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This inscription, in the first place, shows the time in which Micah lived, and during which God employed his labors. And this deserves to be noticed: for at this day his sermons would be useless, or at least frigid, except his time were known to us, and we be thereby enabled to compare what is alike and what is different in the men of his age, and in those of our own: for when we understand that Micah condemned this or that vice, as we may also learn from the other Prophets and from sacred history, we are able to apply more easily to ourselves what he then said, inasmuch as we can view our own life as it were in a mirror. This is the reason why the Prophets are wont to mention the time in which they executed their office. But how long Micah followed the course of his vocation we cannot with certainty determine. It is, however, probable that he discharged his office as a Prophet for thirty years: it may be that he exceeded forty years; for he names here three kings, the first of whom, that is Jotham, reigned sixteen years; and he was followed by Ahab, who also reigned as many years. If then Micah was called at the beginning of the first reign, he must have prophesied for thirty-two years, the time of the two kings. Then the reign of Hezekiah followed, which continued to the twenty-ninth year: and it may be, that the Prophet served God to the death, or even beyond the death, of Hezekiah. (59) We hence see that the number of his years cannot with certainty be known; though it be sufficiently evident that he taught not for a few years, but that he so discharged his office, that for thirty years he was not wearied, but constantly persevered in executing the command of God. I have said that he was contemporary with Isaiah: but as Isaiah began his office under Uzziah, we conclude that he was older. Why then was Micah joined to him? That the Lord might thus break down the stubbornness of the people. It was indeed enough that one man was sent by God to bear witness to the truth; but it pleased God that a testimony should be borne by the mouth of two, and that holy Isaiah should be assisted by this friend and, as it were, his colleague. And we shall hereafter find that they adopted the very same words; but there was no emulation between them, so that one accused the other of theft, when he repeated what had been said. Nothing was more gratifying to each of them than to receive a testimony from his colleague; and what was committed to them by God they declared not only in the same sense and meaning, but also in the same words, and, as it were, with one mouth. Of the expression, that the word was sent to him, we have elsewhere reminded you, that it ought not to be understood of private teaching, as when the word of God is addressed to individuals; but the word was given to Micah, that he might be God’s ambassador to us. It means then that he came furnished with commands, as one sustaining the person of God himself; for he brought nothing of his own, but what the Lord commanded him to proclaim. But as I have elsewhere enlarged on this subject, I now only touch on it briefly. This vision, he says, was given him against two cities Samaria and Jerusalem (60) It is certain that the Prophet was specifically sent to the Jews; and Maresah, from which he arose, as it appears from the inscription, was in the tribe of Judah: for Morasthite was an appellative, derived from the place Maresah. (61) But it may be asked, why does he say that visions had been given him against Samaria? We have said elsewhere, that though Hosea was specifically and in a peculiar manner destined for the kingdom of Israel, he yet by the way mingled sometimes those things which referred to the tribe or kingdom of Judah: and such was also the case with our Prophet; he had a regard chiefly to his own kindred, for he knew that he was appointed for them; but, at the same time, he overlooked not wholly the other part of the people; for the kingdom of Israel was not so divided from the tribe of Judah that no connection remained: for God was unwilling that his covenant should be abolished by their defection from the kingdom of David. We hence see, that though Micah spent chiefly his labors in behalf of the Jews, he yet did not overlook or entirely neglect the Israelites. But the title must be restricted to one part of the book; for threatenings only form the discourse here. But we shall find that promises, full of joy, are also introduced. The inscription then does not include all the contents of the book; but as his purpose was to begin with threatenings, and to terrify the Jews by setting before them the punishment that was at hand, this inscription was designedly given. There is, at the same time, no doubt but that the Prophet was ill received by the Jews on this account; for they deemed it a great indignity, and by no means to be endured, to be tied up in the same bundle with the Israelites; for Samaria was an abomination to the kingdom of Judah; and yet the Prophet here makes no difference between Samaria and Jerusalem. This was then an exasperating sentence: but we see how boldly the Prophet performs the office committed to him; for he regarded not what would be agreeable to men, nor endeavored to draw them by smooth things: though his message was disliked, he yet proclaimed it, for he was so commanded, nor could he shake off the yoke of his vocation. Let us now proceed — (59) It is probable that the greater part of his Prophecy was written in the days of this king; for a portion of what is contained in the third chapter is referred to in Jeremiah 26:18 , as having been delivered “in the days of Hezekiah.”— Ed. (60) “He mentions Samaria first,” says Marckius, “not because it was superior to Jerusalem, or more regarded by the Prophet, but because it would be first in undergoing judgment, as it had been first in transgression.” The preposition על is rendered by some, “against,” and not “concerning.” Calvin renders it in his version super ,
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이 표제는 먼저 미가가 살았던 시기와 하나님이 그를 사용하셨던 기간을 보여 준다. 이것은 주목할 만하다. 왜냐하면 오늘날에도 그의 설교들은 그 시대를 알지 못한다면 무익하거나 적어도 냉랭할 것이기 때문이다. 그의 시대를 알 때 우리는 그 시대 사람들과 우리 시대 사람들의 같은 점과 다른 점을 비교할 수 있다. 미가가 이러저러한 악을 정죄했음을 이해할 때 — 다른 선지자들과 성경 역사에서도 배울 수 있는 — 우리 자신의 삶을 거울에서 보듯 볼 수 있기에, 당시에 말했던 것을 우리에게 더 쉽게 적용할 수 있다. 이것이 선지자들이 직무를 수행했던 시대를 언급하는 이유다.
미가가 얼마나 오래 소명의 과정을 따랐는지는 확실히 알 수 없다. 그러나 그가 선지자로서 30년 동안 직무를 수행했을 것이다. 40년을 넘었을 수도 있다. 그는 세 왕을 이름으로 언급하는데, 첫 번째 왕인 요담은 16년을 통치했고, 이어서 아하스가 역시 같은 기간을 통치했다. 만약 미가가 첫 번째 왕의 통치 시작에 부름받았다면, 두 왕의 기간인 32년 동안 예언한 것이다. 그 다음 히스기야의 통치가 29년째까지 계속되었다. 선지자가 히스기야의 죽음까지, 또는 그 이후까지 하나님을 섬겼을 수도 있다.
미가는 이사야와 동시대인이었다. 이사야는 웃시야 시대에 직무를 시작했으므로 더 연장자였다. 왜 미가가 이사야와 함께 연결되었는가? 주님이 백성의 완악함을 이렇게 꺾으시려 했기 때문이다. 한 사람이 하나님에 의해 진리의 증인으로 보내지는 것만으로도 충분했다. 그러나 두 사람의 입으로 증언이 이루어지고 거룩한 이사야가 이 친구요 동료에 의해 도움받는 것이 하나님을 기쁘시게 했다. 나중에 보겠지만 그들은 동일한 말씀을 사용했다. 그러나 둘 사이에 경쟁심은 없었다. 하나님이 그들에게 위탁한 것을 그들은 동일한 의미와 뜻으로만이 아니라 동일한 말로, 말하자면 한 입으로 선포했다.
"그에게 말씀이 주어졌다"는 표현에 대해, 우리는 다른 곳에서 이것이 하나님의 말씀이 개인들에게 주어지는 사적인 가르침을 뜻하지 않는다고 언급했다. 미가에게 말씀이 주어진 것은 그가 하나님의 대사가 되기 위함이었다. 그것은 그가 하나님 자신의 위치를 대신하여 명령들을 가지고 왔다는 뜻이다. 그는 자신의 것을 가져온 것이 아니라 주님이 선포하도록 명하신 것만을 가져왔다.
이 환상이 사마리아와 예루살렘에 대하여 주어졌다고 한다. 선지자가 특별히 유대인들에게 보내졌고, 그가 나온 것처럼 보이는 모레셋은 유다 지파 안에 있었음이 분명하다. "모레스데 사람"은 모레셋 지방에서 파생된 호칭이었다. 그러나 왜 환상이 사마리아에 대하여 주어졌는지 물을 수 있다. 우리는 다른 곳에서, 호세아가 특별히 이스라엘 왕국을 위해 지정되었지만 때때로 유다 지파나 왕국에 관한 것도 혼합했다고 말했다. 우리 선지자도 마찬가지다. 그는 주로 자신의 친족에게 관심을 두었다. 그러나 동시에 백성의 다른 부분을 완전히 간과하지 않았다. 이스라엘 왕국이 유다 지파에서 분리되었지만, 어떤 연결도 남아 있지 않은 것은 아니었다. 하나님은 다윗의 왕국에서의 이탈로 자신의 언약이 폐기되는 것을 원치 않으셨다.
표제는 책의 한 부분에 제한되어야 한다. 위협들만이 여기서의 담론이기 때문이다. 그러나 기쁨으로 가득 찬 약속들도 소개됨을 보게 될 것이다. 그런데 그의 목적이 위협으로 시작하고 임박한 형벌을 제시하여 유대인들을 두렵게 하는 것이었으므로, 이 표제가 의도적으로 주어졌다. 그러나 선지자가 이 때문에 유대인들로부터 나쁜 대접을 받았음도 의심할 여지 없다. 사마리아는 유다 왕국에 혐오스러운 것이었는데, 선지자가 사마리아와 예루살렘 사이에 아무런 차이도 두지 않았기 때문이다. 그러나 우리는 선지자가 그에게 위탁된 직무를 얼마나 담대하게 수행했는지를 본다. 그는 사람들에게 기쁜 것이 무엇인지를 고려하지 않았고, 부드러운 것으로 그들을 끌려 하지 않았다.
원주석
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The Prophet here rises into an elevated style, being not content with a simple and calm manner of speaking. We hence may learn, that having previously tried the disposition of the people, he knew the stubbornness of almost all classes: for except he was persuaded that the people would be rebellious and obstinate, he would certainly have used some mildness, or have at least endeavored to lead them of their own accord rather than to drive them thus violently. There is then no doubt but that the obstinacy of the people and their wickedness were already fully known to him, even before he began to address one word to them. But this difficulty did not prevent him from obeying God’s command. He found it necessary in the meantime to add vehemence to his teaching; for he saw that he addressed the deaf, yea, stupid men, who were destitute of every sense of religion, and who had hardened themselves against God, and had not only fallen away through want of thought, but had also become immersed in their sins, and were wickedly and abominably obstinate in them. Since then the Prophet saw this, he makes here a bold beginning, and addresses not only his own nation, for whom he was appointed a Teacher; but he speaks to the whole world. For what purpose does he say, Hear, all ye people? (62) It was not certainly his object to proclaim indiscriminately to all the truth of God for the same end: but he summons here all nations as witnesses or judges, that the Jews might understand that their impiety would be made evident to all, except they repented, and that there was no reason for them to hope that they could conceal their baseness, for God would expose their hidden crimes as it were on an open stage. We hence see how emphatical are the words, when the Prophet calls on all nations and would have them to be witnesses of the judgment which God had resolved to bring on his people. He afterwards adds, Let also the earth give ear and its fullness We may take the earth, by metonymy, for its inhabitants; but as it is added, and its fullness, the Prophet, I doubt not, meant here to address the very earth itself, though it be without reason. He means that so dreadful would be the judgment of God, as to shake created things which are void of sense; and thus he more severely upbraids the Jews with their stupor, that they heedlessly neglected the word of God, which yet would shake all the elements by its power. He then immediately turns his discourse to the Jews: after having erected God’s tribunal and summoned all the nations, that they might form as it were a circle of a solemn company, he says, There will be for me the Lord Jehovah against you for a witness — the Lord from the temple of his holiness. By saying that God would be as a witness for him, he not only affirms that he was sent by God, but being as it were inflamed with zeal, he appeals here to God, and desires him to be present, that the wickedness and obstinacy of the people might not be unpunished; as though he said, “Let God, whose minister I am, be with me, and punish your impiety; let him prove that he is the author of this doctrine, which I declare from his mouth and by his command; let him not suffer you to escape unpunished, if ye do not repent.” We now then perceive the meaning of the Prophet, when he says that God would be for him a witness; as though he had said, that there was no room here to trifle; for if the Jews thought to elude God’s judgment they greatly deceived themselves; inasmuch as when he has given a command to his servants to treat with his people, he is at the same time present as a judge, and will not suffer his word to be rejected without immediately undertaking his own cause. Nor is this addition superfluous, The Lord from the temple of his holiness: for we know how thoughtlessly the Jews were wont to boast that God dwelt in the midst of them. And this presumption so blinded them that they despised all the Prophets; for they thought it unlawful that any thing should be said to their disgrace, because they were the holy people of God, his holy heritage and chosen nation. Inasmuch then as the Lord had adopted them, they falsely boasted of his favors. Since then the Prophet knew that the people insolently gloried in those privileges, with which they had been honored by God, he now declares that God would be the avenger of impiety from his temple; as though he said, Ye boast that God is bound to you, and that he has so bound up his faith to you as to render his name to you a sport: he indeed dwells in his temple; but from thence he will manifest himself as an avenger, as he sees that you are perverse in your wickedness. We hence see that the Prophet beats down that foolish arrogance, by which the Jews were inflated; yea, he turns back on their own heads what they were wont boastingly to bring forward. After having made this introduction, to awaken slumbering men with as much vehemence as he could, he subjoins — (62) שמעו עמים כלם , “Hear, ye peoples, all of them.” Were it not for a similar anomaly as to number in the following line, “Give ear, thou earth, and its fullness,” we might think that כלן is here a mistake for כלכם , as it is evidently the case in 1 Samuel 6:4 , and Job 17:10 ; for in these two places there are several MSS. Which have כלכם , though here there is no variety. Some, to get rid of the difficulty, have suggested that כלם here is to be construed as an adverb, “universally,” regarding it as assuming the same form with חנם , “gratuitously,” and ריקם , “vainly.” But such irregularity is common in Hebrew; there is therefore no need of having recourse to such expedients. The word עמים , peoples, may be rendered nations : for, notwithstanding the dissent of Drusius, what Horsley says seems to be correct, that עם in the plural number designates the heathen nations, as distinguished from the people of Israel. The verse literally is this, — Hear, ye nations, — all of them; Give ear, thou earth, — even its fullness; And t
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선지자는 여기서 단순하고 차분한 말하기 방식으로 만족하지 않고 높은 문체로 올라간다. 이것으로 우리는 그가 이미 백성의 성향을 시험해 보고 거의 모든 계층의 완악함을 알았음을 배울 수 있다. 백성이 반역적이고 완고할 것임을 확신하지 않았다면, 분명히 어느 정도 부드러움을 사용했거나 적어도 이렇게 격렬하게 몰아붙이는 것보다 자발적으로 이끌려 했을 것이다. 따라서 그들의 완악함과 사악함이 한마디 말을 꺼내기도 전에 이미 충분히 알려져 있었음은 의심할 여지 없다.
그러나 이 어려움이 하나님의 명령을 따르는 것을 막지는 않았다. 그는 동시에 자신의 가르침에 강렬함을 더해야 했다. 귀가 막혀 있는 자들, 아니 모든 종교적 감각이 없는 우둔한 자들, 하나님께 스스로를 굳게 한 자들, 단순히 생각 없이 타락한 것이 아니라 자신의 죄 안에 잠겨 사악하고 가증스럽게 완고해진 자들을 상대하고 있었기 때문이다.
선지자는 자신이 지정된 민족만이 아니라 온 세상에 말한다. "백성들아, 다 들으라"는 말의 목적은 분명히 하나님의 진리를 같은 목적으로 모든 사람에게 무차별적으로 선포하는 것이 아니었다. 오히려 모든 민족을 증인이나 심판자로 소환하여, 유대인들이 회개하지 않으면 그들의 불경함이 모든 사람에게 드러나게 될 것임을 알게 하려 했다. 또한 그들이 자신들의 비열함을 숨길 수 있다고 소망할 이유가 없음을 — 하나님이 그들의 숨겨진 죄들을 마치 공개 무대에서처럼 드러내실 것이기 때문에 — 알게 하려 했다.
선지자가 모든 민족을 부르고 그들이 하나님이 자신의 백성에게 내리기로 결정한 심판의 증인이 되게 한다는 것이 얼마나 강조적인지를 알 수 있다. "땅과 거기 가득한 것도 들을지어다." 땅을 그 거주자들로 환유법으로 취할 수도 있다. 그러나 "그 가득한 것"이 더해졌으므로, 선지자는 의심할 여지 없이 이성이 없는 땅 자체에게 말하려 했다. 하나님의 심판이 얼마나 두려울 것인지를 — 감각이 없는 피조물들조차 흔들 정도로 — 의미했다. 그리고 이로써 하나님의 말씀에도 불구하고 아무 걱정 없이 방치한 유대인들의 무감각을 더욱 심하게 책망한다.
그는 즉시 유대인들에게 담론을 돌린다. 하나님의 법정을 세우고 모든 민족을 소환하여 엄숙한 집회의 원처럼 둘러서게 한 후, "주 여호와가 너희를 고발하기 위하여 나의 증인이 되실 것이다"고 한다. 하나님이 자신을 위한 증인이 되실 것이라고 함으로써, 그는 단지 하나님이 그를 보내셨다고 확언하는 것만이 아니다. 열심에 불타며 하나님께 간청한다. 그분이 임재하셔서 백성의 사악함과 완악함이 형벌받지 않고 지나치지 않게 해달라고. 마치 이렇게 말하는 것 같다: "내가 그분의 사역자인 하나님이 나와 함께 계셔서 너희의 불경함을 벌하시기를. 그분이 자신을 이 가르침의 저자로 증명하시기를. 너희가 회개하지 않으면 그분이 자신의 말씀이 거부되는 것을 용납하지 않으시기를."
"거룩한 성전에서 오신 여호와"라는 덧붙임도 불필요하지 않다. 유대인들이 하나님이 자신들 가운데 거하신다고 무심하게 자랑했음을 알기 때문이다. 이 추정이 그들의 눈을 가려 모든 선지자들을 멸시하게 했다. 하나님의 거룩한 백성, 그분의 거룩한 유산이자 선택된 민족인 자신들에 대해 어떤 불명예스러운 것도 말해서는 안 된다고 생각했다. 하나님이 자신들을 양자로 삼으셨으므로, 그들은 그분의 호의들에 대해 거짓으로 자랑했다. 선지자는 백성이 자신들이 하나님의 특권을 누리며 자랑한다는 것을 알았기에, 이제 하나님이 자신의 성전에서 불경함의 보복자로 나타나실 것이라고 선언한다. 마치 이렇게 말하는 것 같다: 너희는 하나님이 너희에게 묶여 있다고, 그분이 너희에게 그 신실하심을 묶어 자신의 이름을 너희에게 유희거리로 만들었다고 자랑한다. 그분은 실로 그 성전에 거하신다. 그러나 거기서부터 그분은 보복자로 자신을 나타내실 것이다. 너희가 그분의 악함 속에 완악하게 있는 것을 보시기 때문이다.
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The Prophet pursues the same subject; and he dwells especially on this — that God would be a witness against his people from his sanctuary. He therefore confirms this, when he says that God would come from his place Some interpreters do at the same time take this view — that the temple would hereafter be deprived of God’s presence, and would hence become profane, according to what Ezekiel declares. For as the Jews imagined that God was connected with them as long as the temple stood, and this false imagination proved to them an allurement, as it were, to sin, as on this account they took to themselves greater liberty, — this was the reason why the Prophet Ezekiel declares that God was no longer in the temple; and the Lord had shown to him by a vision that he had left his temple, so that he would no longer dwell there. Some, as I have said, give a similar explanation of this passage; but this sense does not seem to suit the context. I therefore take another view of this sentence — that God would go forth from his place. But yet it is doubted what place the Prophet refers to: for many take it to be heaven, and this seems probable, for immediately after he adds, Descend shall God, and he will tread on the high places of the earth This descent seems indeed to point out a higher place: but as the temple, we know, was situated on a high and elevated spot, on mount Zion, there is nothing inconsistent in saying that God descended from his temple to chastise the whole of Judea as it deserved. Then the going forth of God is by no means ambiguous in its meaning, for he means that God would at length go forth, as it were, in a visible form. With regard then to the place, I am inclined to refer it to the temple; and this clause, I have no doubt, has proceeded from the last verse. But why is going forth here ascribed to God? Because the Jews had abused the forbearance of God in worshipping him with vain ceremonies in the temple; and at the same time they thought that they had escaped from his hand. As long then as God spared them, they thought that he was, as it were, bound to them, because he dwelt among them. Besides, as the legal and shadowy worship prevailed among them, they imagined that God rested in their temple. But now the Prophet says, “He will go forth: ye have wished hitherto to confine God to the tabernacle, and ye have attempted to pacify him with your frivolous puerilities: but ye shall know that his hand and his power extend much farther: he shall therefore come and show what that majesty is which has been hitherto a derision to you.” For when hypocrites set to sale their ceremonies to God, do they not openly trifle with him, as though he were a child? and do they not thus rob him of his power and authority? Such was the senselessness of that people. The Prophet therefore does not say without reason that God would go forth, that he might prove to the Jews that they were deluded by their own vain imaginations, when they thus took away from God what necessarily belonged to him, and confined him to a corner in Judea and fixed him there, as though he rested and dwelt there like a dead idol. The particle, Behold, is emphatical: for the Prophet intended here to shake off from the Jews their torpidity, inasmuch as nothing was more difficult to them than to be persuaded and to believe that punishment was nigh at hand, when they flattered themselves that God was propitious to them. Hence that they might no longer cherish this willfulness, he says, Behold, come shall the Lord, forth shall he go from his place Isaiah has a passage like this in an address to the people, Isaiah 26:0 ; but the object of it is different; for Isaiah intended to threaten the enemies of the Church and heathen nations: but here Micah denounces war on the chosen people, and shows that God thus dwelt in his temple, that the Jews might perceive that his hand was opposed to them, as they had so shamefully despised him, and, by their false imaginations reduced, as it were, to nothing his power. He shall tread, he says, on the high places of the earth. By the high places of the earth I do not understand superstitious places, but those well fortified. We know that fortresses were then fixed, for the most part, on elevated situations. The Prophet then intimates, that there would be no place into which God’s vengeance would not penetrate, however well fortified it might be: “No enclosures,” he says, “shall hinder God from penetrating into the inmost parts of your fortresses; he shall tread on the high places of the earth.” At the same time, I doubt not but that he alludes, by this kind of metaphor, to the chief men, who thought themselves exempted from the common lot of mankind; for they excelled so much in power, riches, and authority, that they would not be classed with the common people. The Prophet then intimates, that those, who were become proud through a notion of their own superiority would not be exempt from punishment. return to ' Top of Page ' <a name="verse-4" class="com-number"
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선지자는 같은 주제를 계속하며 특히 이것에 — 하나님이 자신의 성소에서 자신의 백성에 대한 증인이 되실 것이라는 것에 — 집중한다. 그래서 그는 하나님이 자신의 처소에서 나오실 것이라고 말함으로써 이것을 확인한다. 일부 해석자들은 성전이 이후 하나님의 임재를 박탈당하고 에스겔이 선언하는 것처럼 그래서 세속화될 것이라는 견해를 취한다. 그러나 이 의미는 문맥에 잘 맞지 않는 것 같다. 그러므로 나는 다른 견해를 취한다 — 하나님이 자신의 처소에서 나오실 것이라는 것.
그러나 선지자가 말하는 처소가 무엇인지에 대해 의문이 있다. 많은 이들이 하늘로 취하며, 즉시 이어지는 "하나님이 내려오실 것이요, 그가 땅의 높은 곳을 밟으실 것이라"는 말이 이것을 가리키는 것 같다고 한다. 이 내려오심은 더 높은 곳을 가리키는 것 같다. 그러나 성전이 시온 산의 높고 높은 곳에 있었으므로, 하나님이 온 유다를 마땅히 벌하시기 위해 자신의 성전에서 내려오셨다고 해도 모순이 없다. 하나님의 나오심은 그분이 말하자면 눈에 보이는 형태로 마침내 나오실 것을 의미하기 때문에, 그 의미는 모호하지 않다.
왜 나오심이 하나님께 귀속되는가? 유대인들이 성전에서 빈 의식으로 그분을 예배하며 하나님의 오래 참으심을 남용했기 때문이다. 동시에 그들은 자신들이 그분의 손에서 도망쳤다고 생각했다. 하나님이 그들을 아끼시는 한, 그들은 하나님이 그들 가운데 거하시기 때문에 말하자면 그들에게 묶여 있다고 생각했다. 또한 법적이고 그림자 같은 예배가 그들 사이에서 지배적이었으므로, 그들은 하나님이 자신들의 성전에서 쉬고 계신다고 상상했다. 이제 선지자는 "그분은 나오실 것이다. 너희는 지금까지 하나님을 장막에 가두고, 너희의 유치한 유희들로 그분을 달래려 했다. 그러나 그분의 손과 능력이 훨씬 더 멀리 미침을 알게 될 것이다. 따라서 그분은 나오셔서 그 위엄이 무엇인지를 보여 주실 것이다, 그 위엄이 너희에게 비웃음이 되어 왔지만"이라고 한다.
위선자들이 의식을 하나님께 팔 때, 그들은 그분을 마치 어린아이처럼 유희하는 것이 아닌가? 그래서 그들은 그분의 권능과 권위를 빼앗는다. 그래서 선지자는 이유 없이 하나님이 나오실 것이라고 말하지 않는다. 유대인들은 그들 자신의 헛된 상상에 속았다. "보라"는 입자는 강조적이다. 선지자는 여기서 유대인들의 무기력함을 흔들어 깨우려 했다. 형벌이 임박해 있다고 그들을 설득하는 것보다 더 어려운 것은 없었다. 하나님이 자신들에게 은혜로우시다고 스스로 아첨했기 때문이다.
"그는 땅의 높은 곳을 밟으실 것이라"는 말에서, 나는 높은 곳을 미신적 장소가 아니라 잘 요새화된 장소로 이해한다. 요새들이 그 당시 대부분 높은 곳에 세워졌음을 알기 때문이다. 선지자는 아무리 잘 요새화된 곳이라도 하나님의 진노가 침투하지 못할 곳이 없을 것임을 나타낸다. 동시에 이 은유로 주요 인물들을 암시했음이 의심의 여지가 없다. 그들은 권능, 재물, 권위에서 너무 탁월하여 평민들과 같은 부류에 속하는 것을 원하지 않았다. 선지자는 자신들의 우월함에 자만한 자들도 형벌에서 면제되지 않을 것임을 나타낸다.
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And he afterwards adds, that this going forth of God would be terrible, Melt, he says, shall the mountains under him It hence appears, that the Prophet did not speak in the last verse of the departure of God, as though he was going to forsake his own temple, but that he, on the contrary, described his going forth from the temple, that he might ascend his tribunal and execute punishment on the whole people, and thus, in reality, prove that he would be a judge, because he had been very daringly despised. Hence he says, Melt shall the mountains under him, the valleys shall be rent, or cleave, as wax before the fire, as waters rolling into a lower place (63) The Prophets do not often describe God in a manner so awful; but this representation is to be referred to the circumstance of this passage, for he sets forth God here as the judge of the people: it was therefore necessary that he should be exhibited as furnished and armed with powers that he might stake such vengeance on the Jews as they deserved. And other similar passages we shall hereafter meet with, and like to those which we found in Hosea. God then is said to melt the mountains, and he is said to strike the valleys with such terror that they cleave under him; in short, he is said so to terrify all elements, that the very mountains, however stony they may be, melt like wax or like waters which flow, — because he could not otherwise produce a real impression on a people so obstinate, and who, as it has been said, so flattered themselves even in their vices. We may further easily learn what application to make of this truth in our day. We find the Papists boasting of the title Church, and, in a manner, with vain confidence, binding God to themselves, because they have baptism, though they have adulterated it with their superstitions; and then, they think that they have Christ, because they still retain the name of a Church. Had the Lord promised that his dwelling would be at Rome, we yet see how foolish and frivolous would be such boasting: for though the temple was at Jerusalem, yet the Lord went forth thence to punish the sins of the people, yea, even of the chosen people. We further know, that it is folly to bind God now to one place, for it is his will that his name should be celebrated without any difference through the whole world. Wheresoever, then, the voice of the Gospel sounds, God would have us to know that he is present there. What the Papists then proudly boast of — that Christ is joined to them — will turn out to their own condemnation; — why so? Because the Lord will prove that he is the avenger of so impious and shameful a profanation, as they not only presumptuously lay claim to his name, but also tear it in pieces, and contaminate it with their sacrilegious abominations. Again, since God is said to melt the mountains with his presence, let us hence learn to rouse up all our feelings whenever God comes forth not that we may flee to a distance from him, but that we may reverently receive his word, so that he may afterwards appear to us a kind and reconciled Father. For when we become humble, and the pride and height of our flesh is subdued, he then immediately receives us, as it were, into his gentle bosom, and gives us an easy access to him, yea, he invites us to himself with all possible kindness. That the Lord then may thus kindly receive us, let us learn to fear as soon as he utters his voice: but let not this fear make us to flee away but only humble us, so that we may render true obedience to the word of the Lord. It follows — (63) These two similes, as observed by Marckius and others, refer not to the same thing, but to the two things previously mentioned,—the wax, to the mountains,—and the waters, to the valleys. This kind of order, in a sentence, is common in Hebrew. The Septuagint presents an instance, not uncommon, of an attempt to reconcile what, from not apprehending the sense, appeared incongruous; for motion is ascribed to the mountains— σαλευθησεται τα ορη , and melting to the valleys— τακησονται , quite contrary to the meaning of the words in Hebrew. Newcome renders the last line thus, — “As waters poured down a steep place.” Henderson renders the last word, “a precipice;” and Marckius, declive —”a declivity.” I would give this version of the whole verse, — For, behold, Jehovah shall go forth from his place; Yea, he shall descend and tread on the high places of the land; And dissolve shall the mountains under him, And the valleys shall burst forth; Like the wax before the fire, Like waters rolling down a declivity. The verb בקע is applied to express the bursting out of waters from a fountain, of the young when emerging from the egg, and of light dispelling darkness. It is here in Hithpael, and only in one other place, Joshua 9:13 ; where it means the bursting of wine bottles, made of leather. The word מורד is going down, descent, declivity, καταβασις , Sept. See Joshua 10:11 ; Jeremiah 48:5 “Do men trust to the height and strength of mountains, as if they were sufficient to bear up their hopes and bear off their fears? They shall be molten under him. — Do they trust to the fruitfulness of the valleys and their products? They shall be cleft, or rent, — and be wasted away as the ground is by the waters that are poured down a steep place.” — Henry. return to ' Top of Page ' <a name="verse-5" class="com-number"
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그는 또 덧붙인다, 하나님의 이 나오심이 두렵게 될 것이라고. "산들이 그 아래서 녹을 것이라." 따라서 선지자가 앞 절에서 하나님의 처소를 떠나심을 말한 것은, 마치 그분이 성전을 버리시려는 것처럼이 아니었음이 드러난다. 반대로 그분은 자신의 법정에 오르사 온 백성에게 형벌을 집행하시기 위해 성전에서 나오심을 묘사했다. "산들이 그 아래서 녹을 것이요, 골짜기들이 불 앞의 밀랍같이, 비탈로 쏟아지는 물같이 갈라지리라."
선지자들이 이렇게 두려운 방식으로 하나님을 묘사하는 것은 드물다. 그러나 이 묘사는 이 구절의 상황을 가리킨다. 그는 여기서 하나님을 백성의 심판자로 나타낸다. 그러므로 그분이 유대인들에게 마땅한 진노를 나타내시기 위해 무장하고 능력을 갖추신 것으로 묘사할 필요가 있었다.
하나님은 산들을 녹이시고, 골짜기들을 그 아래 두려움으로 갈라지게 하신다. 아무리 돌이 많더라도 밀랍이나 흐르는 물처럼 녹는 산들로 모든 원소들을 두렵게 하신다. 그렇지 않고는 악 속에서 자신을 아첨했던 그처럼 완고한 백성에게 실제 인상을 남길 수 없었기 때문이다.
이것을 우리 시대에 어떻게 적용해야 하는지도 쉽게 알 수 있다. 우리는 교황주의자들이 교회라는 칭호를 자랑하며, 헛된 자신감으로 하나님을 자신들에게 묶으려 하는 것을 발견한다. 그들은 세례를 가지고 있기 때문이다. 비록 그들이 자신들의 미신들로 그것을 변질시켰지만. 그들은 여전히 교회라는 이름을 유지하기 때문에 그리스도를 가졌다고 생각한다. 주님이 그 거처가 로마에 있다고 약속하셨더라도, 그런 자랑이 얼마나 어리석고 경솔할지를 우리는 본다. 성전이 예루살렘에 있었지만, 주님은 선민인 백성의 죄들을 벌하시기 위해 거기서 나오셨다. 더 나아가 이제 하나님을 한 곳에 묶는 것은 어리석음임을 안다. 복음의 소리가 울려 퍼지는 곳마다 하나님이 거기 계심을 알기를 원하시기 때문이다.
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The Prophet teaches, in this verse, that God is not angry for nothing; though when he appears rigid, men expostulate with him, and clamor as though he were cruel. That men may, therefore, acknowledge that God is a just judge, and that he never exceeds moderation in punishments, the Prophet here distinctly states that there was a just cause, why God denounced so dreadful a judgment on his chosen people, — even because not only a part of the people, but the whole body had, through their impiety, fallen away; for by the house of Jacob, and by the house of Israel, he means that impiety had everywhere prevailed, so that no part was untainted. The meaning then is, — that the contagion of sin had spread through all Israel, that no portion of the country was free from iniquity, that no corner of the land could bring an excuse for its defection; the Lord therefore shows that he would be the judge of them all, and would spare neither small nor great. We now then understand the Prophet’s object in this verse: As he had before taught how dreadful would be God’s vengeance against all the ungodly, so now he mentions their crimes, that they might not complain that they were unjustly treated, or that God employed too much severity. The Prophet then testifies that the punishment, then near at hand, would be just. He now adds, What is the wickedness of Jacob? The Prophet, no doubt, indirectly reproves here the hypocrisy which ruled dominant among the people. For he asks not for his own satisfaction or in his own person; but, on the contrary, he relates, by way of imitation, ( μιμητικῶς , — imitatively ) what he knew to be ever on their lips, “Oh! what sort of thing is this sin? Why! thou assumest here a false principle, — that we are wicked men, ungodly and perfidious: thou does us a grievous wrong.” Inasmuch, then, as hypocrites thought themselves pure, having wiped, as it were, their mouths, whenever they eluded reproofs by their sophistries, the Prophet borrows a question, as it were, from their own lips, “Of what kind is this wickedness? Of what sort is that transgression?” As though he said, “I know what ye are wont to do, when any one of the Prophets severely reproves you; ye instantly contend with him, and are ready with your objections: but what do you gain? If you wish to know what your wickedness is, it is Samaria; and where your high places are, they are at Jerusalem.” It is the same as if he had said, “I do not here contend with the common people, but I attack the first men: my contest then is with the princes themselves, who surpass others in dignity, and are, therefore, unwilling to be touched.” But it sometimes happens that the common people become degenerated, while some integrity remains among the higher orders: but the Prophet shows that the diseases among the people belonged to the principal men; and hence he names the two chief cities, Jerusalem and Samaria, as he had said before, in the first verse, that he proclaimed predictions against these: and yet it is certain, that the punishment was to be in common to the whole people. But as they thought that Jerusalem and Samaria would be safe, though the whole country were destroyed, the Prophet threatens them by name: for, relying first on their strength, they thought themselves unassailable; and then, the eyes of nearly all, we know, were dazzled with empty splendor, powers and dignity: thus the ungodly wholly forget that they are men, and what they owe to God, when elevated in the world. So great an arrogance could not be subdued, except by sharp and severe words, such as the Prophet, as we see, here employs. He then says, that the wickedness of Israel was Samaria; the fountain of all iniquities was the royal city, which yet ought to have ruled the whole land with wisdom and justice: but what any more remains, when kings and their counselors tread under foot all regard for what is just and right, and having cast away every shame, rise up in rebellion against God and men? When therefore kings thus fall from their dignity, an awful ruin must follow. This is the reason why the Prophet says that the wickedness of Israel was Samaria, that thence arose all iniquities. But we must at the same time bear in mind, that the Prophet speaks not here of gross crimes; but, on the contrary, he directs his reproof against ungodly and perverted forms of worship; and this appears more evident from the second clause, in which he mentions transgressions in connection with the high places. We hence see, that all sins in general are not here reproved, but their vicious modes of worship, by which religion had been polluted among the Jews as well as the Israelites. But it might seem very unjust, that the Prophet should charge with sin those forms of worship in which the Jews laboriously exercised themselves with the object of pacifying God. But we see how God regards as nothing whatever men blend with his worship out of their own heads. And this is our principal contest at this day with the Papists; we call their perverted and spurious modes of worship abominations: they think that what is heavenly is to be blended with what is earthly. We diligently labor, they say, for this end — that God may be worshipped. True; but, at the same time, ye profane his worship by your inventions; and it is therefore an abomination. We now then see how foolish and frivolous are those delusions, when men follow their own wisdom in the duty of worshipping God: for the Prophet here, in the name of God, fulminates, as it were, from heaven against all superstitions, and shows that no sin is more detestable, than that preposterous caprice with which idolaters are inflamed, when they observe such forms of worship as they have themselves invented. Now with regard to the high places, we must notice, that there was a great difference between the Jews and the Israelites at that time as to idolatry. The Israelites had so fallen, that they were altogether degenerated; nothing could be seen am
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선지자는 이 절에서 하나님이 아무 이유 없이 화내시지 않음을 가르친다. 비록 사람들이 그분이 엄격하게 보일 때 마치 잔인한 것처럼 항의하고 외치지만. 그러므로 사람들이 하나님이 공의로운 심판자이심을, 그리고 형벌에서 결코 지나치지 않으심을 인정하도록, 선지자는 하나님이 선민에게 이토록 두려운 심판을 선언하신 정당한 이유가 있었음을 여기서 분명히 밝힌다 — 바로 백성의 일부만이 아니라 온 공동체가 불경함으로 타락했다는 것이다. "야곱의 집"과 "이스라엘의 집"으로 그는 불경함이 어디서나 만연하여 오염되지 않은 곳이 없음을 의미한다.
선지자의 목적은 분명하다. 앞에서 하나님의 진노가 모든 불경한 자들에게 얼마나 두려울지를 가르쳤으므로, 이제 그들이 부당하게 다루어진다거나 하나님이 지나친 엄격함을 사용한다고 불평하지 못하도록 그들의 죄를 언급한다. "야곱의 죄악이 무엇이냐?" 선지자는 의심할 여지 없이 여기서 백성 가운데 지배적이었던 위선을 간접적으로 꾸짖는다. 자신의 만족을 위해 묻거나 자신의 입장에서 묻는 것이 아니다. 반대로 그는 그들이 항상 입에 달고 다니는 것을 모방하여 전한다: "오, 이 죄악이 어떤 것이냐? 왜, 여기서 거짓된 전제를 세우고 있다 — 우리가 악인이고 불경한 자들이며 배신자들이라고. 너는 우리에게 심한 잘못을 저지르고 있다." 위선자들이 궤변으로 책망을 피해 자신들을 정결하다고 생각했으므로, 선지자는 그들의 입술에서 나온 것과 같은 질문을 빌려온다: "이 죄악이 어떤 것인가? 그 허물이 어떤 것인가?" 마치 이렇게 말하는 것 같다: "나는 선지자들 중 하나가 너희를 엄히 꾸짖을 때마다 너희가 무엇을 하는지 안다. 너희는 즉시 그와 다투고 반론을 준비한다. 그러나 그것으로 무엇을 얻는가? 너희의 죄악이 무엇인지 알고 싶다면, 그것은 사마리아다. 그리고 너희의 산당이 어디 있는지, 그것은 예루살렘이다."
이것은 마치 그가 이렇게 말하는 것과 같다: "나는 여기서 평민들과 다투지 않고, 주요 인물들을 공격한다. 그들은 위엄에서 다른 이들을 능가하여 건드려지기를 원하지 않는다." 그러나 때로 지도층에는 어느 정도 성실함이 남아 있는 동안 평민들이 타락하는 일도 있다. 그러나 선지자는 백성 가운데의 질병들이 주요 인물들에게 속해 있음을 보여 준다. 이 두 주요 도시가 이름으로 불린 것은 아이러니하지 않다. 그들이 무적이라고 자신들의 힘을 의지했고, 거의 모든 사람의 눈이 권능과 위엄의 빈 광채에 눈이 부셨기 때문이다. 불경한 자들은 세상에서 높아지면 자신들이 인간임을, 하나님께 빚진 것이 무엇인지를 완전히 잊는다. 그처럼 큰 오만은 선지자가 여기서 사용하는 것처럼 날카롭고 엄격한 말로만 제어될 수 있었다.
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commentary-section/cal-mic-1-5-5(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역
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Though Micah intended especially to devote his services to the Jews, as we have said yesterday, he yet, in the first place, passes judgment on Samaria; for it was his purpose afterwards to speak more fully against Jerusalem and the whole of Judea. And this state of the case ought to be borne in mind; for the Prophet does not begin with the Israelites, because he directs his discourse peculiarly to them; but his purpose was briefly to reprove them, and then to address more especially his own people, for it was for this purpose that he was called. Now, as he threatens destruction to Samaria and the whole kingdom of Israel on account of their corrupted forms of worship, we may hence learn how displeasing to God is superstition, and that he regards nothing so much as the true worship of his name. There is no reason here for men to advance this position — that they do not designedly sin; for God shows how he is to be worshipped by us. Whenever, then, we deviate in any thing from the rule which he has prescribed, we manifest, in that particular, our rebellion and obstinacy. Hence the superstitious ever act like fools with regard to God, for they will not submit to his word, so as to be thereby alone made wise. And he says, I will set Samaria as an heap of the field, that is, such shall be the ruins that they shall differ nothing from the heaps of the fields: for husband men, we know, when they find stones in their fields, throw them into some corner, that they may not be in the way of the slough. Like such heaps then, as are seen in the fields, Samaria would be, according to what God declared. He then says, that the place would be empty, so that vines would be planted there; and, in the third place, that its stones would be scattered through the valley; as when one casts stones where there is a wide plain, they run and roll far and wide; so would be the scattering of Samaria according to what the Prophet says, it was to be like the rolling of stones in a wide field. He adds, in the fourth place, I will uncover her foundations, that is, I will entirely demolish it, so that a stone, as Christ says, may not remain on a stone, ( Matthew 24:2 .) We now perceive the import of the words; and we also perceive that the reason why the Prophet denounces on Samaria so severe a judgment was, because it had corrupted the legitimate worship of God with its own inventions; for it had devised, as we well know, many idols, so that the whole authority of the law had been abolished among the Israelites. It now follows — return to ' Top of Page ' <a name="verse-7" class="com-number"
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미가가 주로 유대인들에게 봉사하려 했지만, 그는 먼저 사마리아에 대한 심판을 선언한다. 나중에 예루살렘과 유다 전체에 대해 더 충분히 말하는 것이 그의 목적이었기 때문이다. 선지자는 그들의 부패한 예배 형식들 때문에 사마리아와 이스라엘 왕국 전체에 멸망을 위협하므로, 여기서 미신이 하나님께 얼마나 불쾌한지, 그리고 그분이 자신의 이름의 참된 예배를 얼마나 중시하시는지를 배울 수 있다.
"내가 사마리아를 들의 무더기 같게 하겠다." 그 폐허들이 들의 무더기들과 다를 바 없게 될 것이다. 농부들이 밭에서 돌을 발견하면, 쟁기가 그것들을 피해갈 수 있도록 구석에 던져 버린다. 그런 무더기들처럼 사마리아가 될 것이다. 그는 또 그 장소가 비어 포도원이 거기에 심겨질 것이라고 한다. 셋째, 그 돌들이 골짜기로 흩어질 것이라고 한다. 마치 돌들을 넓은 들에 던지면 멀리 굴러가는 것처럼, 사마리아도 그렇게 흩어질 것이다. 넷째, "내가 그 기초를 드러내리라." 하나님이 완전히 허무실 것이다.
이제 이 말씀의 의미를 알 수 있다. 선지자가 사마리아에 이처럼 엄한 심판을 선언한 이유도 알 수 있다 — 하나님의 합법적 예배를 자신들의 발명으로 부패시켰기 때문이다. 우리가 잘 알듯이, 이스라엘 사람들 가운데 율법의 모든 권위가 폐지될 만큼 많은 우상들을 고안했던 것이다.
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The Prophet goes on with the same subject, and says, that the ruin of Samaria was at hand, so that its idols would be broken, and also, that its wealth would be destroyed which she had gathered by illegitimate means, and which she thought to be the reward of her idolatry. But God mentions idols here expressly by his Prophet, in order to confirm what we noticed yesterday — that the cause of vengeance was, because Samaria had abandoned itself to ungodly forms of worship, and had departed from the Law. That the Israelites might then understand the cause for which God would so severely punish them, the Prophet here makes express mention of their graven images and idols. God is not indeed angry with stones and wood; but he observes the abuse and the perversion of them, when men pollute themselves by wickedly worshipping such things. This is the reason why God says here that the graven images of Samaria would be broken in pieces, and that its idols would be destroyed. With regard to the wages, the Prophet no doubt designed to stamp with disgrace all the wealth of Samaria. אתנן , atanen, is properly a gift or a present. But as he twice repeats it, and says, that what Samaria possessed was the reward of an harlot, and then, that it would return to the reward of an harlot, he, in the first place, I have no doubt, upbraids the Israelites, because they, after the manner of harlots and strumpets, had heaped together their great riches: and this was done by Jeroboam, who constructed a new form of worship, in order to secure his own kingdom. The Israelites then began to flourish; and we also know how wealthy that kingdom became, and how proud they were on account of their riches. As, then, the Israelites despised the kingdom of Judah, and thought themselves in every way happy, and as they ascribed all this, as we have seen in Hosea, to their superstitions, Micah speaks here according to their view of things, when he says, Idolatry has been gainful to you, this splendor dazzles your eyes; but your rewards I have already doomed to the burning: they shall then be burnt, and thus perish. Hosea also, as we have seen, made use of the same comparison, — that the children of Israel felicitated themselves in their impiety, like a harlot, who, while she gains many presents from those who admire her beauty, seems not conscious of her turpitude and baseness: such were the Israelites. The Prophets therefore does not say, without reason, Behold, your rewards, by burning, shall perish, or, be consumed with fire. Why so? Because ye have gathered them, he says, from the reward of an harlot, and all this shall return to the reward of an harlot. This last clause ought to be restricted to the gifts or wealth of Samaria; for it cannot properly be applied to idols or graven images. The import of the whole then is that God would be the avenger of idolatry with regard to the city of Samaria and the whole kingdom of Israel. Besides, as the Israelites boasted that their ungodly forms of worship turned out to their happiness and prosperity, God declares that the whole of this success would be evanescent, like that of the harlot, who amasses great wealth, which soon vanishes away: and we see that thus it commonly happens. Some explain the passage thus, — that the gifts, with which the Israelites adorned their temples, would return to be the reward of an harlot, that is, would he transferred to Chaldea, and that the Babylonians would, in their turn, adorn with them their idols. But this view is not suitable to the place; for the Prophet does not say that what Samaria had gathered would be a prey or a spoil to enemies but that it would perish by fire. (66) He speaks therefore, proverbially when he says that the produce, from the reward of an harlot, would return to be the reward of an harlot, that is, that it would become nothing; for the Lord sets a curse on such riches as strumpets gain by their baseness, while they prostitute themselves. Since, then, the whole of such wealth is under the curse of God, it must necessarily soon pass away like smoke: and this, in my view, is the real meaning of the Prophet. It now follows — (66) The view given above is the one embraced by Henderson; but the reason given here is improbable. Newcome mentions the above, and also the following, “She imputed her wealth to her spiritual idolatry, and her conquerors shall distribute it as the reward of harlots in the literal sense.” But inasmuch as it is said, that her rewards would be burnt, it is more consistent to take the last clause as a proverbial expression, signifying the destruction of all the wealth that was ascribed to idolatry as its source. “It is common,” says Henry , “that what is squeezed out by one lust, is squandered away by another.” — Ed. return to ' Top of Page ' <a name="verse-8" class="com-number"
Pericope (part_of)
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source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
선지자는 같은 주제를 계속하며, 사마리아의 멸망이 임박하여 그 우상들이 깨어질 것이고, 부당한 수단으로 모은 재물도 — 우상숭배의 보상이라고 생각했던 — 파괴될 것이라고 말한다. 그러나 하나님은 여기서 자신의 선지자를 통해 우상들을 명시적으로 언급하신다. 어제 주목했던 것을 확인하기 위함이다 — 진노의 원인이 사마리아가 불경한 예배 형식들에 자신을 내맡기고 율법에서 떠났기 때문이라는 것. 그래서 이스라엘 사람들이 왜 하나님이 그들을 이토록 엄히 벌하실 것인지를 이해하도록, 선지자는 그들의 새긴 형상들과 우상들을 명시적으로 언급한다. 하나님은 돌과 나무에 분노하시지 않는다. 그러나 그분은 그것들의 남용과 왜곡을 주목하신다. 그것들을 사악하게 예배함으로 사람들이 스스로를 오염시킬 때.
"음행의 삯"에 관해, 선지자는 의심할 여지 없이 사마리아의 모든 재물에 불명예를 씌우려 했다. 그는 사마리아가 소유한 것이 창녀의 삯이고, 또 창녀의 삯으로 돌아갈 것이라고 두 번 반복한다. 우리는 여로보암이 자신의 왕국을 보장하기 위해 새로운 예배 형식을 세운 것을 안다. 이스라엘 사람들은 번영했다. 그 왕국이 얼마나 부유해졌는지, 그리고 그들이 재물 때문에 얼마나 자랑스러워했는지 안다. 유다 왕국을 업신여기며 자신들이 모든 면에서 행복하다고 생각했다. 호세아에서 우리가 보았듯이, 이 모든 것을 그들의 미신들의 덕으로 돌렸다. 미가는 그들의 견해에 맞게 말한다: "우상숭배가 너희에게 이득이 되었다, 이 화려함이 너희 눈을 부시게 한다. 그러나 너희의 삯들을 나는 이미 불태울 것으로 정했다. 그것들은 불타고 망할 것이다."
호세아도 같은 비교를 사용했음을 우리는 보았다 — 이스라엘 자녀들이 마치 자신의 아름다움에 매료된 자들에게서 많은 선물을 받는 창녀처럼, 자신의 비열함과 천박함을 의식하지 못하면서 자신의 불경함 안에서 스스로를 행복하다 여겼다. 선지자는 이유 없이 말하지 않는다: "보라, 너희의 삯들이 불로 타서 없어질 것이다. 왜인가? 창녀의 삯으로 모았기 때문이다. 이 모든 것이 창녀의 삯으로 돌아갈 것이다."
일부는 이 말씀을 이스라엘 사람들이 성전을 장식했던 선물들이 창녀의 삯이 될 것이라는 것으로, 즉 바벨론으로 이전되어 바벨론 사람들이 자신들의 우상들을 거기에 장식할 것이라고 설명한다. 그러나 이 견해는 이 구절에 맞지 않는다. 선지자는 사마리아가 모은 것이 적들의 전리품이 될 것이라 말하지 않고, 불로 소멸될 것이라고 말하기 때문이다.
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commentary-section/cal-mic-1-7-7(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역
8절 카드 ↗
The Prophet here assumes the character of a mourner, that he might more deeply impress the Israelites; for we have seen that they were almost insensible in their torpidity. It was therefore necessary that they should be brought to view the scene itself, that, seeing their destruction before their eyes they might be touched both with grief and fear. Lamentations of this kind are everywhere to be met with in the Prophets, and they ought to be carefully noticed; for we hence gather how great was the torpor of men, inasmuch as it was necessary to awaken them, by this form of speech, in order to convince them that they had to do with God: they would have otherwise continued to flatter themselves with delusions. Though indeed the Prophet here addresses the Israelites, we ought yet to apply this to ourselves; for we are not much unlike the ancient people: for however God may terrify us with dreadful threatening, we still remain quiet in our filth. It is therefore needful that we should be severely treated, for we are almost void of feeling. But the Prophets sometimes assumed mourning, and sometimes they were touched with real grief: for when they spoke of aliens and also of the enemies of the Church, they introduce these lamentations. When a mention is made of Babylon or of Egypt, they sometimes say, Behold, I will mourn, and my bowels shall be as a timbrel . The Prophets did not then really grieve; but, as I have said, they transferred to themselves the sorrows of others, and ever with this object, that they might persuade men that God’s threatenings were not vain, and that God did not trifle with men when he declared that he was angry with them. But when the discourse was respecting the Church and the faithful, then the Prophets did not put on grief. The representation here is then to be taken in such a way as that we may understand that the Prophet was in real mourning, when he saw that a dreadful ruin was impending over the whole kingdom of Israel. For though they had perfidiously departed from the Law, they were yet a part of the holy race, they were the children of Abraham, whom God had received into favor. The Prophet, therefore, could not refrain from mourning unfeignedly for them. And the Prophet does here these two things, — he shows the fraternal love which he entertained for the children of Israel, as they were his kindred, and a part of the chosen people, — and he also discharges his own duty; for this lamentation was, as it were, the mirror in which he sets before them the vengeance of God towards men so extremely torpid. He therefore exhibits to them this representation, that they might perceive that God was by no means trifling with men, when he thus denounced punishment on the wicked and such as were apostates. Moreover, he speaks not of a common lamentation, but says, I will wail and howl, and then, I will go spoiled The word אנושה , shulal, some take as meaning one out of his mind or insane, as though he said, “I shall be now as one not possessed of a sound mind.” But as this metaphor is rather unnatural, I prefer the sense of being spoiled; for it was the custom with mourners, as it is well known, to tear and to throw away their garments from them. I will then go spoiled and naked; and also, I will make wailing, not like that of men, but like the wailing of dragons: I will mourn, he says, as the ostriches are wont to do. In short, the Prophet by these forms of speech intimates, that the coming evil would by no means be of an ordinary kind: for if he adopted the usual manner of men, he could not have set forth the dreadfulness of God’s vengeance that was impending. return to ' Top of Page ' <a name="verse-9" class="com-number"
Pericope (part_of)
- part_of
pericope/per-mic-1-003
절 (explains)
Source
source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
선지자는 여기서 애도자의 역할을 맡아 이스라엘 사람들에게 더 깊은 인상을 주려 한다. 우리는 그들이 거의 무감각한 무기력 속에 있었음을 보았기 때문이다. 그러므로 그들이 눈앞에서 자신들의 멸망을 보고 슬픔과 두려움에 감동받도록, 그 장면 자체를 눈앞에 보여 줄 필요가 있었다. 이런 종류의 애가들이 선지자들 여기저기서 발견된다. 선지자들이 때로 애도하는 척했고 때로 진짜 슬픔으로 감동받았다는 것을 주목해야 한다. 그들이 이방인들과 교회의 원수들에 대해 말했을 때, 이런 애가들을 소개한다.
그러나 교회와 신실한 자들에 대한 담론이었을 때, 선지자들은 슬픔을 꾸미지 않았다. 여기서의 묘사는 선지자가 온 이스라엘 왕국에 두려운 멸망이 임박해 있음을 보며 진정한 애도 속에 있었다는 방식으로 취해야 한다. 비록 그들이 배신적으로 율법에서 떠났지만, 그들은 여전히 거룩한 족속의 일부였고 하나님이 은총으로 받아들이신 아브라함의 자녀들이었기 때문이다.
선지자는 여기서 두 가지를 한다 — 이스라엘 자녀들에 대한 형제 사랑을 보여 주며, 그것은 그들이 그의 친족이요 선택된 백성의 일부이기 때문이다 — 그리고 자신의 의무를 다한다. 이 애가는 마치 거울처럼 하나님의 진노를 그토록 극도로 무감각한 사람들 앞에 제시하는 것이었다. 따라서 그는 하나님이 불경한 자들과 배교자들을 벌하실 때 결코 사람들을 가지고 희롱하시는 것이 아님을 그들이 인식하도록 이 묘사를 보여 준다.
그는 일반적인 애도가 아닌 것을 말한다: "내가 슬피 울며 부르짖겠다, 또한 내가 벗어지고 헐벗겠다." '슐랄'(שולל)을 일부는 정신이 나간 자나 미친 자로 읽어서, "나는 이제 건전한 정신을 갖지 않은 자와 같게 될 것이다"고 하는 것처럼 읽는다. 그러나 이 은유는 너무 부자연스럽다. 나는 벗겨진다는 의미를 선호한다. 애도자들이 옷을 찢고 몸에서 던져 버리는 것이 관례였음을 잘 알기 때문이다. "내가 벗어지고 헐벗으며 또 울부짖겠다, 사람들의 울부짖음처럼이 아니라, 용들의 울부짖음처럼. 타조들이 하는 것처럼 통곡하겠다." 요컨대 선지자는 이런 표현 형식들로 임박한 재앙이 결코 보통 것이 아닐 것임을 나타낸다. 일반적인 사람의 방식을 취했다면, 임박해 있는 하나님의 두려운 진노를 표현할 수 없었을 것이기 때문이다.
원주석
- 번역원본
commentary-section/cal-mic-1-8-8(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역
9절 카드 ↗
He afterwards subjoins, that the wounds vault be grievous; but he speaks as of what was present, Grievous, he says, are the wounds Grievous means properly full of grief; others render it desperate or incurable, but it is a meaning which suits not this place; for אנושה , anushe, means what we express in French by douloureuse. The wounds, then, are full of grief: for it came, (something is understood; it may suitably be referred to the enemy, or, what is more approved, to the slaughter) — It came then, that is, the slaughter, (68) to Judah; it has reached to the gate of my people, even to Jerusalem itself. He says first, to Judah, speaking of the land; and then he confines it to the cities; for when the gates are closed up against enemies, they are forced to stop. But the Prophet says, that the cities would be no hindrance to the enemies to approach the very gates and even the chief city of Judah, that is, Jerusalem; and this, we know, was fulfilled. It is the same then as though he said that the whole kingdom of Israel would be so laid waste, that their enemies would not he content with victory, but would proceed farther and besiege the holy city: and this Sennacherib did. For after having subverted the kingdom of Israel, as though it was not enough to draw the ten tribes into exile, he resolved to take possession of the kingdom of Judah; and Jerusalem, as Isaiah says, was left as a tent. We hence see that the threatening of the Prophet Micah were not in vain. It now follows — (68) Or rather the stroke before mentioned; for the true reading is no doubt מכתה , her wound or her stroke, in the singular. Though there are but two MSS. which have this reading, yet the previous participle noun, אנושה , being singular, and the following verbs or participles being in the same number, favor this supposition. The corresponding word in the Septuagint is also in the singular number — ἡ πληγη ἀυτης , her stroke, stripe or scourge. — Ed. return to ' Top of Page ' <a name="verse-10" class="com-number"
Pericope (part_of)
- part_of
pericope/per-mic-1-003
절 (explains)
Source
source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
그는 이어서 덧붙인다, 그 상처들이 매우 심각할 것이라고. 그러나 그는 현재의 것처럼 말한다: "그 상처가 심각하다." '아누사'(אנושה)는 적절하게는 슬픔으로 가득하다는 의미다. 다른 이들은 절망적이거나 치유 불가능하다고 번역하지만, 이 의미는 이 구절에 맞지 않는다. 그 상처들이 슬픔으로 가득하다. 왜냐하면 그것이 — 무언가가 이해된다; 그것은 적에게, 또는 더 승인되는 것으로, 살육에게 적절히 연결될 수 있다 — 유다에까지 이르렀고, 내 백성의 문, 예루살렘 자체에까지 이르렀기 때문이다. 그는 먼저 유다에 대해, 그 땅에 대해 말한다. 그리고 나서 도시들로 좁혀 간다. 성문들이 적들에 대해 닫혀 있으면, 그들은 멈추어야 한다. 그러나 선지자는 도시들이 적들이 바로 성문까지, 심지어 유다의 주요 도성 예루살렘까지 접근하는 것을 막지 못할 것이라고 한다. 이것은 우리가 알듯이 성취되었다. 이스라엘 왕국을 전복시킨 후, 마치 열 지파를 포로로 끌고 가는 것으로 충분하지 않은 것처럼, 산헤립은 유다 왕국도 점령하기로 결심했다. 이사야가 말하는 것처럼 예루살렘은 들에 있는 막막처럼 남았다.
원주석
- 번역원본
commentary-section/cal-mic-1-9-9(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역
10절 카드 ↗
The Prophet seems here to be inconsistent with himself: for he first describes the calamity that was to be evident to all; but now he commands silence, lest the report should reach the enemies. But there is here nothing contradictory; for the evil itself could not be hid, since the whole kingdom of Israel would be desolated, the cities demolished or burnt, the whole country spoiled and laid waste, and then the enemies would enter the borders of Judah: and when Jerusalem should have been nearly taken how could it have been concealed? No, this could not have been. There is no wonder then that the Prophet had referred here to a solemn mourning. But he now speaks of the feeling of those who were desirous of hiding their own disgrace, especially from their enemies and aliens: for it is an indignity which greatly vexes us, when enemies taunt us, and upbraid us in our misfortunes; when no hope remains, we at least wish to perish in secret, so that no reproach and disgrace should accompany our death; for dishonor is often harder to be borne, and wounds us more grievously, than any other evil. The Prophet then means that the Israelites would not only be miserable, but would also be subject to the reproaches and taunts of their enemies. We indeed know that the Philistine were inveterate in their hatred to the people of God; and we know that they ever took occasion to upbraid them with their evils and calamities. This then is the meaning of the Prophet, when he says, In Gath declare it not, by weeping weep not; as though he said, “Though extreme evils shall come upon you, yet seek to perish in silence; for you will find that your enemies will gape for the opportunity to cut you with their taunts, when they shall see you thus miserable. He then forbids the people’s calamities to be told in Gath; for the Philistine usually desired nothing more than the opportunity to torment the people of God with reproaches. It now follows, In the house of Aphrah, in dust roll thyself There is here an alliteration which cannot be conveyed in Latin: for עפרה , ophre, means dusty, and עפר , opher, is dust. That city attained its name from its situation, because the country where it was, was full of dust; as if a city were called Lutosa, muddy or full of clay; and indeed many think that Lutetia (Paris) had hence derived its name. And he says, Roll thyself in dust, in the house full of dust; as though he had said that the name would be now most suitable, for the ruin of the city would constrain all neighboring cities to be in mourning to cast themselves in the dust; So great would be the extremity of their evils. But we must ever bear in mind the object of the Prophet: for he here rouses the Israelites as it were with the sharpest goads, who entertained no just idea of the dreadfulness of God’s vengeance, but were ever deaf to all threatening. The Prophet then shows that the execution of this vengeance which he denounced was ready at hand; and he himself not only mourned, but called others also to mourning. He speaks of the whole country, as we shall see by what follows. I shall quickly run over the whole of this chapter; for there is no need of long explanation, as you will find. return to ' Top of Page ' <a name="verse-11" class="com-number"
Pericope (part_of)
- part_of
pericope/per-mic-1-003
절 (explains)
Source
source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
선지자는 여기서 자신과 모순되는 것처럼 보인다. 처음에 그는 모든 사람에게 분명해질 재앙을 묘사했다. 이제 그는 원수들에게 소문이 전해지지 않도록 침묵을 명한다. 그러나 여기에 모순은 없다. 이스라엘 왕국 전체가 황폐해지고, 도시들이 허물어지거나 불타고, 온 나라가 약탈되고 황폐해질 때, 그 악 자체가 숨겨질 수 없었다. 적들이 유다의 국경에 들어올 때, 예루살렘이 거의 점령될 때 어떻게 숨길 수 있었겠는가? 그럴 수 없었다. 선지자가 엄숙한 애도를 여기서 언급한 것이 이상하지 않다.
그러나 이제 그는 주로 자신들의 수치를 숨기고 싶은 자들의 감정에 대해 말한다, 특히 적들과 이방인들에게. 그것은 우리를 크게 화나게 하는 치욕이기 때문이다, 적들이 우리를 조롱하고 불행 속에서 우리를 비웃을 때. 어떤 소망도 남지 않을 때, 우리는 적어도 은밀히 죽고 싶어한다. 우리의 죽음에 책망과 수치가 따르지 않도록. 불명예는 종종 참기 더 어렵고, 다른 어떤 악보다 더 심하게 우리를 상처 입힌다.
선지자는 이스라엘 사람들이 비참할 뿐만 아니라 적들의 책망과 조롱을 받게 될 것임을 의미한다. 블레셋 사람들이 하나님의 백성에게 얼마나 완고하게 적대적이었는지, 그리고 그들이 항상 그들의 악과 재난을 책망하는 기회를 잡으려 했음을 안다. 이것이 선지자가 "가드에 알리지 말라, 도무지 울지 말라"고 말할 때의 의미다. 마치 이렇게 말하는 것 같다: "비록 극한의 악이 너희에게 닥쳐도, 은밀히 죽기를 구하라. 왜냐하면 너희가 이처럼 비참한 것을 볼 때 원수들이 너희를 조롱으로 상처 줄 기회를 노릴 것을 발견하게 될 것이기 때문이다."
"아버라 도성에서 티끌을 무릅쓰라." 여기에는 라틴어로 전할 수 없는 언어 유희가 있다. '오프라'(עפרה)는 먼지가 많다는 뜻이고, '오페르'(עפר)는 먼지다. 그 도시는 위치에서 이름을 얻었다. 그 주변 나라가 먼지로 가득했기 때문이다. 그는 "먼지가 많은 집에서 먼지 속에 뒹굴라"고 한다. 마치 그 이름이 이제 가장 적절할 것이라고 말하는 것 같다. 그 도시의 멸망이 인근 모든 도시들을 애도 중에, 티끌 속에 던지도록 강요할 것이기 때문이다.
원주석
- 번역원본
commentary-section/cal-mic-1-10-10(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역
11절 카드 ↗
The Prophet here addresses the cities which were on the borders of the kingdom of Israel, and through which the enemy would pass in entering the kingdom of Judah. He therefore bids the inhabitants of the city Saphir to pass over, and says, that the city would be ashamed or in a shameful manner naked. The word שפיר , shaphir, means splendid. He then says, “Thou art now beautiful, but the Lord will discover thy shame, so that thy nakedness shall be a shame to all, and the greatest disgrace to thyself.” There is a correspondence in the words, though not an alliteration. Hence the Prophet says, that though the city was called splendid, it would yet be deformed, so that no one would deign to look on it, at least without feeling shame. There is the same correspondence in the word Zaanan; for צעה , tsoe, means to transfer, as צען , tson, is to migrate. Hence the Prophet says, Go forth shall not the inhabitant of Zaanan for the mourning of Beth-Aezel; that is, he will remain quiet at home: this he will do contrary to what will be natural; for whence is the name of the city? even from removing, for it was a place of much traffic. But he will remain, he says, at home: though he may see his neighbors dragged into exile, he will not dare to move from his place. He now adds, Take will the enemy from you his station. The verb עמד , omad, means to stand; nor is there a doubt but that when the Prophet says, He will take from you his standing, he speaks of the standing or station of the enemy: but interpreters however vary here. Some understand, that when the enemy had continued long in the land, they would not depart before they possessed the supreme power; as though he said, “Ye will think that your enemy can be wearied out with delay and tediousness, when not able soon to conquer your cities: this, he says, will not be the case; for he will resolutely persevere, and his expectation will not disappoint him; for he will receive the reward of his station, that is, of his delay.” But some say, He will receive his station from you. They explain the verb לקח , lakech, metaphorically, as meaning to receive instruction from hand to hand; as though the Prophet had said, Some, that is, your neighbors, will learn their own position from you. What does this mean? Zaanan will not go forth on account of the mourning of its neighboring city Aezel: others will afterwards follow this example. How so? For Zaanan will be, as it were, the teacher to other cities; as it will not dare to show any sign of grief for its neighbors, being not able to succor them; so also, when it shall be taken in its turn into exile, that is, its citizens and inhabitants, its neighbors will remain quiet, as though the condition of the miserable city was no object of their care. They shall then learn from you their standing; that is, Ye will remain quiet and still, when your neighbors will be destroyed; the same thing will afterwards happen to you. But as this bears but little on the main subjects we may take either of these views. (71) It afterwards follows — (71) This verse is variously rendered; by Newcome thus,— Pass on, thou inhabitress of Saphir, naked and in confusion. The inhabitants of Zanan went not forth to wailing. O Beth-Ezel, he shall receive of you the reward of his station against you. By Henderson thus,— Pass on, thou inhabitant of Shaphir, naked and ashamed; The inhabitant of Zanan goeth not forth; The wailing of Beth-Ezel will take away continuance from you. It seems more consistent to take all the verbs in this and the preceding verse as imperatives, though they be not in the same person. Those in the second are evidently so; and I would render such as are in the third person as imperatives too. That Saphir, Zaanan, etc, as well as those which follow, are not appellatives, but proper names of places within or on the borders of Judah, is what is allowed by most, though not by all, especially by some of the ancient commentators, at least with regard to some of the names. I offer the following version of the tenth and eleventh verses, — 10. In Gath declare ye it not, in Acco weep not; In Beth-Ophrah, roll thyself in dust: 11. Pass thou over, yea, thou, O inhabitant of Saphir, Naked and in shame; Let not the inhabitant of Zaanan go forth wailing; Let Beth-Azel take from you its position; that is, follow your example. The last word, עמדתו , presents the greatest difficulty. It is found here alone in this form. It occurs as עמד , a pillar, a station, עמוד , a stand, stage, and as מעמד , a standing, and also a state, Isaiah 22:19 Buxtorf gives the same meaning to the last with the one in the text, constitutio , constitution, a fixed order of things. The verb עמד signifies to stand, to stand erect, to remain the same, either in motion or at rest, to continue. Hence it may rightly signify a position, a standing, that is taken and maintained. return to ' Top of Page ' <a name="verse-12" class="com-number"
Pericope (part_of)
- part_of
pericope/per-mic-1-003
절 (explains)
Source
source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
선지자는 여기서 이스라엘 왕국에 들어가면서 적이 통과할 국경 지방의 도시들에게 말한다. 그래서 그는 샤피르 도성의 주민들에게 지나가라고 명하며, 그 도성이 부끄럽거나 수치스럽게 벗겨질 것이라고 한다. '샤피르'(שפיר)는 화려하다는 뜻이다. "너는 이제 아름답지만, 주님이 네 수치를 드러내실 것이다. 그래서 네 벌거벗음이 모든 이에게 수치가 되고 너 자신에게도 가장 큰 불명예가 될 것이다." 그러므로 선지자는 그 도성이 화려하다고 불렸지만 흉해져서 아무도 수치 없이는 그것을 쳐다보려 하지 않을 것이라고 한다.
"사아난 주민은 나오지 못할 것이다." '오쉐'(צוה), 인접한 도성을 위해 슬퍼하며 나오는 것. 그러나 그는 집에 가만히 있을 것이다. 자연스러운 것에 반하여 그렇게 할 것이다. 그 도성의 이름이 어디에서 왔는가? 이주로, 교통이 많은 곳이었기 때문이다. 그러나 이웃이 포로로 끌려가는 것을 보면서도 자기 처소에서 감히 움직이지 못할 것이다.
그는 더한다: "벧에셀의 애통이 너희에게서 서있을 곳을 빼앗을 것이다." 동사 '아마드'(עמד)는 서다는 뜻이다. 선지자는 원수의 서는 곳이나 위치에 대해 말하지만, 해석자들은 여기서 다양하다. 일부는 원수가 그 땅에 오랫동안 머물러 최고 권력을 갖게 될 때까지 떠나지 않을 것이라고 이해한다. "너희는 지연과 지루함으로 원수가 지쳐 나갈 것이라고 생각할 것이다. 그러나 그렇지 않을 것이다. 그는 결단코 인내할 것이며, 그의 기대는 실망시키지 않을 것이다." 다른 이들은 다른 해석을 준다. 어느 것이든 주된 사안에 거의 영향을 미치지 않는다.
원주석
- 번역원본
commentary-section/cal-mic-1-11-11(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역
12절 카드 ↗
The Prophet joins here another city even Maroth, and others also in the following verses. But in this verse he says, that Maroth would be in sorrow for a lost good. The verb חול , chul, means to grieve; and it has this sense here; for the Marothites, that is, the inhabitants of that city, would have to grieve for losing their property and their former happy condition. But as the verb means also to expect, some approve of a different exposition, that is, — that the inhabitants of the city Maroth would in vain depend on an empty and fallacious expectation, for they were doomed to utter destruction. In vain then will the inhabitant of Maroth expect or entertain hope; for an evil descends from Jehovah to the gate of the city. This view is very suitable, that is, that its hope will disappoint Maroth, since even the city of Jerusalem shall not be exempted. For though God had then by a miracle delivered the chief city, and its siege was raised through the intervention of an angel, when a dreadful slaughter, as sacred history records, took place; yet the city Maroth was not then able to escape vengeance. We now see the reason why this circumstance was added. Some give a harsher explanation, — that the citizens of Maroth were to be debilitated, or, as it were, demented. As this metaphor is too strained, I embrace the other, — that the citizens of Maroth would grieve for the loss of good, (72) or that they would vainly expect or hope, since they were already doomed to utter ruin, without any hope of deliverance. But we must notice, that evil was nigh at hand from Jehovah, for he reminds them, that though the whole country would be desolated by the Assyrians, yet God would be the chief leader, since he would employ the work of all those who would afflict the people of Israel. That the Jews then, as well as the Israelites might know, that they had to do, not with men only, but also with God, the celestial Judge, the Prophet distinctly expresses that all this would proceed from Jehovah. He afterwards adds — (72) Grieving is the idea commonly given to the verb here used. “ Dolebit , will grieve,” Grotius, — “ Parturit , travails,” Marckius, —”Pineth,” Henderson. Newcome, following the mere conjecture of Houbigant changes the original, and substitutes למות for לטוב , and gives this version, — “is sick unto death.” Not only is this wholly unwarranted, but it destroys the evident contrast there is in the verse — the good and the evil. — Ed. return to ' Top of Page ' <a name="verse-13" class="com-number"
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source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
선지자는 여기서 마롯이라는 다른 도성에, 그리고 다음 절들에서 다른 도성들에도 연결한다. 이 절에서 그는 마롯이 잃어버린 선에 슬퍼할 것이라고 한다. '훌'(חול)은 슬퍼하다는 뜻이다. 그 도성의 주민들은 재물과 이전의 행복한 상태를 잃은 것 때문에 슬퍼해야 할 것이다. 그러나 이 동사는 또한 기다린다는 뜻도 있으므로, 일부는 다른 해석을 지지한다 — 마롯의 주민들이 비어 있고 거짓된 기대에 헛되이 의지할 것이다. 헛되이 희망하거나 기대할 것이다. 왜냐하면 예루살렘조차 면제되지 않을 것이기 때문이다. 하나님이 천사의 개입으로 기적적으로 주요 도성을 구하시고 포위가 풀렸지만, 마롯은 그때 진노를 피할 수 없었다.
이제 이 상황이 덧붙여진 이유를 알 수 있다. 도성 예루살렘에서도 재앙이 여호와에게서 내려온다는 것을 상기시킨다. 그는 비록 온 나라가 앗시리아 사람들에 의해 황폐해지더라도, 하나님이 이스라엘 백성을 괴롭힐 모든 자들의 사역을 사용하실 주된 지도자가 되실 것임을 상기시킨다. 유대인들과 이스라엘 사람들이 자신들이 사람들과만이 아니라 하나님, 천상의 심판자와도 거래한다는 것을 알도록, 선지자는 이 모든 것이 여호와에게서 나올 것임을 분명히 표현한다.
원주석
- 번역원본
commentary-section/cal-mic-1-12-12(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역
13절 카드 ↗
By bidding the citizens of Lachish to tie their chariots to dromedaries he intimates that it would not be not safe for them to remain in their city, and that nothing would be better for them than to flee elsewhere and to carry away their substance. “Think,” he says, “of flight, and of the quickest flight.” The word רכש , recash , which I render dromedary or camel, is of an uncertain meaning among the Hebrews; some render it swift horses: but we understand the Prophet’s meaning; for he intimates that there would be no time for flight, except they made great haste, for the enemies would come upon them quickly. And he then subjoins that that city had been the beginning of sin to the Jews; for though he names here the daughter of Zion, he still includes, by taking a part for it the whole, all the Jews. And why he says that Lachish had been the beginning of sin to the citizens of Jerusalem, we may collect from the next clauses, In thee, he says, were found the transgressions of Israel. The citizens of Lachish were then, no doubt, the first who had embraced the corruptions of Jeroboam, and had thus departed from the pure worship of God. When, therefore, contagion had entered that city, it crept, by degrees, into neighboring places, until at length, as we find, the whole kingdom of Judah had become corrupt: and this is what the Prophet repeats more fully in other places. It was not then without reason that he denounces desolation here on the citizens of Lachish; for they had been the authors of sin to their own kindred. However alienated the ten tribes had become from pure faith and pure worship, the kingdom of Judah remained still upright, until Lachish opened the door to ungodly superstitions; and then its superstitions spread through the whole of Judea. She therefore suffered the punishment which she deserved, when she was drawn away into distant exile, or, at least, when she could not otherwise escape from danger, than by fleeing into some fear country, and that very swiftly. She is the beginning, he says, of sin to the daughter of Zion How so? For in thee — (it is more emphatical when the Prophet turns his discourse to Lachish itself) — in thee, he says, were found the transgressions of Israel. It follows — return to ' Top of Page ' <a name="verse-14" class="com-number"
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source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
라기스 주민들에게 준마를 수레에 메라고 명함으로써, 그는 그들이 자신들의 도성에 남아 있는 것이 안전하지 않을 것이며, 달리 피하여 재물을 가지고 가는 것이 그들에게 더 나을 것이라고 나타낸다. "도망을 생각하라, 그것도 가능한 빨리." '레카쉬'(רכש)라는 단어를 나는 단봉낙타나 낙타로 번역하며, 히브리인들 사이에서 불확실한 의미를 지닌다. 일부는 빠른 말들로 번역한다. 어쨌든 선지자의 의미는 이해된다. 도망할 시간이 없을 것이라는 것, 큰 서두름이 없다면 왜냐하면 적들이 빨리 닥칠 것이기 때문이다.
그는 이어서 그 도성이 유대인들에게 죄의 시작이 되었다고 덧붙인다. 그는 시온의 딸을 이름으로 부르지만 부분이 전체를 대신하여 모든 유대인을 포함한다. 왜 라기스가 예루살렘 시민들에게 죄의 시작이 되었는지는 다음 절들에서 알 수 있다: "그 안에서 이스라엘의 허물이 발견되었다." 라기스 주민들은 의심할 여지 없이 여로보암의 부패들을 처음으로 받아들이고, 그래서 하나님의 순수한 예배를 떠나 처음 이들이었다. 따라서 전염병이 그 도성에 들어왔을 때, 이웃 장소들로 점점 파고들어 마침내 우리가 발견하는 것처럼 유다 왕국 전체가 부패하게 되었다. 이것이 선지자가 다른 곳에서 더 충분히 반복하는 것이다.
따라서 선지자가 라기스 주민들에게 황폐를 선언한 것은 이유가 없지 않다. 그들이 자신들의 친족들에게 죄의 저자들이 되었기 때문이다. 이스라엘 열 지파가 순수한 믿음과 순수한 예배에서 아무리 소외되었을지라도, 유다 왕국은 라기스가 불경한 미신들의 문을 열 때까지 여전히 곧게 서 있었다. 그러고 나서 그 미신들이 온 유다를 통해 퍼졌다. 따라서 그 도성은 마땅히 받아야 할 형벌을 받는다 — 먼 나라로 포로로 끌려가거나, 적어도 빠르게 도망하지 않고서는 위험에서 벗어날 수 없게 된다.
원주석
- 번역원본
commentary-section/cal-mic-1-13-13(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역
14절 카드 ↗
Here the Prophet alludes to another thing, — that they would attempt to pacify their enemies with gifts, and would try to redeem themselves and their neighbors. But the Prophet expressly mentions this, that the event might teach them that nothing happens without a design; for it ought to work a greater conviction in blind and obstinate men, when they see that they really find that to be true which had been long before predicted. This, then, is the reason why the Prophet enumerates here various particulars; it was, that the hand of God might be more evident and conspicuous when he would begin, in an especial manner, to fulfill all the things which he now in words foretells, Thou, he says, wilt send a gift for Moreseth-gath; that is, for a neighboring city. And he calls it Moreseth-gath, to distinguish it from another city of the same name. Thou wilt then send gifts for Moreseth-gath, to the sons of Achzib for a lie אכזיב , aczib, is a word derived from one which means a lie. There is, therefore, a striking alliteration, when he says, Thou wilt send gifts to the sons of אכזיב , Aczib , for a lie, לאכזב , laaczeb ; that is Thou wilt send gifts to the sons of a lie, for a lie. The city had obtained its name from its fallacies or guiles. And he says, for a lie to the kings of Israel; because it profited the children of Israel nothing to pacify them with gifts or to attempt to draw them to their side, as they hired the services of one another. So then he says, that they would be for a lie to the kings of Israel, for they would gain nothing by having many auxiliaries. Some take the words actively, — that the kings of Israel had first deceived the citizens of Achzib: but this view is less probable; I am therefore disposed to adopt the other, — that though the citizens of Lachish tried to conciliate their neighbors with a great sum of money, especially the people of Achzib, this would be yet to no purpose; for it would be a lie to the people of Israel: or, it may be, that the Prophet’s meaning is this, — that the citizens of Achzib had already wished to bring aid, but in vain to the kings of Israel; for Lachish was one of the first cities which the Assyrians conquered; but it was within the kingdom of Judah, or on its borders. It is then probable that the kings of Israel had recourse to the aid of this people, and were not assisted. Now, as the citizens of Lachish also endeavored to extricate themselves from the hand of their enemies by such aid, the prophet derides such a folly, inasmuch as they did not become wise by experience, having seen with their own eyes, that such an help had been useless and deceptive to the kings of Israel: they ought then to have tried some other means rather than to expose themselves to the same deceptions. (73) I cannot finish the chapter to-day. (73) The two lines of this verse are improperly connected, and the word “sons” is substituted for “houses,” בתי , and there are no various readings, and the Septuagint has “houses.” The literal rendering is this, — Therefore thou wilt send presents to Moresheth-gath: The houses of Achzib will be a lie ( i.e., false) to the kings of Israel. Henderson, after Cocceius, gives a different meaning to “presents,” שלוחים ; and he renders it “divorce,” and says that it signifies letters of repudiation, and that it is to be taken here metaphorically for the breaking up of connection. The word only occurs in two other places, that is, in Exodus 18:2 , and in 1 Kings 9:16 ; and in neither does it mean what is alleged. — Ed. return to ' Top of Page ' <a name="verse-15" class="com-number"
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source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
선지자는 여기서 다른 것을 암시한다 — 그들이 선물로 적들을 달래고 자신들과 이웃을 구속하려 할 것이라는 것. 그러나 선지자가 이것을 명시적으로 언급하는 것은 사건이 오래 전에 예언된 것이 진실임을 그들에게 가르치도록 하기 위함이었다. 눈이 멀고 완고한 사람들에게 더 큰 확신을 주는 것은 오래 전에 예언된 것들이 실제로 이루어진 것을 볼 때이기 때문이다. 이것이 선지자가 여러 세부 사항들을 여기서 열거하는 이유다.
"너는 모레셋가드에 작별 선물을 줄 것이다." 이웃 도성을 위해. 그는 이것을 다른 이름의 또 다른 도성과 구별하기 위해 "모레셋가드"라고 부른다. "너는 아그십의 여러 집에 선물을 줄 것이다. 거짓을 위해." '아크집'(אכזיב)은 거짓이라는 뜻에서 파생된 단어다. 그러므로 "아그십('아크집')의 아들들에게 거짓('라아크집')을 위해 선물을 줄 것이다"고 말할 때 돋보이는 언어 유희가 있다. 그 도성은 그 속임수나 계략에서 이름을 얻었다. 그는 "이스라엘 왕들에게 거짓이 될 것이다"고 한다. 이스라엘 자녀들이 선물로 달래거나 자신들의 편으로 끌어당기는 것이 아무 유익이 없었기 때문이다. 따라서 그는 많은 동맹군을 가지더라도 이스라엘 왕들에게 거짓이 될 것이라고 한다.
원주석
- 번역원본
commentary-section/cal-mic-1-14-14(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역
15절 카드 ↗
The Prophet here threatens his own birth place, as he had done other cities; for, as we have stated, he sprung from this city. He does not now spare his own kindred: for as God is no respecter of persons, so also God’s servants ought, as with closed eyes, to deal impartially with all, so as not to be turned here and there either by favor or by hatred, but to follows without any change, whatever the Lord commands them. We see that Micah was endued with this spirit, for he reproved his own kindred, as he had hitherto reproved others. There is a peculiar meaning in the word, Mareshah, for it is derived from ירש , iresh , and it means possession. The Prophet now says, I will send to thee הורש , euresh, a possessor; the word is from the same root. (75) ] But he means that the Morasthites would come into the power of their enemies no less than their neighbors, of whom he had spoken before. He says, to Adullam This was also a city in the tribe of Judah, as it is well known. But some would have “enemy” to be here understood and they put כבוד , cabud, in the genitive case: The enemy of the glory of Israel shall come to Adullam; but this is strained. Others understand the passage thus that the glory of Israel would come to disgrace; for Adullam, we know, was a cave. Since then it an obscure place, the Prophet here, as they think, declares that the whole glory of Israel would be covered with dishonor, because the dignity and wealth, in which they gloried would lose their pristine fixate, so that they would differ nothing from an ignoble cave. If any approve of this meaning, I will not oppose them. Yet others think that the Prophet speaks ironically and that the Assyrian is thus called because the whole glory and dignity of Israel would by him be taken away. But there is no need of confining this to enemies; we may then take a simpler view, and yet regard the expression as ironical, — that the glory, that is, the disgrace or the devastation of Israel, would come to Adullam. But what if we read it, in apposition, He shall come to Adullam, the glory of Israel? For Adullam was not obscure, as those interpreters imagine, whom I have mentioned, but it is named among the most celebrated cities after the return and restoration of the people. When, therefore, the whole country was laid waste, this city, with a few others, remained, as we read in the Nehemiah 11:0 . It might then be, that the Prophet called Adullam the glory of Israel; for it was situated in a safe place, and the inhabitants thought that they were fortified by a strong defense, and thus were not open to the violence of enemies. This meaning also may be probable; but still, as the glory of Israel may be taken ironically for calamity or reproach if any one approves more of this interpretation, it may be followed. I am, however, inclined to another, — that the Prophet say, that the enemy would come to Adullam, which was the glory of Israel, (76) because that city was as it were in the recesses of Judea, so that an access to it by enemies was difficult. It may be also that some may think, that the recollection of its ancient history is here revived; for David concealed himself in its cave, and had it as his fortress. The place no doubt had, from that time, attained some fame; then this celebrity, as I have said, may be alluded to, when Adullam is said to be the glory of Israel. It follows — (75) The instances of paranomasia or alliteration in this passage, including this line and the five preceding verses, are unparalleled in any other parts of the Prophets; and when there is no coincidence of sound in the words, there is sometimes a direct contrast in the ideas, as good and evil in verse12. — Ed. (76) Of all the various renderings of this clause, this is the most satisfactory, which is that of our own version. The substitution of “honor” for “glory,” on the mere authority of the Targum, as is done by Newcome, is wholly indefensible. Εως Οδαλαμ ἤξει την δοξην Ισραηλ , Symmachus. At the same time, the most obvious and natural construction of the clause is the following, though its meaning is obscure; To Adullam shall come the glory of Israel. — Ed. return to ' Top of Page ' <a name="verse-16" class="com-number"
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source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
선지자는 여기서 자신이 다른 도성들에게 한 것처럼 자신의 출생지를 위협한다. 그가 이 도성에서 나온 것처럼 보이기 때문이다. 이제 그는 자신의 친족을 아끼지 않는다. 하나님이 사람을 외모로 취하지 않으시는 것처럼, 하나님의 종들도 마치 눈을 감은 것처럼 모든 이를 공평하게 대해야 한다. 호의나 미움에 이쪽저쪽으로 기울어짐 없이. 미가가 이 정신으로 충만했음을 알 수 있다. 그는 다른 이들을 꾸짖은 것처럼 자신의 친족을 꾸짖었기 때문이다.
"마레사"(마레샤)라는 단어는 특별한 의미가 있다. '이레쉬'(ירש)에서 파생되었으며 소유를 뜻한다. 선지자는 이제 "내가 너에게 '오레쉬'(호레쉬), 소유자를 보내겠다"고 한다. 이 단어도 같은 어근에서 나왔다. 그는 모라스데 사람들이 앞에서 말한 이웃들보다 덜하지 않게 원수들의 권력 아래 놓이게 될 것임을 의미한다.
"그는 아둘람에 이를 것이다." 이것도 유다 지파의 도성이었음을 잘 알 수 있다. 일부는 여기서 "원수"가 이해되어야 한다고 해서 "이스라엘의 영광의 원수가 아둘람에 이를 것이다"고 읽는다. 그러나 이것은 억지스럽다. 다른 이들은 이스라엘의 영광이 불명예가 될 것이라고 이해한다. 아둘람이 굴이었음을 알기 때문이다. 그러므로 선지자가 이스라엘의 모든 영광이 불명예로 덮일 것임을 선언했다고 그들은 생각한다. 다른 이들은 앗시리아인이 이처럼 불린다고 생각한다. 그러나 이것을 적들에만 제한할 필요가 없다. 따라서 더 단순한 견해를 취하되 표현을 아이러니로 볼 수 있다 — 이스라엘의 영광, 즉 치욕 혹은 황폐가 아둘람에 이를 것이다.
또는 동격으로 읽을 수 있다 — 이스라엘의 영광인 아둘람에 이를 것이다. 왜냐하면 아둘람은 그 해석자들이 상상하는 것처럼 불분명하지 않았기 때문이다. 포로에서 돌아와 회복될 때 가장 유명한 도성들 중 하나로 이름이 나온다(느 11장). 그 도성이 안전한 곳에 위치해 있었고, 주민들이 강한 방어로 요새화되어 있어 적들의 폭력에 노출되지 않는다고 생각했을 수도 있다. 선지자가 다윗이 그 굴에 자신을 숨기고 요새로 삼은 고대 역사의 기억을 되살리려 했을 수도 있다. 그 장소는 그때부터 어느 정도 명성을 얻었을 것이다. 이 명성이 아둘람을 이스라엘의 영광이라 말할 때 암시되었을 것이다.
원주석
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commentary-section/cal-mic-1-15-15(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역
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The Prophet at length concludes that nothing remained for the people but lamentation; for the Lord had resolved to desolate and destroy the whole country. Now they were wont in mourning, as we have seen in other places, to shave and even tear off their hair: and some think that the verb קרחי , korechi, implies as much as though the Prophet said “Pluck, tear, pull off your hair.” When afterwards he adds רגזי , regizi, they refer it to shavings which is done by a razor. However this may be, the Prophet here means that the condition of the people would be so calamitous that nothing would be seen anywhere but mourning. Make bald, he says, for the children of thy delicacies (77) The Prophet here indirectly upbraids those perverse men, who after so many warnings had not repented, with the neglect of God’s forbearance: for whence did those delicacies proceed, except from the extreme kindness of God in long sparing the Israelites, notwithstanding their disobedience? The Prophet then shows here that they had very long abused the patience of God, while they each immersed themselves in their delicacies. Now, he says, Enlarge thy baldness as the eagle Eagles are wont to cast off their feathers; and hence he compares here bald men to eagles, as though he called them, Hairless. As then the eagles are for a certain time without feathers until they recover them; so also you shall be hairless, even on account of your mourning. He says, For they have migrated from thee He intimates that the Israelites would become exiles, that the land might remain desolate. Now follows — (77) Or, “children of thy indulgences or luxuries,” i.e., luxurious children, rather than “darling children,” as rendered by Henderson. The Septuagint has τα τεκνα τα τρυφερα σου —”thy voluptuous children.” The version of Newcome is, “thy delicate children.” What seems to be intended is, their indulgence in pleasures and luxuries. — Ed. return to ' Top of Page ' Jonah Jon 4 Micah Mic Micah Mic 2 Footnotes: Copyright Statement These files are public domain. Bibliographical Information Calvin, John. "Commentary on Micah 1". 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source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
선지자는 마침내 백성에게 애도 외에 아무것도 남지 않았다고 결론 맺는다. 주님이 온 나라를 황폐하게 하고 파괴하기로 결심하셨기 때문이다. 이제 다른 곳에서 보았듯이 애도 중에 그들은 머리카락을 깎거나 뽑는 것이 관례였다. '코레키'(קרחי)라는 동사가 "뽑아, 잡아당겨, 머리카락을 끌어당기라"는 의미를 함축한다고 생각하는 이들도 있다. '레기지'(רגזי)를 덧붙인 것은 면도기로 하는 깎음을 가리킨다고 이해한다. 어떻든 선지자는 백성의 상태가 너무나 비참하여 어디서든 애도 외에 아무것도 볼 수 없을 것임을 의미한다.
"네 사랑하는 자녀들을 위하여 머리를 크게 벗겨라." 선지자는 여기서 그토록 많은 경고에도 회개하지 않은 완고한 자들을 하나님의 오래 참으심을 소홀히 여긴 것으로 간접적으로 책망한다. 그 사치들이 어디서 나왔겠는가? 이스라엘 사람들의 불순종에도 불구하고 그들을 오래 참으신 하나님의 극도의 친절에서가 아닌가? 선지자는 그들이 하나님의 인내를 오랫동안 남용해 왔음을 보여 준다. 각자 자신의 사치에 빠져 있는 동안.
"네 머리를 독수리처럼 넓게 벗겨라." 독수리들은 깃털을 털어버리는 경향이 있다. 그래서 선지자는 여기서 대머리가 된 사람들을 독수리에 비교한다. 독수리들이 일정 기간 깃털 없이 있다가 회복하는 것처럼, 너희도 너희의 애도 때문에 머리카락 없이 있을 것이다.
"그들이 너를 떠나 사로잡혀 갔음이라." 이스라엘 사람들이 포로가 되어 그 땅이 황폐하게 남을 것임을 나타낸다.
원주석
- 번역원본
commentary-section/cal-mic-1-16-16(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역