쓰러졌을 자들에게 가장 적절한 위로로 일으킨다.
전체 요점은 이것이다 — 신실한 자들이 불경한 자들이 관례대로 하는 것처럼 의기양양하게 승리하는 것을 보고 혼돈하지 않도록. 따라서 악인들이 모든 한계를 넘어 무례한 정신을 보일 때, 선지자는 신실한 자들에게 하나님의 약속으로 자신들을 지탱하고 그런 오만에 신경 쓰지 않도록 권면한다.
"이제 많은 나라들이 너를 대적하여 모였다." '구임 레빔'(גוים רבים)이라고 말함으로써, 그는 두 가지 중 하나를 암시한다. 그들이 강하거나 수가 많다는 것. 주제에 대해서는 큰 차이가 없다. 선지자의 목적은 이것이었다 — 비록 하나님의 교회가 많은 원수들의 대군에게 눌리더라도 마음이 무너지지 않아야 한다는 것. 불경한 자들이 잔인하게 지배하는 동안 하나님의 계획을 이해하지 못하기 때문이다.
"시온이 속되게 되고 우리 눈이 그것을 보기를 기뻐하리라고 말하는 자들." '하나프'(חנף)는 사악하고 패역하게 행동한다는 의미다. 그러므로 문자적으로 "시온이 더럽혀질 것이다, 그것 위에 우리 눈이 보기를"로 번역할 수 있다. 그러나 이 단어는 종종 정죄라는 은유적 의미로 사용된다. 그러므로 의미는 "시온이 이제 정죄되었다"이다. 선지자는 의심할 여지 없이 여기서 원수들이 마치 시온이 하나님의 보호 아래 있지 않은 것처럼 승리할 것임을 암시하려 했다. 자신의 악으로 후원자들에게 가증스러운 자가 그들에게 버림받고 버려질 때처럼. 그러므로 선지자는 여기서 신실한 자들을 원수들의 오만에 대항하여 무장한다. 모든 사람의 동의로 자신들이 정죄되고 모든 이의 견해가 — 그들이 하나님께 버림받았다는 — 것임을 알았을 때 절망하지 않도록.
원주석
- 번역원본
commentary-section/cal-mic-4-11-11(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역
12절 카드 ↗
Consolation follows, But they know not the thoughts of Jehovah, nor understand his counsel : for verbs in the past tense have the meaning of the present. Here the Prophet recalls the attention of the godly to a subject the most suitable to them: for when the wicked rise up so cruelly against us, we are apt to think that all things are allowed to them, and then their reproaches and slanders immediately take possession of our minds and thoughts, so that we in a manner measure God’s judgment by their words. Hence when the ungodly deride our faith, and boast that we are forsaken by God, we succumb, being as it were filled with amazement: and nothing is easier than to shake off from us faith and the memory of God’s promises, whenever the ungodly are thus insolent. The Prophet then does not without cause apply a remedy which ought to be carefully observed by us. Who say, condemned is Zion; but they are like the blind when judging of colors, for they understand not the counsel of Jehovah and his thoughts they know not. We now then see what the Prophet had in view, which was to show, — that the faithful would be unwise and foolish, if they formed an opinion of God’s judgment according to the boasting of the ungodly: for Satan carries them away in a furious manner; and when the Lord gives them liberty to do evil, they think that they shall be conquerors to the end. As then the ungodly are thus inebriated with foolish confidence, and despise not only men, but God himself, the Prophet here holds up and supports the minds of the godly that they might ascend higher, and thus understand that the design of God was not the same as what the wicked thought, who neither belonged to nor approached God. (134) It is especially needful to know this truth. Some at the first sight may think it frigid, “O! than, what does the Prophet mean? he says that what these declare is not the design of Jehovah; and this we know.” But were all to examine the subject, they would then confess with one mouth, that nothing could have been more seasonable than this consolation. Now we are wounded by reproaches, and this very often happens to ingenuous men; and then, while the ungodly vomit forth their slanders, we think that God rests indifferently in heaven; and one of their words, like a cloud, obscures the judgment of God. As soon as any one of the wicked derides us, and laughs at our simplicity, threatens ferociously, and spreads forth his terrors, his words, as I have said, are like a cloud intervening between us and God. This is the reason why the Prophet says here, that the thoughts of Jehovah are different, and that his counsel is different: in short, the Prophet’s object is to show, that whenever the ungodly thus proudly despise us, and also reproachfully threaten and terrify us, we ought to raise our thoughts to heaven. — Why so? Because the design of God is another. Their boastings then will vanish, for they arise from nothing, and they shall come to nothing, but the purpose of God shall stand. But let us now see why the Prophet spoke here of the design and thoughts of God: for if only these two words are brought before us, there is certainly but little solid comfort, and nothing that has much force or power. There is then another principle to be understood, — that the thoughts of God are known to us, who are taught in his school. The counsel of God then is not hidden, for it is revealed to us in his Word. Consolation therefore depends on a higher and a more recondite doctrine; that is, that the faithful, in their miseries, ought to contemplate the counsel of God as in a mirror. And what is this? that when he afflicts us, he holds a remedy in his hand, and that when he throws us into the grave, he can restore us to life and safety. When, therefore, we understand this design of God, — that he chastens his Church with temporal evils, and that the issue will ever be most salutary, — when this is known by us, there is then no reason why the slanders of the ungodly should deject our minds; and when they vomit forth all their reproaches, we ought to adhere firmly to this counsel of God. But that the ungodly are thus proud is no matter of wonder; for if they raise their horns against God, why should they not despise us also, who are so few in number, and of hardly any influence, at least not equal to what they possess? The Church is indeed contemptible in the eyes of the world; and it is no wonder if our enemies thus deride us, and load us with ridicule and contempt, when they dare to act so frowardly towards God. But it is enough for us to know, that they do not understand the counsel of God. We now then see the Prophet’s meaning, and an explanation follows, — For thou shalt assemble them, he says, as a sheaf (135) to the floor The Prophet adds this clause as an explanation, that we may know what the counsel of God is, which he has mentioned, and that is, that God will collect the enemies as a sheaf. What is a sheaf? It is a small quantity of corn, it may be three hundred or a thousand ears of corn: they are ears of corn, and carried in a man’s hand. And then, what is to be done with the sheaf? It is to be thrashed on the floor. It was indeed difficult to believe, that enemies, when thus collected together on every side, would be like a sheaf. If an army assembled against us, not only ten or twenty thousand, but a much larger number, who would think, according to the judgment of the flesh, that they would be like a sheaf? They shall be as so many deaths and graves: even the thought of God ought to be to us of more account than the formidable power of men. Whenever, therefore, our enemies exceed us in strength and number, let us learn to arise to that secret counsel of God, of which our Prophet now speaks; and then it will be easy for us to regard a vast multitude to be no more than a handful. And he says, that our enemies are to be gathered to a floor, that they may be thrashed there. They assemble themselves for another pur
Pericope (part_of)
- part_of
pericope/per-mic-4-003
절 (explains)
Source
source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
위로가 따라온다. "그들은 여호와의 뜻을 알지 못하며 그의 계획을 이해하지 못하였도다." 완료 시제의 동사들이 현재의 의미를 갖는다. 여기서 선지자는 경건한 자들의 주의를 그들에게 가장 적합한 주제로 돌린다. 악인들이 우리를 이처럼 잔인하게 일어날 때, 우리는 모든 것이 그들에게 허용된다고 생각하는 경향이 있다. 그들의 비방과 험담이 즉시 우리 마음과 생각을 점령하여 우리가 어떤 의미에서 그들의 말로 하나님의 심판을 측정한다.
따라서 불경한 자들이 우리의 믿음을 비웃고 하나님이 우리를 버리셨다고 자랑할 때, 우리는 말하자면 놀라움으로 가득 차서 굴복한다. 불경한 자들이 이처럼 오만할 때마다 믿음과 하나님의 약속의 기억을 우리에게서 흔들어 떨어뜨리는 것보다 쉬운 것은 없다.
그러므로 선지자는 이유 없이 우리가 세심히 관찰해야 할 치료책을 적용하지 않는다. "시온이 정죄되었다고 말하는 자들, 그러나 그들은 여호와의 계획을 알지 못하는 색맹과 같다, 그들은 여호와의 뜻을 이해하지 못하고 그분의 생각을 알지 못한다." 신실한 자들이 불경한 자들의 자랑에 따라 하나님의 심판을 형성한다면 어리석고 미련할 것임을 선지자가 보여 주려 했음을 이제 우리는 본다. 사탄이 그들을 맹렬한 방식으로 사로잡기 때문이다. 주님이 그들에게 악을 행할 자유를 주실 때 그들은 자신들이 끝까지 정복자들일 것이라고 생각한다.
그러므로 불경한 자들이 이처럼 어리석은 확신으로 취하여 사람들만이 아니라 하나님 자신도 멸시하므로, 선지자는 여기서 경건한 자들의 마음을 붙들고 지지하여 그들이 더 높이 올라가 하나님의 계획이 하나님에게도 가깝지 않은 악인들이 생각하는 것과 같지 않음을 이해하도록 한다.
"네가 그들을 타작마당의 곡식단같이 모을 것임이라." 선지자는 이 설명을 덧붙인다. 우리가 그가 언급한 하나님의 계획이 무엇인지 알도록. 그것은 하나님이 원수들을 곡식단처럼 모을 것이라는 것이다. 곡식단이 무엇인가? 작은 양의 곡식이다. 세 개나 백 개나 천 개의 낱알이 될 수 있다. 그것들은 낱알들이며 한 사람의 손에 운반된다. 그리고 곡식단으로 무엇을 하는가? 타작마당에서 타작한다.
원수들이 모든 면에서 모일 때, 만 명이나 이만 명이 아니라 훨씬 더 많은 수가 모이더라도, 육신의 판단에 따라 그들이 곡식단과 같으리라고 누가 생각하겠는가? 그들은 많은 죽음들이요 무덤들이 될 것 같다. 그러나 하나님의 생각이 사람들의 강한 권능보다 우리에게 더 중요해야 한다. 원수들이 힘과 수에서 우리를 능가할 때마다 우리 선지자가 지금 말하는 그 비밀 계획으로 올라가는 것을 배우자. 그러면 광대한 무리를 한 줌도 안 되는 것으로 여기는 것이 쉬울 것이다.
원주석
- 번역원본
commentary-section/cal-mic-4-12-12(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역
13절 카드 ↗
Arise and thresh, daughter of Zion; for I have made thy horn (136) iron, and thy hoofs brass. The Prophet here confirms what he had previously said: and he exhorts the daughter of Zion to arise; for it was necessary for her to have been cast down, so as to lie prostrate on the ground. God did not indeed restore at once his Church, but afflicted her for a time, so that she differed nothing from a dead man. As then a dead body lies on the ground without any feeling, so also did the Church of God lie prostrate. This is the reason why the Prophet now says, Arise, daughter of Zion; as though God, by his voice, roused the dead. We hence see, that the word קומי , kumi, is emphatical; for the Prophet reminds us, that there is no reason for the faithful wholly to despair, when they find themselves thus cast down, for their restoration is in the hand and power of God, as it is the peculiar office of God to raise the dead. And this same truth ought to be applied for our us, whenever we are so cast down, that no strength, no vigor, remains in us. How then can we rise again? By the power of God, who by his voice alone can restore us to life, which seemed to be wholly extinct. He afterwards subjoins, Thresh, for I have made thy horn iron, and thy hoofs brass. A mode of thrashing, we know, was in use among the Jews the same with that in Italy and at this day in French Provence. We here thrash the corn with flails; but there by treading. The Prophet speaks here of this custom, and compares the Church of God to oxen; as though he said “The Jews shall be like oxen with iron horns and brazen hoofs that they may lay prostrate under them the whole strength of the nations. However much then the nations may now excel, I will subject them under the feet of my people, as if sheaves were thrashed by them.” He then adds, (137) And thou shalt separate or consecrate their wealth to Jehovah, and their substance (138) to the Lord of the whole earth Here the Prophet specifies the end for which God had purposed to subject the heathen nations to his chosen people, — that he might be glorified. This is the meaning. But they have refined too much in allegories, who have thought that this prophecy ought to be confined to the time of Christ: for the Prophet no doubt meant to extend consolation to the whole kingdom of Christ, from the beginning to the end. Others, not more correctly, say, that this is to be referred to the Babylonian captivity because then Daniel and some others thrashed the people, when heathen kings were induced through their teaching to restore the temple, and also to offer some worship to the God of Israel. But on this point they are both mistaken, because they take the word thrashing in a different sense from the Prophet; for it commonly means that heathen nations are to be subjected to the Church of God: and this takes place, whenever God stretches forth his hand to the faithful, and suffers not the ungodly to exercise their cruelty as they wish; yea, when he makes them humbly to supplicate the faithful. This often happens in the world, as it is written of Christ, ‘thy enemies shall lick the earth,’ ( Psalms 72:9 .) But this prophecy shall not be fulfilled until the last coming of Christ. We indeed begin to tread on our enemies whenever God by his power destroys them, or at least causes them to tremble and to be cast down, as we find that they dread whenever any change takes place; and then they blandly profess that they desire to serve God. So at this day it has happened both in France and in Italy. How many hypocrites, for the sake of an earthly advantage, have submitted themselves to God? and how many such England produced when the Gospel flourished there? All the courtiers, and others who were unwilling to incur the displeasure of the king, professed themselves to be the very best lovers of religion. ( optimos pietatis cultores, — the best observers of piety) But yet this is ever the case, ‘Aliens have been false to thee,’ ( Psalms 18:44 .) We hence see what the prophet means when he speaks of thrashing: he intimates, that the Lord would often cause that the enemies of the Church should be bruised, though no one crushed them: but, as I have said, we must look forward to the last day, if we wish to see the complete fulfillment of this prophecy. He afterwards adds, Thou shalt consecrate their wealth to Jehovah, and their substance to the Lord of the whole earth The Prophet shows here, that the dominion is not to be hoped for by the children of God, that they may abound in worldly pleasures, and appropriate every thing to themselves and also abuse their power, as ungodly men are wont to do; but that all is to be applied to the worship and the glory of God. For what purpose, then does God design his Church to become eminent? That he himself may alone shine forth, and that the faithful may rightly enjoy their honor, and not become thereby proud. There is, therefore nothing more alien to the power of the Church than pride, or cruelty, or avarice. This, then that is said ought to be carefully observed, their wealth thou shalt consecrate to Jehovah He had spoken before of power, “Thou shalt bind strong people, thou shalt thrash them, and thou shalt tread them under thy feet;” but lest the faithful should turn all this to a purpose the Lord had not designed, a most suitable correction is immediately added, and that is, that this power shall not be exercised according to the will of men, but according to the will of God: Thou shalt then consecrate, etc.; and he uses the word חרם , cherem , which means to make a thing an anathema or an offering; (139) as though he said “God will raise his Church that it may rule over its enemies; but let the faithful at the same time take heed, that they rule not tyrannically; for God designs ever to reign alone: therefore the whole excellency, the whole dignity, the whole power of the Church ought to be applied for this end, — that all things may become subject to God, and ev
Pericope (part_of)
- part_of
pericope/per-mic-4-003
절 (explains)
Source
source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
"시온의 딸이여, 일어나 타작할지어다. 내가 네 뿔을 쇠로 만들겠고 네 굽을 놋으로 만들겠다." 선지자는 여기서 앞에서 말한 것을 확인하며 시온의 딸에게 일어나라고 권면한다. 그녀가 땅에 엎드러져야 했기 때문이다. 하나님이 즉시 자신의 교회를 회복하신 것이 아니라 잠시 고난을 겪게 하셨다. 그래서 그녀가 죽은 자와 다를 바 없었다. 죽은 몸이 아무 감각 없이 땅에 누워 있는 것처럼 하나님의 교회도 그처럼 엎드러져 있었다. 이것이 선지자가 이제 "시온의 딸이여, 일어나라"고 말하는 이유다. 마치 하나님이 자신의 목소리로 죽은 자를 깨우시는 것처럼.
우리는 '쿠미'(קומי)라는 단어가 강조적임을 본다. 선지자는 우리에게 상기시킨다. 신실한 자들이 이처럼 무너진 자신들을 발견할 때 완전히 절망할 이유가 없다는 것을. 그들의 회복이 하나님의 손과 권능 안에 있기 때문이다. 마치 죽은 자를 살리는 것이 하나님의 특별한 직무인 것처럼. 이 같은 진리가 우리에게도 적용되어야 한다. 우리 안에 아무 힘도 활력도 남지 않을 만큼 우리가 무너질 때마다. 그러면 우리가 어떻게 다시 일어날 수 있는가? 자신의 목소리만으로 완전히 꺼진 것 같은 우리에게 생명을 회복하실 수 있는 하나님의 권능으로.
"타작할지어다. 내가 네 뿔을 쇠로 만들겠고 네 굽을 놋으로 만들리니." 타작 방법이 유대인들 사이에서, 그리고 이탈리아와 오늘날 프랑스 프로방스에서 우리와 같이 사용되었음을 우리는 안다. 우리는 곡식을 도리깨로 타작하지만 거기서는 밟아서 한다. 선지자는 여기서 이 관습에 대해 말하며 하나님의 교회를 소들에 비교한다. 마치 이렇게 말하는 것 같다: "유대인들은 쇠 뿔과 놋 굽을 가진 소들과 같이 될 것이라, 민족들의 모든 힘을 그들 아래 엎드러지게 하도록. 민족들이 지금 아무리 탁월하더라도, 내가 마치 곡식단들이 그들에게 타작당하듯이 내 백성의 발 아래 그들을 복종시키겠다."
"그들의 이익을 여호와께 드리겠고 그들의 재물을 온 땅의 주께 드리리라." 여기서 선지자는 하나님이 이방 민족들을 선택된 백성에게 복종시키기로 결심하신 목적을 구체화한다 — 그 자신이 영광받으시도록. 이것이 의미다.
그러나 이 예언을 그리스도의 시대에만 제한해야 한다고 생각한 사람들은 너무 세밀한 알레고리 해석을 한 것이다. 선지자는 의심할 여지 없이 처음부터 끝까지 그리스도의 왕국 전체에 위로를 확장하려 했기 때문이다. 그들의 재물을 여호와께 드릴 것이다. 앞에서 권능에 대해 말했다. "너는 강한 백성들을 결박하겠고 그들을 타작하겠고 네 발 아래 밟으리라." 그러나 신실한 자들이 이 모든 것을 주님이 계획하지 않으신 목적으로 돌리지 않도록, 즉시 가장 적합한 교정이 더해진다. 이 권능은 사람들의 뜻에 따라 행사되지 않고 하나님의 뜻에 따라 행사될 것이라는 것. "그러므로 너는 드리리라." 그는 '헤렘'(חרם)이라는 단어를 사용한다. 아나테마 또는 제물로 만든다는 의미다. 마치 이렇게 말하는 것 같다: "하나님이 자신의 교회를 원수들 위에 다스리도록 일으키실 것이다. 그러나 신실한 자들이 동시에 주의해야 한다. 전제적으로 다스리지 않도록. 하나님이 항상 홀로 다스리기를 원하시기 때문이다. 따라서 교회의 모든 탁월함과 모든 존엄과 모든 권능이 이 목적을 위해 사용되어야 한다 — 모든 것이 하나님께 복종하고 그분의 이름만이 높아지도록."
원주석
- 번역원본
commentary-section/cal-mic-4-13-13(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역