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This is a new discourse by the Prophet, separate from his former discourses. We must bear in mind that the Prophets did not literally write what they delivered to the people, nor did they treat only once of those things which are now extant with us; but we have in their books collected summaries and heads of those matters which they were wont to address to the people. Hosea, no doubt, very often descanted on the exile and the restoration of the people, forasmuch as he dwelt much on all the things which we have hitherto noticed. Indeed, the slowness and dullness of the people were such, that the same things were repeated daily. But it was enough for the Prophets to make and to write down a brief summary of what they taught in their discourses. Hosea now relates how vehemently he reproved the people, because every kind of corruption so commonly prevailed, that there was no sound part in the whole community. We hence see what the Prophet treats of now; and this ought to be observed, for hypocrites wish ever to be flattered; and when the mercy of God is offered to them, they seek to be freed from every fear. It is therefore a bitter thing to them, when threatening are mingled, when God sharply chides them. “What! we heard yesterday a discourse on God’s mercy, and now he fulminates against us. He is then changeable; if he were consistent, would not his manner of teaching be alike and the same today?” But men must be often awakened, for forgetfulness of God often creeps over them; they indulge themselves, and nothing is more difficult than to lead them to God; nay, when they have made some advances, they soon turn aside to some other course. We hence see that men cannot be taught, except God reproves their sins by his word; and then, lest they despond, gives them a hope of mercy; and except he again returns to reproofs and threatening. This is the mode of address which we find in all the Prophets. I now come to the Prophet’s words: Hear , he says, the word of Jehovah, ye children of Israel, the Lord has a dispute, etc . The Prophet, by saying that the Lord had a dispute with the inhabitants of the land, intimates that men in vain flatter themselves, when they have God against them, and that they shall soon find him to be their Judge, except they in time anticipate his vengeance. But he also reminds the Israelites that God had a dispute with them, that they might not have to feel the severity of justice, but reconcile themselves to God, while a seasonable opportunity was given them. Then the Prophet’s introduction had this object in view — to make the Israelites to know that God would be adverse to them, except they sought, without delay, to regain his favor. The Lord then, since he declared that he would contend with them, shows that he was not willing to do so. for had God determined to punish the people, what need was there of this warning? Could he not instantly execute judgment on them? Since, then, the Prophet was sent to the children of Israel to warn them of a great and fatal danger, God had still a regard for their safety: and doubtless this warning prevailed with many; for those who were alarmed by this denunciation humbled themselves before God, and hardened not themselves in wickedness: and the reprobate, though not amended, were yet rendered twice less excusable. The same is the case among us, whenever God threatens us with judgment: they who are not altogether intractable or unhealable, confess their guilt, and deprecate God’s wrath; and others, though they harden their hearts in wickedness, cannot yet quench the power of truth; for the Lord takes from them every pretext for ignorance, and conscience wounds them more deeply, after they have been thus warned We now then understand what the Prophet meant by saying, that God had a dispute with the inhabitants of the land. But that the Prophet’s intention may be more clear to us, we must bear in mind, that he and other faithful teachers were wearied with crying, and that in the meantime no fruit appeared. He saw that his warnings were heedlessly despised, and that hence his last resort was to summon men to God’s tribunal. We also are constrained, when we prevail nothing, to follow the same course: “God will judge you; for no one will bear to be judged by his word: whatever we announce to you in his name, is counted a matter of sport: he himself at length will show that he has to do with you.” In a similar strain does Zechariah speak, ‘They shall look on him whom they have pierced,’ ( Zechariah 12:10 :) and to the same purpose does Isaiah say, that the Spirit of the Lord was made sad. ‘Is it not enough,’ he says, ‘that ye should be vexatious to men, except ye be so also to my God?’ ( Isaiah 7:13 .) The Prophet joined himself with God; for the ungodly king Ahab, by tempting God, did at the same time trifle with his Prophets. There is then here an implied contrast between the dispute which God announces respecting the Israelites, and the daily strifes he had with them by his Prophets. For this reason also the Lord said, ‘My Spirit shall no more strive with man, for he is flesh,’ ( Genesis 6:3 .) God indeed says there, that he had waited in vain for men to return to the right way; for they were refractory beyond any hope of repentance: he therefore declared, that he would presently punish them. So also in this place, ‘“The Lord has a trial at law”; he will now himself plead his own cause: he has hitherto long exercised his Prophets in contending with you; yea, he has wearied them with much and continual labour; ye remain ever like yourselves; he will therefore begin now to plead effectually his own cause with you: he will no more speak to you by the mouth, but by his power, show himself a judge.’ The Prophet, however, designedly laid down the word, dispute, that the Israelites might know that God would severely treat them, not without cause, nor unjustly, as though he said, “God will so punish you as to show at the same time that he will
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pericope/per-hos-4-001
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source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
이것은 선지자의 새로운 담화로, 이전 담화들과는 별개이다. 우리는 선지자들이 백성에게 전한 것을 문자 그대로 기록한 것이 아니며, 현재 우리에게 남아 있는 내용을 단 한 번만 다룬 것도 아님을 기억해야 한다. 그들의 책에는 백성에게 가르치던 내용의 간략한 요약과 핵심이 모아져 있다. 호세아는 의심할 여지 없이 포로와 백성의 회복에 관해 매우 자주 강론하였으니, 이는 그가 우리가 지금까지 주목해 온 모든 것들에 깊이 천착하였기 때문이다. 실로 백성의 더딤과 둔함이 어찌나 심하였던지, 동일한 것들이 날마다 반복되었다. 그러나 선지자들로서는 자신의 강론에서 가르친 것의 간략한 요약을 만들어 기록하는 것으로 충분하였다. 호세아는 이제 자신이 얼마나 강렬하게 백성을 책망하였는지를 전한다. 온갖 종류의 부패가 너무나 만연하여 전체 공동체에서 온전한 부분이 없었기 때문이다.
이제 선지자가 무엇을 다루는지 알게 된다. 이 점은 주목해야 하니, 위선자들은 언제나 칭찬받기를 원하기 때문이다. 하나님의 자비가 그들에게 제시될 때 그들은 모든 두려움에서 벗어나기를 바란다. 따라서 위협이 섞일 때, 하나님이 그들을 날카롭게 꾸짖으실 때, 그것은 그들에게 고통스러운 일이 된다. "어제는 하나님의 자비에 대한 강론을 들었는데, 이제 우리를 향해 맹렬히 쏘아붙이다니. 그렇다면 그는 변덕스러운 것이 아닌가? 일관성이 있다면 오늘의 가르침 방식도 어제와 같지 않겠는가?" 그러나 사람들은 자주 깨어나야 한다. 하나님을 향한 망각이 그들에게 종종 스며들어, 그들은 스스로를 방종하게 하며, 그들을 하나님께로 이끄는 것보다 더 어려운 것은 없다. 나아가 어느 정도 전진하다가도 곧 다른 방향으로 돌아선다. 따라서 하나님께서 말씀으로 그들의 죄를 책망하지 않으시면, 그들이 낙심하지 않도록 자비의 소망을 주시지 않으시면, 다시 책망과 위협으로 돌아오시지 않으시면, 사람들은 가르침을 받을 수 없다는 것을 우리는 알게 된다. 이것이 모든 선지자들에게서 발견되는 교훈의 방식이다.
이제 선지자의 말씀으로 들어간다. "들으라"고 그는 말한다. "이스라엘 자손들아, 주 여호와의 말씀을 들으라. 주께서 이 땅 주민들과 쟁변하신다." 선지자는 주께서 이 땅 주민들과 쟁변하신다고 말함으로써, 하나님을 대적하는 자들은 스스로를 아첨으로 속여도 소용없으며, 때를 따라 그분의 진노를 미리 막지 않으면 곧 그분이 심판자이심을 발견할 것임을 암시한다. 또한 그는 이스라엘 자손들에게 하나님께서 그들과 쟁변하심을 상기시키니, 그들이 정의의 가혹함을 당하지 않고 기회가 주어진 동안 하나님과 화목하게 하려 함이다. 따라서 선지자의 도입부는 이 목적을 지닌다 — 이스라엘 자손들로 하여금 하나님께서 그들에게 대적하실 것임을 알아, 지체 없이 그분의 은총을 다시 구하게 하려는 것이다.
그런데 주께서 그들과 다투실 것을 선포하심으로써 그것을 원치 않으신다는 뜻을 보이신다. 하나님께서 백성을 심판하기로 결정하셨다면, 이 경고가 무슨 필요가 있겠는가? 즉시 심판을 집행하실 수 없었겠는가? 따라서 선지자가 이스라엘 자손들에게 큰 치명적 위험을 경고하기 위해 보내심을 받았으니, 하나님께서는 여전히 그들의 안전을 배려하신 것이다. 의심할 여지 없이 이 경고는 많은 사람에게 효력을 발휘하였다. 이 선포로 두려워진 자들은 하나님 앞에 스스로를 낮추고 악에 굳어지지 않았으며, 버림받은 자들은 비록 고쳐지지 않았으나 더욱 변명할 수 없게 되었다. 오늘날 우리에게도 마찬가지이니, 하나님께서 우리를 심판으로 위협하실 때마다 전혀 완고하거나 치유 불가능하지 않은 자들은 자신의 죄를 고백하고 하나님의 진노를 피하게 해달라고 구한다. 다른 이들은 마음을 강퍅하게 굳힐지라도 진리의 능력을 끌 수 없으니, 주께서 그들에게서 무지의 모든 구실을 빼앗으시며, 이렇게 경고를 받은 후에는 양심이 그들을 더 깊이 찌르기 때문이다.
이제 선지자가 주께서 이 땅 주민들과 쟁변하신다고 말함으로써 무엇을 뜻하는지 이해한다. 그러나 선지자의 의도가 더욱 분명해지려면, 그와 다른 신실한 교사들이 부르짖느라 지쳐서 그 사이에 아무런 열매도 나타나지 않았음을 기억해야 한다. 그는 자신의 경고가 무심히 경멸당하는 것을 보았고, 따라서 최후의 수단으로 사람들을 하나님의 법정에 소환한 것이다. 우리도 아무 효과가 없을 때 같은 방향을 따를 수밖에 없다. "하나님이 너희를 심판하실 것이다. 아무도 그분의 말씀으로 심판받기를 원치 않으니, 우리가 그분의 이름으로 선포하는 것은 무엇이든 희롱거리로 여기지만, 그분께서는 마침내 너희와 할 일이 있음을 친히 보이실 것이다."
원주석
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commentary-section/cal-hos-4-1-1(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역
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But after having said that they were full of perfidiousness and cruelty, he adds, By cursing, and lying, and killing, etc . , אלה , ale, means to swear: some explain it in this place as signifying to forswear; and others read the two together, אלה וכחש , ale ucachesh, to swear and lie, that is to deceive by swearing. But as אלה “alah” means often to curse, the Prophet here, I doubt not, condemns the practice of cursing, which was become frequent and common among the people. But he enumerates particulars in order more effectually to check the fierceness of the people; for the wicked, we know, do not easily bend their neck: they first murmur, then they clamour against wholesome instruction, and at last they rage with open fury, and break out into violence, when they cannot otherwise stop the progress of sound doctrine. How ever this may be, we see that they are not easily led to own their sins. This is the reason why the Prophet shows here, by stating particulars, in how many ways they provoked God’s wrath: ‘Lo,’ he says ‘cursings, lyings, murder, thefts, adulteries, abound among you.’ And the Prophet seems here to allude to the precepts of the law; as though he said, “If any one compares your life with the law of God, he will find that you avowedly and designedly lead such a life, as proves that you fight against God, that you violate every part of his law.” But it must be here observed, that he speaks not of such thieves or murderers as are led in our day to the gallows, or are otherwise punished. On the contrary, he calls them thieves and murderers and adulterers, who were in high esteem, and eminent in honor and wealth, and who, in short, were alone illustrious among the people of Israel: such did the Prophet brand with these disgraceful names, calling them murderers and thieves. So also does Isaiah speak of them, ‘Thy princes are robbers and companions of thieves,’ ( Isaiah 1:23 .) And we already reminded you, that the Prophet addresses not his discourses to few men, but to the whole people; for all, from the least to the greatest, had fallen away. He afterwards says, They have broken out . The expression no doubt is to be taken metaphorically, as though he said, “There are now no bonds, no barriers.” For the people so raged against God, that no modesty, no shame on account of the law, no religion, no fear, prevailed among them, or checked their intractable spirit. Hence they broke out . By the word, breaking out, the Prophet sets forth the furious wantonness seen in the reprobate; when freed from the fear of God, they abandon themselves to what is sinful, without any moderation, without any restraint. And to the same purpose he subjoins, Bloods are contiguous to bloods . By bloods he means all the worst crimes: and he says that bloods were close to bloods, because they joined crimes together, and as Isaiah says, that iniquity was as it were a train; so our Prophet says here, that such was the common liberty they took to sin, that wherever he turned his eyes, he could see no part free from wickedness. Then bloods are contiguous to bloods, that is, everywhere is seen the horrible spectacle of crimes. This is the meaning. It now follows — return to ' Top of Page ' <a name="verse-3" class="com-number"
Pericope (part_of)
- part_of
pericope/per-hos-4-001
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Source
source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
그런데 그들이 배신과 잔인함으로 가득 차 있다고 말한 후, 그는 덧붙인다. "저주하고, 거짓말하고, 살인하고" 등. 히브리어 '알레'는 맹세를 뜻하며, 어떤 이들은 이 구절에서 위증하다는 의미로 해석하고, 또 어떤 이들은 "알레"와 "카케쉬"를 함께 읽어 맹세하고 거짓말하다, 즉 맹세로 속이다로 읽는다. 그러나 '알라'가 종종 저주를 뜻하므로, 선지자가 여기서 백성 중에 흔하고 일상적이 된 저주 관행을 정죄한다는 데 의심의 여지가 없다. 그러나 그는 백성의 거친 마음을 더 효과적으로 억제하기 위해 세목별로 열거한다. 악인들은 쉽게 굴복하지 않음을 우리는 안다. 먼저 투덜거리다가 건전한 교훈에 맞서 아우성치고, 마침내 건전한 교리의 진행을 달리 막을 수 없을 때 공개적인 폭력으로 터져 나온다. 이것이 어떻든 간에, 그들이 자신의 죄를 쉽게 인정하지 않음을 알게 된다. 이것이 선지자가 여기서 세목별로 진술함으로써, 그들이 얼마나 여러 방법으로 하나님의 진노를 자극했는지를 보이는 이유이다. "보라, 너희 중에 저주, 거짓말, 살인, 도둑질, 간음이 넘쳐흐른다."
선지자는 법의 계명들을 암시하는 것처럼 보인다. 마치 그가 이렇게 말하는 것 같다. "누구든지 너희의 삶을 하나님의 법과 비교한다면, 너희가 의도적으로 하나님과 싸우고, 그분의 법의 모든 부분을 어기는 삶을 살고 있음을 알게 될 것이다." 그러나 그가 오늘날 교수대로 끌려가거나 달리 처벌받는 도둑이나 살인자들을 말하는 것이 아님을 주목해야 한다. 반대로 그는 높은 지위와 명예와 재물로 유명한 자들, 한마디로 이스라엘 백성 중에서 빛나는 자들만을 도둑, 살인자, 간음한 자라고 부른다. 이사야도 같은 방식으로 말한다. "네 방백들은 반역자요 도둑과 짝하는 자들이다"(사 1:23). 또한 선지자가 소수에게가 아니라 온 백성에게 담화를 전하였음을 이미 상기시켰으니, 작은 자부터 큰 자까지 모두가 타락하였기 때문이다.
그는 이어서 "그들이 터뜨렸다"고 말한다. 이 표현은 의심할 여지 없이 은유적으로 취해야 한다. 마치 그가 "이제 아무런 묶음도, 아무런 장벽도 없다"고 말하는 것 같다. 백성이 하나님에 대해 너무도 격렬하게 날뛰어, 그들 중에 겸손함도, 율법으로 인한 수치심도, 종교도, 두려움도 없어져 그들의 다루기 힘든 정신을 제어하지 못하였다. 따라서 그들이 "터뜨렸다"고 한다. "터뜨린다"는 말로써 선지자는 하나님의 두려움에서 벗어나 죄스러운 것에 어떤 절제도, 어떤 억제도 없이 자신을 내맡기는 버림받은 자들의 격렬하고 방종한 기질을 묘사한다. 이와 같은 의도로 그는 덧붙인다. "피가 피에 닿는다." 피로써 그는 가장 나쁜 범죄를 의미한다. 이사야가 불의는 마치 긴 줄기와 같다고 말하듯이, 우리 선지자도 죄를 짓는 공통된 자유가 너무 커서 눈을 어디에 돌려도 사악함에서 벗어난 부분을 볼 수 없다고 말한다. 그러므로 피가 피에 닿는다, 즉 범죄의 끔찍한 광경이 어디에서나 보인다. 이것이 의미이다.
원주석
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commentary-section/cal-hos-4-2-2(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역
3절 카드 ↗
The Prophet now expresses more clearly the dispute which he mentions in the first verse; and it now evidently appears, that it was not a judgment expressed in words, for God had in vain tried to bring the people to the right way by threats and reproofs: he had contended enough with then; they remained refractory; hence he adds, “Now mourn shall the whole land”; that is, God has now resolved to execute his judgment: there is therefore no use for you any more to contrive any evasion, as you have been hitherto wont to do; for God stretches forth his hand for your ultimate destruction. Mourn, therefore, shall the land, and cut off shall be every one that dwells in it , as I prefer to render it; unless the Prophet, it may be, means, that though God should for a time suspend the last judgment, yet the Israelites would gain nothing, seeing that they would, by continual languor, pine away. But as he mentions mourning in the first place, the former meaning, that God would destroy all the inhabitants, seems more appropriate. He adds , gathered shall they be all , or destroyed , (for either may suit the place,) from the beast of the field, and the bird of heaven, to the fishes of the sea . The Prophet here enlarges on the greatness of God’s wrath; for he includes even the innocent beasts and the birds of heaven, yea, the fishes of the sea. When Godly vengeance extends to brute animals, what will become of men? But some one may here object and say, that it is unworthy of God to be angry with miserable creatures, which deserve no such treatment: for why should God be angry with fishes and beasts? But an answer may be easily given: As beasts, and birds, and fishes, and, in a word, all other things, have been created for the use of men, it is no wonder that God should extend the tokens of his curse to all creatures, above and below, when his purpose is to punish men. We seek, indeed, for the most part, some vain comforts to delight us, or to moderate our sorrows when God shows himself angry with us: but when God curses innocent animals for our sake, we then dread the more, except, indeed, we be under the influence of extreme stupor. We now then understand why God here denounces destruction on brute animals as well as on birds and fishes of the sea; it is, that men may know themselves to be deprived of all his gifts; as when a person, in order to expose a wicked man to shame, pulls down his house and burns his whole furniture: so also does God do, who has adorned the world with so much and such varied wealth for our sake, when he reduces all things to a waste: He thereby shows how grievously offended he is with us, and thus constrains us to become humble. This then is the Prophet’s meaning. return to ' Top of Page ' <a name="verse-4" class="com-number"
Pericope (part_of)
- part_of
pericope/per-hos-4-001
절 (explains)
Source
source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
선지자는 이제 그가 첫 절에서 언급한 쟁변을 더 분명하게 드러낸다. 이제 그것이 말로 표현된 심판이 아님이 분명하게 나타난다. 하나님께서는 백성을 위협과 책망으로 올바른 길로 이끌려고 헛되이 애쓰셨다. 그분은 그들과 충분히 다투셨으나 그들은 완고하게 남아 있었다. 따라서 그는 덧붙인다. "이제 이 땅 전체가 슬퍼할 것이다." 즉, 하나님께서 이제 그분의 심판을 집행하기로 결정하셨다. 따라서 너희는 지금까지 해왔던 것처럼 더 이상 어떤 회피책도 꾸밀 필요가 없다. 하나님께서 너희의 최후 멸망을 위해 손을 펴신다. 따라서 이 땅이 슬퍼하고, 그 안에 거하는 모든 자가 끊어질 것이다 — 내가 선호하는 번역대로 — 설령 선지자가 하나님께서 당분간 최후의 심판을 유예하신다 하더라도 이스라엘 자손들이 아무 유익을 얻지 못할 것임을 의미할 수도 있으나, 그들이 계속된 쇠약으로 소진될 것이기 때문이다. 그러나 그가 먼저 슬픔을 언급하므로, 하나님께서 모든 주민을 멸하실 것이라는 전자의 의미가 더 적합한 것 같다.
그는 덧붙인다. "들의 짐승과 하늘의 새와 바다의 물고기에 이르기까지 모두 모일 것이다" — 혹은 멸망할 것이다. 선지자는 여기서 하나님의 진노의 크기를 확대한다. 그는 죄 없는 짐승과 하늘의 새, 심지어 바다의 물고기까지 포함한다. 하나님의 복수가 짐승들에게까지 미친다면, 사람들은 어떻게 되겠는가? 그러나 하나님께서 이유도 없이, 합당하지 않게 비참한 피조물에 화를 내시는 것이 불합당하다고 반론할 수도 있다. 하나님께서 물고기와 짐승에게 화를 내셔야 할 이유가 무엇인가? 그러나 쉽게 대답할 수 있다. 짐승과 새와 물고기, 한마디로 모든 것이 사람의 사용을 위해 창조되었으므로, 사람을 벌하시기로 작정하실 때 위아래 모든 피조물에 저주의 표징을 확대하시는 것은 놀라운 일이 아니다. 우리는 실로 하나님이 우리에게 화를 내시 때 스스로를 즐겁게 하거나 슬픔을 완화하기 위해 어떤 헛된 위로를 구한다. 그러나 하나님께서 우리를 위해 무죄한 동물들을 저주하실 때 우리는 더욱 두려워하게 되니, 극심한 둔감함의 영향 아래 있지 않은 한 그렇다.
원주석
- 번역원본
commentary-section/cal-hos-4-3-3(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역
4절 카드 ↗
The Prophet here deplores the extreme wickedness of the people, that they would bear no admonitions, like those who, being past hope, reject every advice, admit no physicians, and dislike all remedies: and it is a proof of irreclaimable wickedness, when men close their ears and harden their hearts against all salutary counsels. Hence the Prophet intimates, that, together with their great and many corruptions, there was such waywardness, that no one dared to reprove the public vices. He adds this reason, For the people are as chiders of the priest , or, they really contend with the priest : for some take כ , caph, in this place, not as expressive of likeness, but as explaining and affirming what is said, ‘They altogether strive with the priest.’ But I prefer the former sense, which is, that the Prophet calls all the people the censors of their pastors: and we see that froward men become thus insolent when they are reproved; for instantly such an objection as this is made by them, “Am I to be treated like a child? Have I not attained sufficient knowledge to understand how I ought to live?” We daily meet with many such men, who proudly boast of their knowledge, as though they were superior to all Prophets and teachers. And no doubt the ungodly make a show of wit and acuteness in opposing sound doctrine: and then it appears that they have learnt more than what one would have thought, — for what end? only that they may contend with God. Let us now return to the Prophet’s words. But , he says: אך , ak is not to be taken here as in many places for “verily:” but it denotes exception, “In the meantime”. But , or, in the meantime , let no one chide and reprove another . In a word, the Prophet complains, that while all kinds of wickedness abounded among the people, there was no liberty to teach and to admonish, but that all were so refractory, that they would not bear to hear the word; and that as soon as any one touched their vices, there were great doctors, as they say, ready to reply. And he enlarges on the subject by saying, that they were as chiders of the priest; for he declares, that they who, with impunity, conducted themselves so wantonly against God, were not yet content in being so wayward as to repel all reproofs, but also willfully rose up against their own teachers: and, as I have already said, common observation sufficiently proves, that all profane despisers of God are inflated with such confidence, that they dare to attack others. Some conjecture, in this instance, that the priest was so base, as to become liable to universal reprobation; but this conjecture is of no weight, and frigid: for the Prophet here did not draw his pen against a single individual, but, on the contrary, sharply reproved, as we have said, the perverseness of the people, that no one would hearken to a reprover. Let us then know that their diseases were then incurable, when the people became hardened against salutary counsels, and could not bear to be any more reproved. It follows — return to ' Top of Page ' <a name="verse-5" class="com-number"
Pericope (part_of)
- part_of
pericope/per-hos-4-001
절 (explains)
Source
source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
선지자는 여기서 백성의 극심한 사악함을 애도한다. 그들은 어떤 훈계도 견디려 하지 않으니, 마치 가망 없는 자들이 모든 조언을 거부하고 의사를 받아들이지 않으며 모든 치료를 싫어하는 것과 같다. 이것이 치유 불가능한 사악함의 증거이니, 사람들이 모든 유익한 충고에 귀를 막고 마음을 굳힐 때이다. 따라서 선지자는 그들의 많고 큰 부패와 함께 공적 악에 감히 책망하는 자가 아무도 없을 만큼 완고함이 있었음을 암시한다. 그는 이유를 덧붙인다. "백성이 제사장과 다투는 자들 같으니" — 혹은 그들은 진정으로 제사장과 다툰다. 어떤 이들은 '카프'를 유사의 표현으로가 아니라 말한 바를 설명하고 확언하는 것으로 취하여 "그들이 제사장과 전적으로 다툰다"로 번역한다. 그러나 나는 전자의 의미를 선호한다. 선지자가 온 백성을 자신들의 목자들의 검열자들이라고 부르는 것이다.
책망을 받으면 완악한 사람들이 얼마나 건방지게 구는지 우리는 날마다 보게 된다. 이런 반론이 즉시 나온다. "나를 어린아이 취급하는 것이냐? 어떻게 살아야 하는지 이해할 만큼 충분한 지식을 얻지 못하였느냐?" 우리는 날마다 그런 사람들을 많이 만나니, 그들은 마치 모든 선지자와 교사보다 자신이 우월한 것처럼 오만하게 자신의 지식을 자랑한다. 의심할 여지 없이 불경한 자들은 건전한 교리에 반대하는 데 재치와 예리함을 과시한다. 그러면 그들이 자신이 생각했던 것보다 더 많이 배웠음이 나타난다 — 어떤 목적으로? 오직 하나님과 다투기 위해서다.
원주석
- 번역원본
commentary-section/cal-hos-4-4-4(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역
5절 카드 ↗
The copulative is to be taken here for an illative, Fall, therefore, shalt thou . Here God denounces vengeance on refractory men; as though he said, “As ye pay no regard to my authority, when by words I reprove you, I will not now deal with you in this way; but I will visit you for this contempt of my word.” And thus God is wont to do: he first tries men, or he makes the trial, whether they can be brought to repentance; he severely reproves them, and expostulates with them: but having tried all means by words, he then comes to the last remedy, by exercising his power; for, as it has been said, he deigns no longer to contend with men. Hence the Lord, when he saw that his Prophets were despised, and that their whole teaching was a matter of sport, determined, as it appears from this passage, that the people should shortly be destroyed. Some render היום , eium , to-day, and think that a short time is denoted: but as the Prophet immediately subjoins, And fall together shall the Prophet with thee”, לילה , lile, in the night, I explain it thus, — that the people would be destroyed together, and then that the Prophets, even those who, in a great measure, brought such vengeance on the people, would be drawn also into the same ruin. Fall shalt thou then in the day, and fall in the night shall the Prophet, that is, “The same destruction shall at the same time include all: but if ruin should not immediately take away the Prophets, they shall not yet escape my hand; they shall follow in their turn.” Hence the Prophet joins day and night together in a continued order; as though he said, “I will destroy them all from the first to the last, and no one shall rescue himself from punishment; and if they think that those shall be unpunished who shall be later led to vengeance, they are mistaken; for as the night follows the day, so also some will draw others after them into the same ruin.” Yet at the same time the Prophet, I doubt not, means by this metaphor, the day , that tranquil and joyous time during which the people indulged their pride. He then means that the punishment he predicted would be sudden: for except the ungodly see the hand of God near, they ever, as it has been observed before, laugh to scorn all threatening. God then says that he would punish the people in the day , even at mid-day, while the sun was shining; and that when the dusk should come, the Prophets would also follow in their turn. It is evident enough that Hosea speaks not here of God’s true and faithful ministers, but of impostors, who deceived the people by their blandishments, as it is usually the case: for as soon as any Prophet sincerely wished to discharge his office for God, there came forth flatterers before the public, — “This man is too rigid, and makes a wrong use of God’s name, by denouncing so grievous a punishment; we are God’s people.” Such, then, were the Prophets, we must remember, who are here referred to; for few were those who then faithfully discharged their office; and there was a great number of those who were indulgent to the people and to their vices. It is afterwards added, I will also consume thy mother . The term, mother , is to be taken here for the Church, on account of which the Israelites, we know, were wont to exult against God; as the Papists do at this day, who boast of their mother church, which, as they say, is their shield of Ajax. When any one points out their corruptions, they instantly flee to this protection, — “What! Are we not the Church of God?” Hence when the Prophet saw that the Israelites made a wrong use of this falsely-assumed title, he said, ‘I will also destroy your mother,’ that is, “This your boasting, and the dignity of Abraham’s race, and the sacred name of Church, will not prevent God from taking dreadful vengeance on you all; for he will tear from the roots and abolish the very name of your mother; he will disperse that smoke of which you boast, inasmuch as you hide your crimes under the title of Church.” It follows — return to ' Top of Page ' <a name="verse-6" class="com-number"
Pericope (part_of)
- part_of
pericope/per-hos-4-001
절 (explains)
Source
source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
접속사를 결과를 나타내는 것으로 취해야 한다. "그러므로 너는 엎드러질 것이다." 여기서 하나님께서는 완고한 자들에 대해 복수를 선포하신다. 마치 그가 이렇게 말하는 것 같다. "너희가 내 권위를 아랑곳하지 않으니, 내가 말로써 너희를 책망할 때, 이제 더 이상 이런 방식으로 너희를 대하지 않겠다. 그러나 내 말의 이 멸시에 대해 너희를 찾아오겠다." 이와 같이 하나님께서는 보통 행하신다. 먼저 사람들을 시험하시거나, 그들이 회개로 이끌릴 수 있는지 시험하신다. 그들을 심하게 책망하고 그들과 변론하신다. 그러나 말로써 모든 수단을 다 써본 후에는 마지막 치료법으로 오셔서 그분의 능력을 행사하신다. 이미 말한 것처럼 그분은 더 이상 사람들과 다투는 것을 즐겨 하지 않으신다. 따라서 주께서는 선지자들이 멸시받고 그들의 모든 가르침이 희롱의 대상이 되는 것을 보시고, 이 구절에서 분명히 나타나듯이, 백성이 곧 멸망당할 것을 결정하신다.
어떤 이들은 '오늘'로 번역하여 짧은 시간을 나타낸다고 생각한다. 그러나 선지자가 곧바로 "선지자도 너와 함께 밤에 엎드러질 것이다"라고 덧붙이므로, 나는 이렇게 설명한다 — 백성이 함께 멸망당하고, 그런 다음 큰 부분에서 그러한 복수를 백성에게 가져온 선지자들도 같은 멸망으로 끌려갈 것이다. 선지자는 낮과 밤을 연속적인 순서로 결합시킨다. "나는 그들 모두를 첫째부터 마지막까지 멸망시킬 것이며, 아무도 처벌에서 빠져나가지 못할 것이다. 나중에 복수로 끌려갈 자들이 처벌받지 않을 것이라고 생각한다면, 그것은 착각이다. 밤이 낮을 따르듯이 어떤 이들이 다른 이들을 같은 멸망으로 끌어들일 것이다."
그러나 동시에 선지자는 의심할 여지 없이 이 은유로써 백성이 오만하게 자신을 방종하던 조용하고 즐거운 시간을 가리킨다. 그는 예언한 심판이 갑작스러울 것을 의미하니, 불경한 자들은 하나님의 손이 가까이 있음을 보지 않으면 모든 위협을 비웃기 때문이다. 따라서 하나님께서는 낮에, 해가 빛나는 한낮에 백성을 벌하실 것이며, 황혼이 오면 선지자들도 차례로 따를 것이라고 말씀하신다.
그 다음 "나는 네 어머니를 소멸하겠다"고 덧붙인다. '어머니'는 여기서 교회를 뜻한다. 이스라엘 자손들은 이로 인해 하나님에 맞서 오만하게 굴었으니, 오늘날 교황주의자들이 그들의 어머니 교회를 자랑하면서 그것이 아이아스의 방패라고 말하는 것처럼. 누군가가 그들의 부패를 지적하면 즉시 이 방어막으로 달려간다. "우리가 하나님의 교회가 아닌가?" 따라서 선지자는 이스라엘 자손들이 이 가짜로 가정된 칭호를 잘못 사용하는 것을 보고 말하였다. "나는 또한 네 어머니를 멸하겠다." 즉, "네 이 자랑과 아브라함 민족의 위엄과 교회라는 거룩한 이름이 하나님께서 너희 모두에게 무서운 복수를 행하시는 것을 막지 못할 것이다."
원주석
- 번역원본
commentary-section/cal-hos-4-5-5(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역
6절 카드 ↗
Here the Prophet distinctly touches on the idleness of the priests, whom the Lord, as it is well known, had set over the people. For though it could not have availed to excuse the people, or to extenuate their fault, that the priests were idle; yet the Prophet justly inveighs against them for not having performed the duty allotted to them by God. But what is said applies not to the priests only; for God, at the same time, indirectly blames the voluntary blindness of the people. For how came it, that pure instruction prevailed not among the Israelites, except that the people especially wished that it should not? Their ignorance, then, as they say, was gross; as is the case with many ungodly men at this day, who not only love darkness, but also draw it around them on every side, that they may have some excuse for their ignorance. God then does here, in the first place, attack the priests, but he includes also the whole people; for teaching prevailed not, as it ought to have done, among them. The Lord also reproaches the Israelites for their ingratitude; for he had kindled among them the light of celestial wisdom; inasmuch as the law, as it is well known, must have been sufficient to direct men in the right way. It was then as though God himself did shine forth from heaven, when he gave them his law. How, then, did the Israelites perish through ignorance? Even because they closed their eyes against the celestial light, because they deigned not to become teachable, so as to learn the wisdom of the eternal Father. We hence see that the guilt of the people, as it has been said, is not here extenuated, but that God, on the contrary, complains, that they had malignantly suppressed the teaching of the law: for the law was fit to guide them. The people perished without knowledge, because they would perish. But the Prophet denounces vengeance on the priests, as well as on the whole people, Because knowledge hast thou rejected , he says, I also will thee reject, so that the priesthood thou shalt not discharge for me. This is specifically addressed to the priests: the Lord accuses them of having rejected knowledge. But knowledge, as Malachi says, was to be sought from their lips, ( Malachi 2:7 ) and Moses also touches on the same point in Deuteronomy 33:10 . It was then an extreme wickedness in the priests, as though they wished to subvert God’s sacred order, when they sought the honor and the dignity of the office without the office itself: and such is the case with the Papists of the present day; they are satisfied with its dignity and its wealth. Mitred bishops are prelates, are chief priests; they vauntingly boast that they are the heads of the Church, and would be deemed equal with the Apostles: at the same time, who of them attends to his office? nay, they think that it would be in a manner a disgrace to give attention to their office and to God’s call. We now then see what the Prophet meant by saying, Because thou hast knowledge rejected, I also will thee reject, so that thou shalt not discharge for me the priesthood . In a word, he shows that the divorce, which the priests attempted to make, was absurd, and contrary to the nature of things, that it was monstrous, and in short impossible. Why? Because they wished to retain the title and its wealth, they wished to be deemed prelates of the Church, without knowledge: God allows not things joined together by a sacred knot to be thus torn asunder. “Dost thou then,” he says, “take to thyself the office without knowledge? Nay, as thou hast rejected knowledge, I will also take to myself the honor of the priesthood, which I previously conferred on thee.” This is a remarkable passage, and by it we can check the furious boasting of the Papists, when they haughtily force upon us their hierarchy and the order, as they call it, of their clergy, that is, of their corrupt dregs: for God declares by his word, that it is impossible that there should be any priest without knowledge. And further, he would not have priests to be endued with knowledge only, and to be as it were mute; for he would have the treasure deposited with them to be communicated to the whole Church. God then, in speaking of sacerdotal knowledge, includes also preaching. Though one indeed be a literate, as there have been some in our age among the bishops and cardinals, — though then there be such he is not yet to be classed among the learned; for, as it has been said, sacerdotal learning is the treasure of the whole Church. When therefore a boast is made of the priesthood, with no regard to the ministration of the word, it is a mere mockery; for teacher and priest are, as they say, almost convertible terms. We now perceive the meaning of the first clause. It then follows, Because thou hast forgotten the law of thy God, I will also forget thy children . Some confine this latter clause to the priests, and think that it forms a part of the same context: but when any one weighs more fully the Prophet’s words, he will find that this refers to the body of the people. This Prophet is in his sentences often concise, and so his transitions are various and obscure: now he speaks in his own person, then he assumes the person of God; now he turns his discourse to the people, then he speaks in the third person; now he reproves the priests, then immediately he addresses the whole people. There seemed to be first a common denunciation, ‘Thou shalt fall in the day, the Prophet in the night shall follow, and your mother shall perish.’ The Prophet now, I doubt not, confirms the same judgment in other words: and, in the first place, he advances this proposition, that the priests were idle, and that the people quenched the light of celestial instruction; afterwards he denounces on the priests the judgment they deserved, ‘I will cast thee away,’ he says, ‘from the priesthood;’ now he comes to all the Israelites, and says, Thou hast forgotten the law of thy God, I will also forget thy children . Now this fault w
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선지자는 여기서 백성을 돌보도록 주께서 세우신 제사장들의 태만함을 분명하게 지적한다. 제사장들이 태만하였다고 해서 백성의 잘못을 용서하거나 가볍게 여길 수 없었겠지만, 선지자는 그들이 하나님께서 할당하신 의무를 다하지 않았음에 대해 정당하게 그들을 공격한다. 그러나 말해진 것이 제사장들에게만 적용되는 것은 아니다. 하나님께서는 동시에 간접적으로 백성의 자발적인 맹목성을 책망하신다. 이스라엘 자손들 중에 순수한 교훈이 우세하지 않게 된 것은 백성이 특별히 그것을 원하지 않았기 때문이 아닌가? 따라서 그들의 무지는, 그들이 말하는 것처럼, 조잡하였다. 오늘날 많은 불경한 자들이 어둠을 사랑할 뿐만 아니라 자신의 무지에 대한 어떤 핑계를 갖기 위해 사방에서 그것을 자신 주위로 끌어당기는 것과 같다.
하나님께서는 여기서 먼저 제사장들을 공격하시지만 또한 온 백성을 포함하신다. 그들 중에 교훈이 마땅히 그래야 했던 것처럼 우세하지 않았기 때문이다. 주께서는 또한 이스라엘 자손들의 배은망덕을 책망하신다. 그분께서 그들 중에 하늘의 지혜의 빛을 밝히셨으니, 율법이 잘 알려진 것처럼 사람들을 올바른 길로 안내하기에 충분하였어야 하기 때문이다.
"지식이 없으므로 내 백성이 망한다. 네가 지식을 버렸으니 나도 너를 버려 내 제사장이 되지 못하게 할 것이다. 네가 하나님의 법을 잊었으니 나도 네 자녀들을 잊어버리겠다." 이것은 특별히 제사장들에게 하는 말이다. 주께서는 그들이 지식을 버렸다고 고발하신다. 말라기가 말한 것처럼 지식은 그들의 입술에서 구해야 하였고(말 2:7), 모세도 신명기 33:10에서 같은 점을 지적한다. 따라서 제사장들이 직무 자체 없이 직분의 영예와 존엄을 구하였을 때 — 오늘날 교황주의자들의 경우처럼 — 이것은 하나님의 거룩한 질서를 뒤엎으려 한 것과 같은 극심한 사악함이었다.
이 주목할 만한 구절로써 우리는 교황주의자들의 격렬한 자랑을 억제할 수 있다. 그들이 오만하게 자신들의 성직 제도와 그들이 부르는 소위 성직자 계급을 내세울 때, 하나님께서 그분의 말씀으로 선언하신다. 지식 없이는 어떤 제사장도 있을 수 없다고. 또한 그분은 제사장들이 지식을 갖추되 마치 말 못하는 것들처럼 되기를 원하지 않으신다. 그들에게 맡겨진 보화가 온 교회에 나누어져야 하기 때문이다.
원주석
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commentary-section/cal-hos-4-6-6(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역
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Here the Prophet amplifies the wickedness and impiety of the people, by adding this circumstance, that they the more perversely wantoned against God, the more bountiful he was to them, yea, when he poured upon them riches in full exuberance. Such a complaint we have before noticed: but the Prophets, we know, did not speak only once of the same thing; when they saw that they effected nothing, that the contempt of God still prevailed, they found it necessary to repeat often what they had previously said. Here then the Prophet accuses the Israelites of having shamefully abused the indulgence of God, of having allowed themselves greater liberty in sinning, when God so kindly and liberally dealt with them. Some confine this to the priests, and think the meaning to be, that they sinned more against God since he increased the Levitical tribe and added to their wealth: but the Prophet, I doubt not, meant to include the whole people. He, indeed, in the last verse, separated the crimes of the priests from those of the people, though in the beginning he advanced a general propositions: he now returns to that statement, which is, that all, from the highest to the lowest, acted impiously and wickedly against God. Now we know that the Israelites had increased in number as well as in wealth; for they were prosperous, as it has been stated, under the second Jeroboam; and thought themselves then extremely happy, because they were filled with every abundance. Hence God shows now that they had become worse and less excusable, for they were grown thus wanton, like a horse well-fed, when he kicks against his own master, — a comparison which even Moses uses in his song, ( Deuteronomy 32:15 .) We now see what the Prophet means. Hence, when he says כרובם , carubem, according to their multiplying, I explain this not simply of men nor of wealth, but of every kind of blessing: for the Lord here, in a word, accuses the people of ingratitude, because the more kind and liberal he was to them, the more obstinately bent they were on sinning. He afterwards subjoins, Their glory will I turn to shame . He here denounces God’s judgment on proud men, which they feared not: for men, we know, are blinded by prosperity. And it is the worst kind of drunkenness, when we seem to ourselves to be happy; for then we allow ourselves every thing that is contrary to God, and are deaf to all instruction, and are, in short, wholly intractable. But the Prophet says, I will commute this glory into shame , which means, “There is no reason for them to trust in themselves, and foolishly to impose on themselves, by fixing their eyes on their present splendor; for it is in my power,” the Lord says, “to change their glory.” We then see that the Prophet meant here to shake off from the Israelites their vain confidence; for they were wont to set up against God their riches, their glory, their power, their horses and chariots. “This is your glorying; but in my hand and power is adversity and prosperity; yea,” the Lord says, “on me alone depends the changing of glory into shame.” But at the same time, the Prophet intimates, that it could not be that God would thus prostitute his blessings to unworthy men as to swine: for it is a kind of profanation, when men are thus proud against God, while he bears with them, while he spares them. This combination then applies to all who abuse God’s kindness; for the Lord intends not that his favor should be thus profaned. It follows — return to ' Top of Page ' <a name="verse-8" class="com-number"
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source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
선지자는 여기서 백성의 사악함과 불경함을 확대하면서, 하나님께서 그들에게 더욱 풍성하게 베푸셨을 때, 심지어 풍요 속에서 부유함을 부어주셨을 때, 그들이 더욱 완악하게 하나님을 대적하여 방종하였다는 상황을 덧붙인다. 이러한 탄식은 이미 주목한 바 있다. 그러나 선지자들은 같은 것을 단 한 번만 말한 것이 아님을 우리는 안다. 그들이 아무 효과도 없음을 보았을 때, 하나님을 향한 멸시가 여전히 만연할 때, 이미 말한 것을 자주 반복할 필요가 있었다.
따라서 선지자는 이스라엘 자손들이 하나님의 관대함을 수치스럽게 남용하였다고 고발한다. 하나님께서 그들을 친절하고 너그럽게 대하실 때 죄를 짓는 데 더 큰 자유를 허락하였기 때문이다. 어떤 이들은 이것을 제사장들에게만 국한하여 생각한다. 그러나 선지자는 의심할 여지 없이 온 백성을 포함하고자 하였다. 이제 이스라엘 자손들이 두 번째 여로보암 아래에서 번성하였음은 이미 언급한 것처럼 잘 알려진 사실이다. 따라서 하나님은 이제 그들이 더욱 사악하게 되고 덜 변명할 수 있게 되었음을 보이신다. 잘 먹인 말이 자기 주인을 차듯이 — 모세도 그의 노래에서 이 비유를 사용한다(신 32:15) — 그들이 그렇게 방종하게 되었기 때문이다.
"그들의 영광을 욕으로 바꾸겠다." 그는 두려워하지 않는 오만한 자들에게 하나님의 심판을 선포한다. 사람들은 번영으로 눈이 멀게 됨을 우리는 안다. 행복해 보일 때 최악의 종류의 취함이 일어나니, 그때에 우리는 스스로에게 하나님을 대적하는 모든 것을 허락하고, 모든 교훈에 귀를 닫으며, 한마디로 전적으로 다루기 힘들게 된다. 그러나 선지자는 말한다. "나는 이 영광을 욕으로 교환하겠다." 이는 "그들이 현재의 화려함에 눈을 고정하고 스스로를 어리석게 위로하며 스스로를 신뢰할 이유가 없다. 번영과 역경을 바꾸는 것이 내 손과 권능에 달려 있기 때문이다"를 뜻한다.
원주석
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commentary-section/cal-hos-4-7-7(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역
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This verse has given occasion to many interpreters to think that all the particulars we have noticed ought to be restricted to the priests alone: but there is no sufficient reason for this. We have already said, that the Prophet is wont frequently to pass from the people to the priests: but as a heavier guilt belonged to the priests, he very often inveighs against them, as he does in this place, They eat , he says, the sin of my people, and lift up to their iniquity his soul , that is, ‘every one lifts up his own soul,’ or, ‘they lift up the soul of the sinner by iniquity;’ for the pronoun applies to the priests as well as to the people. The number is changed: for he says, יאכלו , iacalu and ישאו ishau, (14) in the plural number, They will eat the sin, and will lift up, etc . , in the third person; and then his soul it may be, their own; it is, however, a pronoun in the singular number: hence a change of number is necessary. We are then at liberty to choose (15) , whether the Prophet says this of the people or of the priests: and as we have said, it may apply to both, but in a different sense. We may understand him as saying, that the priests lifted up their souls to the iniquity of the people, because they anxiously wished the people to be given to many vices, for they hoped thereby to gain much prey, as the case is, when any one expects a reward from robbers: he is glad to hear that they become rich, for he considers their riches to be for his gain. So it was with the priests, who gaped for lucre; they thought that they were going on well, when the people brought many sacrifices. And this is usually the case, when the doctrine of the law is adulterated, and when the ungodly think that this alone remains for them, — to satisfy God with sacrifices, and similar expiations. Then, if we apply the passage to the priests, the lifting up of the soul is the lust for gain. But if we prefer to apply the words to sinners themselves, the sense is, ‘Upon their iniquity they lift up their soul,’ that is, the guilty raise up themselves by false comforts, and extenuate their vices; or, by their own flatteries, bury and entirely smother every remnant of God’s fear. Then, according to this second sense, to lift up the soul is to deceive, and to take away all doubts by vain comforts, or to remove every sorrow, and to erase every guilt by a false notion. I come now to the meaning of the whole. Though the Prophet here accuses the priests, yet he involves, no doubt, the whole people, and deservedly, in the same guilt: for how was it that the priests expected gain from sacrifices? Even because the doctrine of the law was subverted. God had instituted sacrifices for this end, that whosoever sinned, being reminded of his guilt, might mourn for his sin, and further, that by witnessing that sad spectacle, his conscience might be more wounded: when he saw the innocent animal slain at the altar, he ought to have dreaded God’s judgment. Besides, God also intended to exercise the faith of all, in order that they might flee to the expiation which was to be made by the promised Mediator. And at the same time, the penalty which God then laid on sinners, ought to have been as a bridle to restrain them. In a word, the sacrifices had, in every way, this as their object, — to keep the people from being so ready or so prone to sin. But what did the ungodly do? They even mocked God, and thought that they had fully done their duty, when they offered an ox or a lamb; and afterwards they freely indulged themselves in their sins. So gross a folly has been even laughed to scorn by heathen writers. Even Plato has so spoken of such sacrifices, as to show that those who would by such trifles make a bargain with God, are altogether ungodly: and certainly he so speaks in his second book on the Commonwealth, as though he meant to describe the Papacy. For he speaks of purgatory, he speaks of satisfactions; and every thing the Papists of this day bring forward, Plato in that book distinctly sets forth as being altogether sottish and absurd. But yet in all ages this assurance has prevailed, that men have thought themselves delivered from God’s hand, when they offered some sacrifice: it is, as they imagine, a compensation. Hence the Prophet now complains of this perversion, They eat , he says, (for he speaks of a continued act,) the sins of my people, and to iniquity they lift up the heart of each; that is, When all sin, one after the other, each one is readily absolved, because he brings a gift to the priests. It is the same thing as though the Prophet said, “There is a collusion between them, between the priests and the people.” How so? Because the priests were the associates of robbers, and gladly seized on what was brought: and so they carried on no war, as they ought to have done, with vices, but on the contrary urged only the necessity of sacrifices: and it was enough, if men brought things plentifully to the temple. The people also themselves showed their contempt of God; for they imagined, that provided they made satisfaction by their ceremonial performances, they would be exempt from punishment. Thus then there was an ungodly compact between the priests and the people: the Lord was mocked in the midst of them. We now then understand the real meaning of the Prophet: and thus I prefer the latter exposition as to ‘the lifting up of the soul,’ which is, that the priests lifted up the soul of each, by relieving their consciences, by soothing words of flattery, and by promising life, as Ezekiel says, to souls doomed to die, ( Ezekiel 13:19 .) It now follows — (14) These verbs are in the future tense; but the future in Hebrew is often used, as Calvin says in another place, to express a continued act, or an habitual practice. (15) This choice can hardly be conceded. ‘People,’ in Hebrew, is in the singular number, and the pronouns referring to people are commonly put in the same number; but not so in our language. ‘His’ here evidently belon
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source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
이 절은 많은 해석자들로 하여금 우리가 주목한 모든 세부 사항들이 제사장들에게만 국한되어야 한다고 생각하게 하는 계기가 되었다. 그러나 그것에 대한 충분한 이유가 없다. 이미 선지자가 종종 백성에서 제사장들로 넘어가는 경향이 있다고 말하였다. 그러나 제사장들에게 더 무거운 죄가 속하였으므로 그는 이 구절에서처럼 종종 그들을 공격한다. "그들이 내 백성의 죄를 먹으며 자신의 마음을 그들의 죄악에 들어올린다." 즉, "각자가 자신의 마음을 들어올린다" — 혹은 "그들이 죄인의 마음을 죄악으로 들어올린다."
우리가 이것을 백성에게 적용하면, 의미는 이렇다. 죄인들이 하나씩 죄를 지을 때 제사장에게 선물을 가져오기 때문에 쉽게 용서받는다. 그것은 마치 선지자가 이렇게 말하는 것과 같다. "그들 사이에, 제사장들과 백성 사이에 공모가 있었다." 왜? 제사장들이 강도들의 공모자였기 때문이다. 사람들은 또한 자신들이 의식적인 행위로 만족을 이루었다고 생각하면 처벌에서 면제될 것이라고 상상하면서 하나님을 멸시하는 태도를 보였다. 이처럼 제사장들과 백성 사이에 불경스러운 계약이 있었다. 주께서는 그들 한가운데서 조롱받으셨다.
원주석
- 번역원본
commentary-section/cal-hos-4-8-8(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역
9절 카드 ↗
The Prophet here again denounces on both a common punishment, as neither was free from guilt. As the people , he says, so shall be the priest ; that is “I will spare neither the one nor the other; for the priest has abused the honor conferred on him; for though divinely appointed over the Church for this purpose, to preserve the people in piety and holy life, he has yet broken through and violated every right principle: and then the people themselves wished to have such teachers, that is, such as were mute. I will therefore now” the Lord says, “inflict punishment on them all alike. As the people then, so shall the priest be.” Some go farther, and say, that it means that God would rob the priests of their honor, that they might differ nothing from the people; which is indeed true: but then they think that the Prophet threatens not others as well as the priests; which is not true. For though God, when he punishes the priests and the people for the contempt of his law, blots out the honor of the priesthood, and so abolishes it as to produce an equality between the great and the despised; yet the Prophet declares here, no doubt, that God would become the vindicator of his law against other sinners as well as against the priests. This subject expands wider than what they mean. The rest we must defer till to-morrow. return to ' Top of Page ' <a name="verse-10" class="com-number"
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source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
선지자는 여기서 다시 양쪽 모두에 대해 공통된 심판을 선포한다. 어느 쪽도 죄에서 자유롭지 않기 때문이다. "백성이 그러하면 제사장도 그러할 것이다." 즉, "나는 어느 쪽도 아끼지 않겠다. 제사장이 그에게 부여된 영예를 남용하였기 때문이다. 그는 하나님에 의해 이 목적을 위해 교회 위에 세워졌음에도, 경건과 거룩한 삶으로 백성을 지키려고 하지 않고, 모든 올바른 원칙을 깨트리고 어겼다. 그런 다음 백성 자신들도 그런 교사들, 즉 침묵하는 자들을 원하였다. 그러므로 이제 주께서는 그들 모두를 똑같이 벌하겠다고 말씀하신다. 백성과 같이 제사장도 될 것이다."
원주석
- 번역원본
commentary-section/cal-hos-4-9-9(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역
10절 카드 ↗
I now return to that passage of the Prophet, in which he says, They shall eat and shall not be satisfied , and again, They shall play the wanton and shall not increase; because Jehovah have they left off to attend to . The Prophet here again proclaims the judgment which was nigh the Israelites. And first, he says, They shall eat and shall not be satisfied ; in which he alludes to the last verse. For the priests gaped for gain, and their only care was to satisfy their appetites. Since then their cupidity was insatiable, which was also the cause why they conceded sinful liberty to the people, he now says, They shall eat and shall not be satisfied. The Prophet intimates further by these words, that men are not sustained by plenty or abundance of provisions, but rather by the blessing of God: for a person may devour much, yet the quantity, however large, may not satisfy him; and this we find to be often the case as to a voracious appetite; for in such an instance, the staff of bread is broken, that is, the Lord takes away support from bread, so that much eating does not satisfy. And this is the Prophet’s meaning, when he says, They shall eat and shall not be satisfied The priests thought it a happy time with them, when they gathered great booty from every quarter; God on the contrary declares, that it would be empty and useless to them; for no satisfying effect would follow: however much they might greedily swallow up, they would not yet be satisfied. He afterwards adds, They shall play the wanton and shall not increase; that is, “However much they might give the reins to promiscuous lusts, I will not yet suffer them to propagate: so far shall they be from increasing or generating an offspring by lawful marriages, that were they everywhere to indulge in illicit intercourse, they would still continue barren.” The Prophet here, in a word, testifies that the ungodly are deceived, when they think that they can obtain their wishes by wicked and unlawful means; for the Lord will frustrate their desires. The avaricious think, when they have much, that they are sufficiently defended against all want; and when penury presses on all others, they think themselves beyond the reach of danger. But the Lord derides this folly: “Gather, gather great heaps; but I will blow on your riches, that they may vanish, or at least yield you no advantage. So also strive to beget children; though one may marry ten wives, or everywhere play the wanton, he shall still remain childless.” Thus we see that a just punishment is inflicted on profane men, when they indulge their own lusts: they indeed promise to themselves a happy issue; but God, on the other hand, pronounces upon them his curse. He then adds, They have left Jehovah to attend , that is that they may not attend or serve him. Here the Prophet points out the source and the chief cause of all evils, and that is, because the Israelites had forsaken the true God and his worship. Though they indeed retained the name of God, and were wont, even boldly, to set up this plea against the Prophets, that they were the children of Abraham, and the chosen of the supreme God, he yet says that they were apostates. How so? Because whosoever keeps faith with God, keeps himself also under the tuition of his word, and wanders not after his own inventions; but the Israelites indulged themselves in any thing they pleased. Since then it is certain that they had shaken off the yoke of the law, it is no wonder that the Prophet says, that they had departed from the Lord. But we ought to notice the confirmation of this truth, that no one can continue to keep faith with God, except he observes his word and remains under its tuition. Let us now proceed — return to ' Top of Page ' <a name="verse-11" class="com-number"
Pericope (part_of)
- part_of
pericope/per-hos-4-002
절 (explains)
Source
source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
이제 나는 선지자의 그 구절로 돌아간다. "그들이 먹어도 배부르지 못할 것이다"와 "음행을 행하여도 번성하지 못할 것이니 그들이 여호와를 버리고 지키지 아니하였음이라." 선지자는 여기서 다시 이스라엘 자손들에게 임박한 심판을 선포한다. 먼저 그는 말한다. "그들이 먹어도 배부르지 못할 것이다." 이로써 그는 마지막 절을 암시한다. 제사장들은 이득을 탐하여 그들의 유일한 관심은 식욕을 채우는 것이었다.
선지자는 이 말들로 사람들이 풍성함이나 식량의 넘침으로 지탱되는 것이 아니라 오히려 하나님의 축복으로 지탱됨을 암시한다. 사람이 많이 먹어도 그 양이 아무리 많아도 만족하지 못할 수 있다. 이것이 탐욕스러운 식욕의 경우에 종종 일어난다. 하나님께서 빵에서 지지를 빼앗으셔서 많이 먹어도 만족하지 못하게 하시기 때문이다. 이것이 선지자의 의미이다.
그는 이어서 덧붙인다. "음행을 행하여도 번성하지 못할 것이다." 즉, "그들이 방종한 욕정에 고삐를 풀어도 나는 그들이 번성하게 내버려두지 않겠다. 번식하는 것은커녕, 그들이 어디서나 불법적인 교제에 탐닉한다 해도 여전히 불모로 남아 있을 것이다." 선지자는 여기서 불경한 자들은 사악하고 불법적인 수단으로 소원을 이룰 수 있다고 생각하지만 그것은 속임수임을 확언한다. 탐욕스러운 자들은 많이 가졌을 때 모든 결핍으로부터 충분히 보호받고 있다고 생각한다. 그러나 주께서는 이 어리석음을 비웃으신다. "쌓고 쌓아라. 그러나 나는 네 재물에 바람을 불어 사라지게 하겠다."
그는 덧붙인다. "그들이 여호와를 떠나 섬기기를 그쳤다." 여기서 선지자는 모든 악의 근원과 주된 원인을 지적하니, 이스라엘 자손들이 참 하나님과 그분의 예배를 저버렸기 때문이다. 그들이 하나님의 이름을 간직하고 아브라함의 자녀들이요 지고한 하나님의 선택받은 자들이라고 선지자들에게 담대하게 내세웠을지라도, 그는 그들이 배교자들이라고 말한다. 왜인가? 하나님께 신실한 자는 그분의 말씀의 훈육 아래 자신을 지키고 자신의 발명품을 좇아 방황하지 않기 때문이다. 이스라엘 자손들이 율법의 멍에를 던져버린 것이 분명하므로, 선지자가 그들이 주를 떠났다고 말한 것은 놀라운 일이 아니다.
원주석
- 번역원본
commentary-section/cal-hos-4-10-10(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역
11절 카드 ↗
The verb לקח lakech, means to take away; and this sense is also admissible that wine and wantonness take possession of the heart; but I take its simpler meaning, to take away. But it is not a general truth as most imagine, who regard it a proverbial saying, that wantonness and wine deprive men of their right mind and understanding: on the contrary, it is to be restricted, I doubt not, to the Israelites; as though the Prophet had said, that they were without a right mind, and like brute animals, because drunkenness and fornication had infatuated or fascinated them. But we may take both in a metaphorical sense; as fornication may be superstition, and so also drunkenness: yet it seems more suitable to the context to consider, that the Prophet here reproaches the Israelites for having petulantly cast aside every instruction through being too much given to their pleasures and too much cloyed. Since then the Israelites had been enriched with great plenty, God had given way to abominable indulgences, the Prophet says, that they were without sense: and this is commonly the case with such men. I will not therefore treat here more at large of drunkenness and fornication. It is indeed true, that when any one becomes addicted to wantonness, he loses both modesty and a right mind, and also that wine is as it were poisonous, for it is, as one has said, a mixed poison: and the earth, when it sees its own blood drank up intemperately, takes its revenge on men. These things are true; but let us see what the Prophet meant. Now, as I have said, he simply directs his discourse to the Israelites, and says, that they were sottish and senseless, because the Lord had dealt too liberally with them. For, as I have said, the kingdom of Israel was then very opulent, and full of all kinds of luxury. The Prophet then touches now distinctly on this very thing: “How comes it that ye are now so senseless, that there is not a particle of right understanding among you? Even because ye are given to excesses, because there is among you too large an abundance of all good things: hence it is, that all indulge their own lusts; and these take away your heart.” In short, God means here that the Israelites abused his blessings, and that excesses blinded them. This is the meaning. Let us now go on — return to ' Top of Page ' <a name="verse-12" class="com-number"
Pericope (part_of)
- part_of
pericope/per-hos-4-003
절 (explains)
Source
source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
히브리어 동사 '라카흐'는 빼앗다는 뜻이다. 이 더 단순한 의미를 취하겠다. 그러나 이것은 대부분이 상상하는 것처럼 포도주와 방종이 사람의 올바른 정신과 이해를 빼앗는다는 일반적인 진리가 아니다. 오히려 이스라엘 자손들에게 국한되어야 한다. 마치 선지자가 그들이 올바른 정신 없이 짐승과 같았으니, 취함과 음행이 그들을 홀리거나 매혹시켰기 때문이라고 말하는 것 같다.
그러나 우리는 둘 다 은유적 의미로 취할 수 있다. 음행은 미신을 뜻하고, 취함도 그러할 수 있다. 그러나 선지자가 여기서 이스라엘 자손들이 너무 많은 쾌락을 쫓고 너무 배부른 나머지 모든 교훈을 건방지게 내던졌다고 책망하는 것이 문맥에 더 적합해 보인다. 이스라엘 자손들이 큰 풍요로 풍성해졌으므로 하나님께서 천박한 방종에 길을 내주신 것이다. 선지자는 그들이 이해가 없다고 말한다. 이것이 일반적으로 그런 사람들에게 일어나는 일이다.
원주석
- 번역원본
commentary-section/cal-hos-4-11-11(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역
12절 카드 ↗
The Prophet calls here the Israelites the people of God, not to honor them, but rather to increase their sin; for the more heinous was the perfidy of the people, that having been chosen, they had afterwards forsaken their heavenly Father. Hence My people : there is here an implied comparison between all other nations and the seed of Abraham, whom God had adopted; “This is, forsooth! the people whom I designed to be sacred to myself, whom of all nations in the world I have taken to myself: they are my heritage. Now this people, who ought to be mine, consult their own wood, and their staff answers them!” We hence see that it was a grievous and severe reprobation when the Lord reminded them of the invaluable kindness with which he had favored the children of Abraham. So at this day our guilt will be more grievous, if we continue not in the pure worship of God, since God has called us to himself and designed us to be his peculiar flock. The same thing that the Prophet brought against the Israelites may be also brought against the Papists; for as soon as infants are born among them, the Lord signs them with the sacred symbol of baptism; they are therefore in some sense ( aliqua ex parte ) the people of God. We see, at the same time, how gross and abominable are the superstitions which prevail among them: there are none more stupid than they are. Even the Turks and the Saracenes are wise when compared with them. How great, then, and how shameful is this baseness, that the Papists, who boast themselves to be the people of God, should go astray after their own mad follies! But the Prophet says the Israelites “consulted” their own wood, or inquired of wood. He no doubt accuses them here of having transferred the glory of the only true God to their own idols, or fictitious gods. They consult, he says, their own wood, and the staff answers them. He seems, in the second clauses to allude to the blind: as when a blind man asks his staff, so he says the Israelites asked counsel of their wood and staff. Some think that superstitions then practiced are here pointed out. The augurs we know used a staff; and it is probable that diviners in the East employed also a staff, or some such thing, in performing their incantations. (16) Others explain these words allegorically, as though wood was false religion, and staff the ungodly prophets. But I am inclined to hold to simplicity. It then seems to me more probable, that the Israelites, as I have already stated, are here condemned for consulting wood or dead idols, instead of the only true God; and that it was the same thing as if a blind man was to ask counsel of his staff, though the staff be without any reason or sense. A staff is indeed useful, but for a different purpose. And thus the Prophet not only contemptuously, but also ironically, exposes to scorn the folly of those who consult their gods of wood and stone; for to do so will no more avail them than if one had a staff for his counselor. He then subjoins, for the spirit of fornication has deceived them Here again the Prophet aggravates their guilt, inasmuch as no common blame was to be ascribed to the Israelites; for they were, he says, wholly given to fornication The spirit , then, of fornication deceived them : it was the same as if one inflamed with lust ran headlong into evil; as we see to be the case with brutal men when carried away by a blind and shameful passion; for then every distinction between right and wrong disappears from their eyes — no choice is made, no shame is felt. As then such heat of lust is wont sometimes to seize men, that they distinguish nothing, so the Prophet says with the view of shaming the people the more, that they were like those given to fornication, who no longer exercise any judgment, who are restrained by no shame. The spirit , then, of fornication has deceived them: but as this similitude often meets us, I shall not dwell upon it. They have played the wanton , he says, that they may not obey the Lord. He does not say simply, ‘from their God,’ but ‘from under’ מתחת , metachet, They have then played the wanton, that they might no more obey God, or continue under his government . We may hence learn what is our spiritual chastity, even when God rules us by his word, when we go not here and there and rashly follow our own superstitions. When we abide then under the government of our God, and with fixed eyes look on him, then we chastely preserve our faithfulness to him. But when we follow idols, we then play the wanton and depart from God. Let us now proceed — (16) This was probably similar to divination by arrows, mentioned in Ezekiel 21:21 . There is a practice of this kind still among the Arabs, as Adam Clarke mentions in his comment on this verse. They take three arrows without head, and write onone, Command me, Lord ; on the other, Forbid me, Lord ; and the third is left a blank. These are put in a bag, and one is drawn. If the first is drawn, they do what they intend; if the second, they abstain for a year; if the third, they draw again. — Ed. return to ' Top of Page ' <a name="verse-13" class="com-number"
Pericope (part_of)
- part_of
pericope/per-hos-4-003
절 (explains)
Source
source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
선지자는 여기서 이스라엘 자손들을 하나님의 백성이라고 부른다. 그들을 영예롭게 하기 위해서가 아니라 그들의 죄를 더 크게 하기 위해서이다. 선택을 받았음에도 나중에 그들의 하늘의 아버지를 저버렸기 때문이다. "내 백성이 목신에게 묻고 그 지팡이가 그들에게 고한다." 여기서 모든 다른 민족들과 하나님께서 자신을 위해 취하신 아브라함의 씨 사이에 암묵적인 대비가 있다.
선지자는 그들이 "자신의 나무에게 묻는다"고 말함으로써 그들이 살아계신 참 하나님의 영광을 자신들의 우상 혹은 허구적인 신들에게 전가했다고 고발한다. 어떤 이들은 이것이 당시에 행해지던 미신을 가리킨다고 생각한다. 우리는 점쟁이들이 지팡이를 사용하였음을 안다. 그러나 나는 단순함을 고수하고 싶다. 이스라엘 자손들이 이미 말한 것처럼 유일하신 참 하나님 대신 나무나 죽은 우상에게 묻는 것, 그것은 마치 눈먼 자가 자신의 지팡이에게 묻는 것과 같다고 — 지팡이에는 이성이나 감각이 없음에도. 따라서 선지자는 단순히 경멸스럽게만 아니라 반어적으로 나무와 돌의 신들에게 묻는 자들의 어리석음을 조롱한다.
그는 덧붙인다. "음란의 영이 그들을 미혹하였다." 다시 선지자는 그들의 죄를 더욱 무겁게 하니, 이스라엘 자손들에게 일반적인 비난이 돌아갈 것이 아니기 때문이다. "음란의 영이 그들을 미혹하였다." 이는 마치 욕정으로 불타는 자가 악으로 돌진하는 것과 같다. 이런 욕정의 열기가 때때로 사람들을 사로잡아 아무것도 분별하지 못하고, 아무런 수치심도 느끼지 못하게 하는 것처럼, 선지자도 백성을 더욱 부끄럽게 하려고 말한다. 그들이 더 이상 판단을 행하지 않고 어떤 수치심에도 억제되지 않는 음행에 빠진 자들과 같다고.
"그들이 음행을 행하여 하나님에게 순종하지 아니하였다." 그는 단순히 "자신들의 하나님으로부터"가 아니라 "아래에서" — 히브리어로 '메타하트' — 라고 한다. 그들이 하나님의 통치 아래 머무르지 않기 위해 음행을 행한 것이다.
원주석
- 번역원본
commentary-section/cal-hos-4-12-12(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역
13절 카드 ↗
The Prophet shows here more clearly what was the fornication for which he had before condemned the people, — that they worshipped God under trees and on high places. This then is explanatory, for the Prophet defines what he before understood by the word, fornication; and this explanation was especially useful, nay, necessary. For men, we know, will not easily give way, particularly when they can adduce some color for their sins, as is the case with the superstitious: when the Lord condemns their perverted and vicious modes of worship, they instantly cry out, and boldly contend and say, “What! is this to be counted fornication, when we worship God?” For whatever they do from inconsiderate zeal is, they think, free from every blame. So the Papists of this day fix it as a matter beyond dispute that all their modes of worship are approved by God: for though nothing is grounded on his word, yet good intention (as they say) is to them more than a sufficient excuse. Hence they dare proudly to clamour against God, whenever he condemns their corruptions and abuses. Such presumption has doubtless prevailed from the beginning. The Prophet, therefore, deemed it needful openly and distinctly to show to the Israelites, that though they thought themselves to be worshipping God with pious zeal and good intention, they were yet committing fornication. “It is fornication,” he says, “when ye sacrifice under trees.” “What! has it not ever been a commendable service to offer sacrifices and to burn incense to God?” Such being the design of the Israelites, what was the reason that God was so angry with them? We may suppose them to have fallen into a mistake; yet why did not God bear with this foolish intention, when it was covered, as it has been stated, with honest and specious zeal? But God here sharply reproves the Israelites, however much they pretended a great zeal, and however much they covered their superstitions with the false title of God’s worship: “It is nothing else,” he says, “but fornication.” On tops of mountains , he says, they sacrifice, and on hills they burn incense, under the oak and the poplar and the teil-tree, etc . It seemed apparently a laudable thing in the Israelites to build altars in many places; for frequent attendance at the temples might have stirred them up the more in God’s worship. Such is the plea of the Papists for filling their temples with pictures; they say, “We are everywhere reminded of God wherever we turn our eyes; and this is very profitable.” So also it might have seemed to the Israelites a pious work, to set up God’s worship on hills and on tops of mountains and under every tall tree. But God repudiated the whole; he would not be in this manner worshipped: nay, we see that he was grievously displeased. He says, that the faith pledged to him was thus violated; he says, that the people basely committed fornication. Though the Prophet’s doctrine is at this day by no means plausible in the world, so that hardly one in ten embraces it; we shall yet contend in vain with the Spirit of God: nothing then is better than to hear our judge; and he pronounces all fictitious modes of worship, however much adorned by a specious guise, to be adulteries and whoredoms. And we hence learn that good intention, with which the Papists so much please themselves, is the mother of all wantonness and of all filthiness. How so? Because it is a high offense against heaven to depart from the word of the Lord: for God had commanded sacrifices and incense to be nowhere offered to him but at Jerusalem. The Israelites transgressed this command. But obedience to God, as it is said in 1 Samuel 15:0 , (17) is of more value with him than all sacrifices. The Prophet also distinctly excludes a device in which the ungodly and hypocrites take great delight: good, he says, was its shade ; that is, they pleased themselves with such devices. So Paul says that there is a show of wisdom in the inventions and ordinances of men, ( Colossians 2:23 .) Hence, when men undertake voluntary acts of worship, — which the Greeks call εθελοθρησκείας superstitions, being nothing else than will-worship, — when men undertake this or that to do honor to God, there appears to them a show of wisdom, but before God it is abomination only. At this practice the Prophet evidently glances, when he says that the shade of the poplar, or of the oak, or of teil-tree, was good; for the ungodly and the hypocrites imagined their worship to be approved of God, and that they surpassed the Jews, who worshipped God only in one place: “Our land is full of altars, and memorials of God present themselves everywhere.” But when they thought that they had gained the highest glory by their many altars, the Prophet says, that the shade indeed was good, but that it only pleased wantons, who would not acknowledge their baseness. He afterwards adds, Therefore your daughters shall play the wanton, and your daughters-in-law shall become adulteresses: I will not visit your daughters and daughters-in-law Some explain this passage as though the Prophet said, “While the parents were absent, their daughters and daughters-in-law played the wanton.” The case is the same at this day; for there is no greater liberty in licentiousness than what prevails during vowed pilgrimages: for when any one wishes to indulge freely in wantonness, she makes a vow to undertake a pilgrimage: an adulterer is ready at hand who offers himself a companion. And again, when the husband is so foolish as to run here and there, he at the same time gives to his wife the opportunity of being licentious. And we know further, that when many women meet at unusual hours in churches, and have their private masses, there are there hidden corners, where they perpetrate all kinds of licentiousness. We know, indeed, that this is very common. But the Prophet’s meaning is another: for God here denounces the punishment of which Paul speaks in the Romans (18) when he says, ‘As men have transferred the g
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source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
선지자는 여기서 그가 전에 백성에게 정죄했던 음행이 무엇인지 더 분명하게 보인다 — 나무 아래와 산당에서 하나님을 예배한 것이다. 이것은 설명적이니, 선지자는 '음행'이라는 말로 이전에 의미했던 것을 정의한다. 이 설명은 특히 유익하고, 오히려 필요하였다. 미신을 가진 자들처럼 사람들은 특히 자신의 죄에 대해 어떤 색채를 댈 수 있을 때 쉽게 양보하지 않음을 우리는 알기 때문이다. 주께서 그들의 왜곡되고 악한 예배 방식을 정죄하실 때, 그들은 즉시 소리를 높이고 담대하게 다툰다. "하나님을 예배할 때 그것이 음행으로 여겨져야 한다는 말이냐?"
선지자는 이스라엘 자손들에게 그들이 경건한 열심과 선한 의도로 하나님을 예배한다고 생각하더라도 음행을 행하고 있다는 것을 공개적이고 분명하게 보여줄 필요성을 느꼈다. "나무 아래서 희생제사를 드리는 것이 음행이다"라고 그가 말한다. 산 꼭대기에서 희생제사를 드리고 언덕에서 분향하며, 참나무와 포플러와 상수리나무 아래서 — 왜냐하면 그 그늘이 좋기 때문이다. 이 구절에서 선지자는 그들이 스스로 창안한 예배 형태에 대해 기뻐한다는 것을 분명히 암시한다. 그러나 그러한 예배에 대한 만족은 방종한 자들만의 쾌락이며, 자신들의 비천함을 인정하려 하지 않는 자들의 것이다.
그는 덧붙인다. "그러므로 너희 딸들은 음행을 행하고 너희 며느리들은 간음을 행할 것이다. 내가 너희 딸과 너희 며느리들을 벌하지 않겠다." 어떤 이들은 이 구절을 부모가 없을 때 딸과 며느리들이 음행을 행하였다는 의미로 설명한다. 그러나 선지자의 의미는 다른 것이다. 하나님께서는 여기서 바울이 로마서에서 말하는 심판을 선포하시니, 사람들이 하나님의 영광을 수치로 전가하였을 때, 하나님께서 그들을 부끄러운 욕정에 내버려두신다.
원주석
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He then who worships not God, shall have at home an adulterous wife, and filthy strumpets as his daughters, boldly playing the wanton, and he shall have also adulterous daughters-in-law: not that the Prophet speaks only of what would take place; but he shows that such would be the vengeance that God would take: ‘Your daughters therefore shall play the wanton, and your daughters-in-law shall be adulteresses;’ and I will not punish your daughters and your daughters-in-law; that is, “I will not correct them for their scandalous conduct; for I wish them to be exposed to infamy.” For this truth must ever stand firm, ‘Him who honors me, I will honor: and him who despises my name, I will make contemptible and ignominious,’ ( 1 Samuel 2:30 .) God then declares that he will not visit these crimes, because he designed in this way to punish the ungodly, by whom his own worship had been corrupted. He says, Because they with strumpets separate themselves . Some explain this verb פדר , pered, as meaning, “They divide husbands from their wives:” but the Prophet, no doubt, means, that they separated themselves from God, in the same manner as a wife does, when she leaves her husband and gives herself up to an adulterer. The Prophet then uses the word allegorically, or at least metaphorically: and a reason is given, which they do not understand who take this passage as referring literally to adulteries; and their mistake is sufficiently proved to be so by the next clause, ‘and with strumpets they sacrifice.’ The separation then of which he speaks is this, that they sacrificed with strumpets; which they could not do without violating their faith pledged to God. We now apprehend the Prophet’s real meaning: ‘ I will not punish, ’ he says, ‘wantonness and adulteries in your families.’ Why? “Because I would have you to be made infamous, for ye have first played the wanton.” But there is a change of person; and this ought to be observed: for he ought to have carried on his discourse throughout in the second person, and to have said, “Because ye have separated with strumpets, and accompany harlots;” this is the way in which he ought to have spoken: but through excess, as it were, of indignation, he makes a change in his address, ‘They,’ he says, ‘have played the wanton,’ as though he deemed them unworthy of being spoken to. They have then played the wanton with strumpets. By “strumpets”, he doubtless understands the corruptions by which God’s worship had been perverted, even through wantonness: “they sacrifice”, he says, “with strumpets”, that is, they forsake the true God, and resort to whatever pollutions they please; and this is to play the wanton, as when a husband, leaving his wife, or when a wife, leaving her husband, abandon themselves to filthy lust. But it is nothing strange or unwonted for sins to be punished by other sins. What Paul teaches ought especially to be borne in mind, that God, as the avenger of his own glory, gives men up to a reprobate mind, and suffers them to be covered with many most disgraceful things; for he cannot bear with them, when they turn his glory to shame and his truth to a lie. He afterwards adds, And the people, not understanding, shall stumble . They who take the verb לבט , labeth, as meaning, “to be perverted,” understand it here in the sense of being “perplexed:” nor is this sense inappropriate. The people then shall not understand and be perplexed; that is, They shall not know the right way. But the word means also “to stumble,” and still oftener “to fall;” and since this is the more received sense, I am disposed to embrace it: The people then, not understanding, shall stumble The Prophet here teaches, that the pretence of ignorance is of no weight before God, though hypocrites are wont to flee to this at last. When they find themselves without any excuse they run to this asylum, — “But I thought that I was doing right; I am deceived: but be it so, it is a pardonable mistake.” The Prophet here declares these excuses to be vain and fallacious; for the people, who understand not, shall stumble and that deservedly: for how came this ignorance to be in the people of Israel, but that they, as it has been before said, willfully closed their eyes against the light? When, therefore, men thus willfully determine to be blind, it is no wonder that the Lord delivers them up to final destruction. But if they now flatter themselves by pretending, as I have already said, a mistake, the Lord will shake off this false confidence, and does now shake it off by his word. What then ought we to do? To learn knowledge from his word; for this is our wisdom and our understanding, as Moses says, in the fourth chapter of Deuteronomy. (19) (19) Deuteronomy 4:6 . — fj. return to ' Top of Page ' <a name="verse-15" class="com-number"
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source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
따라서 하나님을 예배하지 않는 자는 집에 간음하는 아내와, 담대하게 방종하며, 간음하는 며느리들을 가질 것이다. 선지자는 단순히 일어날 일을 말하는 것만이 아니라, 하나님께서 취하실 복수가 그러할 것임을 보여준다. "그러므로 너희 딸들이 음행을 행하고 너희 며느리들이 간음을 행할 것이다." 그리고 나는 너희 딸과 며느리들을 벌하지 않겠다 — 즉, "나는 그들의 수치스러운 행실에 대해 그들을 교정하지 않겠다. 나는 그들이 수치에 드러나기를 바라기 때문이다." 왜냐하면 이 진리는 항상 굳건히 서 있기 때문이다. "나를 영화롭게 하는 자를 나도 영화롭게 하겠지만, 내 이름을 경히 여기는 자는 내가 경히 여기겠다"(삼상 2:30).
그는 말한다. "그들이 창기들과 함께 따로 갔으니." 이 분리는 그들이 하나님으로부터 멀어진 것을 말한다. 마치 아내가 남편을 떠나 간부에게 자신을 맡기는 것처럼. 따라서 선지자는 여기서 은유적으로 그 말을 사용한다. 이유가 주어지니, 그들이 이것을 글자 그대로 간음에 적용하는 자들은 이해하지 못한다. 그들의 실수는 다음 절에 의해 충분히 증명된다. "창기들과 함께 희생제사를 드리니." 따라서 그가 말하는 분리는 이것이다. 그들이 창기들과 함께 희생제사를 드렸으니, 그것은 하나님께 서약한 신의를 어기지 않고서는 할 수 없는 일이다.
그러나 인칭의 변화가 있음을 주목해야 한다. "그들이 음행을 행하였다"고 말함으로써 선지자는 마치 그들이 말을 들을 가치조차 없다는 듯이 넘분한 분노로 호칭을 바꿀 것이다. 그들이 창기들과 함께 음행을 행하였다. "창기들"로써 그는 의심할 여지 없이 하나님의 예배가 방종으로 왜곡된 부패들을 의미한다.
그러나 죄들이 다른 죄들로 벌을 받는 것은 새롭거나 낯선 일이 아니다. 특히 바울이 가르치는 것을 염두에 두어야 한다. 하나님께서 자신의 영광의 복수자로서 사람들을 부패한 마음에 내버려두시고, 많은 수치스러운 것들로 그들이 덮이도록 허락하신다는 것을. 사람들이 하나님의 영광을 수치로, 그분의 진리를 거짓으로 바꿀 때 그분은 그들을 참지 못하시기 때문이다.
그는 덧붙인다. "깨닫지 못하는 백성은 엎드러질 것이다." 동사 '라벳'을 "비뚤어지다"로 취하는 자들은 여기서 "당혹하다"는 의미로 이해한다. 그러나 그 말은 "비틀거리다"를 의미하기도 하고 더 흔히 "넘어지다"를 의미한다. 따라서 나는 이 의미를 받아들이고 싶다. 깨닫지 못하는 백성은 비틀거릴 것이다. 선지자는 여기서 무지의 구실이 하나님 앞에서 아무런 무게가 없음을 가르친다. 그것이 사실이 아니라면, 이 무지는 백성에게서 어디서 왔겠는가? 그들이 이미 말한 것처럼 의도적으로 빛을 향해 눈을 감았기 때문이 아닌가? 따라서 사람들이 이런 식으로 의도적으로 눈먼 것을 결정할 때, 주께서 그들을 최후의 멸망에 내어주시는 것은 놀라운 일이 아니다.
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commentary-section/cal-hos-4-14-14(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역
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The Prophet here complains that Judah also was infected with superstitions, though the Lord had hitherto wonderfully kept them from pollutions of this kind. He compares Israel with Judah, as though he said, “It is no wonder that Israel plays the wanton; they had for a long time shaken off the yoke; their defection is well known: but it is not to be endured, that Judah also should begin to fall away into the same abominations.” We now then perceive the object of the comparison. From the time that Jeroboam led after him the ten tribes, the worship of God, we know, was corrupted; for the Israelites were forbidden to ascend to Jerusalem, and to offer sacrifices there to God according to the law. Altars were at the same time built, which were nothing but perversions of divine worship. This state of things had now continued for many years. The Prophet therefore says, that Israel was like a filthy strumpet, void of all shame; nor was this to be wondered at, for they had cast away the fear of God: but that Judah also should forsake God’s pure worship as well as Israel, — this the Prophet deplores, If then thou Israel playest the wanton, let not Judah at least offend We here see first, how difficult it is for those to continue untouched without any stain, who come in contact with pollutions and defilements. This is the case with any one that is living among Papists; he can hardly keep himself entire for the Lord; for vicinity, as we find, brings contagion. The Israelites were separated from the Jews, and yet we see that the Jews were corrupted by their diseases and vices. There is, indeed, nothing we are so disposed to do as to forsake true religion; inasmuch as there is naturally in us a perverse lust for mixing with it some false and ungodly forms of worship; and every one in this respect is a teacher to himself: what then is likely to take place, when Satan on the other hand stimulates us? Let all then who are neighbors to idolaters beware, lest they contract any of their pollutions. We further see, that the guilt of those who have been rightly taught is not to be extenuated when they associate with the blind and the unbelieving. Though the Israelites boasted of the name of God, they were yet then alienated from pure doctrine, and had been long sunk in the darkness of errors. There was no religion among them; nay, they had hardly a single pure spark of divine light. The Prophet now brings this charge against the Jews, that they differed not from the Israelites, and yet God had to that time carried before them the torch of light; for he suffered not sound doctrine to be extinguished at Jerusalem, nor throughout the whole of Judea. The Jews, by not profiting through this singular kindness of God, were doubly guilty. This is the reason why the Prophet now says, Though Israel is become wanton, yet let not Judah offend Come ye not to Gilgal , he says, and ascend not into Beth- aven . Here again he points out the superstitions by which the Israelites had vitiated the pure worship of God; they had built altars for themselves in Bethel and Gilgal, where they pretended to worship God. Gilgal, we know, was a celebrated place; for after passing through Jordan, they built there a pillar as a memorial of that miracle; and the people no doubt ever remembered so remarkable an instance of divine favor: and the place itself retained among the people its fame and honorable distinction. This in itself deserved no blame: but as men commonly pervert by abuse every good thing, so Jeroboam, or one of his successors, built a temple in Gilgal; for the minds almost of all were already possessed with some reverence for the place. Had there been no distinction belonging to the place, he could not have so easily inveigled the minds of the people; but as a notion already prevailed among them that the place was holy on account of the miraculous passing over of the people, Jeroboam found it easier to introduce there his perverted worship: for when one imagines that the place itself pleases God, he is already captivated by his own deceptions. The same also must be said of Bethel: its name was given it, we know, by the holy father Jacob, because God appeared there to him. ‘Terrible,’ he said, ‘is this place; it is the gate of heaven,’ ( Genesis 28:17 .) He hence called it Bethel, which means the house of God. Since Jacob sacrificed there to God, posterity thought this still allowable: for hypocrites weigh not what God enjoins, but catch only at the Fathers’ examples, and follow as their rule whatever they hear to have been done by the Fathers. As then foolish men are content with bare examples, and attend not to what God requires, so the Prophet distinctly inveighs here against both places, even Bethel and Gilgal. “ Come not”, he says, to Gilgal, and ascend not into Beth-aven But we must observe the change of name made by the Prophet; for he calls not the place by its honorable name, Bethel, but calls it the house of iniquity. It is indeed true that God revealed himself there to his servant Jacob; but he intended not the place to be permanently fixed for himself, he intended not that there should be a perpetual altar there: the vision was only for a time. Had the people been confirmed in their faith, whenever the name of the place was heard, it would have been a commendable thing; but they departed from the true faith, for they despised the sure command of God, and preferred what had been done by an individual, and were indeed influenced by a foolish zeal. It is no wonder then that the Prophet turns praise into blame, and allows not the place to be, as formerly, the House of God, but the house of iniquity. We now see the Prophet’s real meaning. I return to the reproof he gives to the Jews: he condemns them for leaving the legitimate altar and running to profane places, and coveting those strange modes of worship which had been invented by the will or fancy of men. “What have you to do,” he says, “with Gilgal or Bethel? Has not
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source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
선지자는 여기서 주께서 이때까지 놀랍게도 그러한 오염으로부터 그들을 지켜오셨음에도 유다도 미신에 감염되었다고 탄식한다. 그는 이스라엘과 유다를 비교하면서 이렇게 말하는 것 같다. "이스라엘이 방종하는 것은 놀라운 일이 아니다. 그들은 오래 전에 멍에를 던져버렸고 그들의 이탈은 잘 알려져 있다. 그러나 유다도 같은 악행에 빠지기 시작하는 것은 참을 수 없다." 비교의 목적을 이제 우리는 알게 된다.
여로보암이 열 지파를 이끌어 간 때부터 하나님의 예배가 부패하였음을 우리는 안다. 이스라엘 자손들은 율법에 따라 하나님께 희생제사를 드리기 위해 예루살렘에 올라가는 것이 금지되었다. 제단이 세워졌으니 이것은 신성한 예배의 왜곡에 불과하였다. 이 상태가 이제 여러 해 동안 지속되어 왔다. 따라서 선지자는 이스라엘이 더러운 창기처럼 모든 수치심이 없다고 말한다. 놀라울 것도 없으니, 그들이 하나님의 두려움을 던져버렸기 때문이다. 그러나 유다도 이스라엘처럼 하나님의 순전한 예배를 떠나는 것은 — 이것을 선지자가 슬퍼한다.
"이스라엘아, 네가 음행을 행하더라도 유다는 죄를 범하지 말라." 우리는 먼저 여기서, 오염 및 더러움과 접촉하는 자들이 어떤 오점도 없이 온전히 남아 있는 것이 얼마나 어려운지 알게 된다. 이것이 교황주의자들 사이에 사는 자들의 경우이다. 그는 주를 위해 자신을 온전히 지키기가 어렵다. 이웃함은 우리가 알듯이 전염을 가져오기 때문이다. 이스라엘 자손들은 유대인들과 분리되어 있었으나 우리는 유대인들이 그들의 병과 악에 의해 부패하였음을 알게 된다.
"길갈에 가지 말라"고 그는 말한다. "벧아웬으로 올라가지 말라." 다시 그는 이스라엘 자손들이 하나님의 순전한 예배를 오염시킨 미신들을 지적한다. 그들은 벧엘과 길갈에 제단을 세우고 거기서 하나님을 예배하는 척하였다. 길갈은 잘 알려진 장소였다. 요단을 건넌 후 그들이 그 기적의 기념으로 거기에 기둥을 세웠기 때문이다. 그러나 이스라엘 자손들은 그것을 나쁜 목적으로 왜곡하였다.
벧엘에 대해서도 같은 말을 해야 한다. 그 이름은 거룩한 족장 야곱이 준 것이다. 하나님께서 거기서 그에게 나타나셨기 때문이다. "이 곳이 얼마나 두렵다. 이곳이 하나님의 집이요 하늘의 문이로다"(창 28:17). 그는 따라서 그곳을 벧엘, 즉 하나님의 집이라고 불렀다. 야곱이 거기서 하나님께 희생제사를 드렸으므로 후손들은 여전히 이것이 허용된다고 생각하였다. 위선자들은 하나님이 명령하시는 것을 가늠하지 않고 단지 족장들의 본보기를 따르며, 족장들이 한 것으로 들은 것은 무엇이든 자신들의 규칙으로 따른다.
선지자는 그 장소를 영예로운 이름으로 부르지 않고 악의 집이라고 부른다. 하나님이 참으로 그곳에서 그분의 종 야곱에게 자신을 계시하셨지만, 그 장소를 자신을 위해 영구히 고정하려는 의도가 아니었으며, 거기에 영구적인 제단이 있어야 한다는 뜻이 아니었다. 그 환상은 오직 일시적이었다. 따라서 선지자가 칭찬을 책망으로 바꾸고 그 장소가 이전처럼 하나님의 집이 아니라 불의의 집이 되는 것은 이상한 일이 아니다.
원주석
- 번역원본
commentary-section/cal-hos-4-15-15(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역
16절 카드 ↗
The Prophet compares Israel here to an untamable heifer. Some render it, “A straying heifer”, and we may render it, “A wanton heifer.” But to others a defection seems to have been more especially intended, because they had receded or departed from God: but this comparison is not so apposite. They render it, “As a backsliding,” or “receding heifer:” but I prefer to view the word as meaning, one that is petulant or lascivious: and the punishment which is subjoined, The Lord will now feed them as a tender lamb in a spacious place, best agrees with this view, as we shall immediately see. It must, in the first place, be understood, that Israel is compared to a heifer, and indeed to one that is wanton, which cannot remain quiet in the stall nor be accustomed to the yoke: it is hence subjoined, The Lord will now feed them as a lamb in a spacious place The meaning of this clause may be twofold; the first is, that the Lord would leave them in their luxuries to gorge themselves according to their lust, and to indulge themselves in their gormandizing; and it is a dreadful punishment, when the Lord allays not the intemperateness of men, but suffers them to wanton without any limits or moderation. Hence some give this meaning to the passage, God will now feed them as a lamb , that is, like a sheep void of understanding, and in a large place, even in a most fruitful field, capable of supplying food to satiety. But it seems to me that the Prophet meant another thing, even this, that the Lord would so scatter Israel, that they might be as a lamb in a spacious place. It is what is peculiar to sheep, we know, that they continue under the shepherd’s care: and a sheep, when driven into solitude, shows itself, by its bleating, to be timid, and to be as it were seeking its shepherd and its flock. In short, a sheep is not a solitary animal; and it is almost a part of their food to sheep and lambs to feed together, and also under the eye of him under whose care they are. Now there seems to be here a most striking change of figure: They are , says the Prophet, like unnamable heifers , for they are so wanton that no field can satisfy their wantonness, as when a heifer would occupy the whole land. “Such then,” he says, “and so outrageous is the disobedience of this people, that they can no longer endure, except a spacious place be given to each of them. I will therefore give them a spacious place: but for this end, that each of them may be like a lamb, who looks around and sees no flock to which it may join itself.” This happened when the land was stripped of its inhabitants; for then a small number only dwelt in it. Four tribes, as stated before, were first drawn away; and then they began to be like lambs in a spacious place; for God terrified them with the dread of enemies. The remaining part of the people was afterwards either dispersed or led into exile. They were, when in exile, like lambs, and those in a wide place. For though they lived in cottages, and their condition was in every way confined, yet they were in a place like the desert; for one hardly dared look on another, and waste and solitude met their eyes wherever they turned them. We see then what the Prophet meant by saying, They are like an untamable or a wanton heifer: “I will tame them, and make them like lambs; and when scattered, they will fear as in a wilderness, for there will be no flock to which they can come.” Let us proceed — return to ' Top of Page ' <a name="verse-17" class="com-number"
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pericope/per-hos-4-004
절 (explains)
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source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
선지자는 여기서 이스라엘을 길들일 수 없는 암소에 비교한다. 어떤 이들은 "방황하는 암소"로, 또 어떤 이들은 "방종한 암소"로 번역한다. 그러나 또 다른 이들에게는 이탈이 특별히 의도된 것 같아 보이니, 그들이 하나님으로부터 물러나거나 떠났기 때문이다. 그들은 "물러서는" 또는 "떠나는 암소"로 번역한다. 그러나 나는 그 말이 건방지거나 음란한 자를 의미하는 것으로 보는 것을 선호한다.
그런 다음 덧붙여지는 심판이 이 견해와 가장 잘 일치한다. "주께서 이제 그들을 넓은 곳에서 어린양같이 먹이실 것이다." 이 절의 의미는 두 가지일 수 있다. 첫째는, 주께서 그들의 사치 속에 그대로 두어 욕심에 따라 포식하고 방탕하게 허락하신다는 것이다. 둘째가 더 그럴듯하다 — 주께서 이스라엘을 흩으시어 그들이 넓은 곳의 어린양처럼 되게 하신다는 것이다. 양의 특성은 목자의 돌봄 아래 지속된다는 것이다. 양이 광야로 쫓겨나면 자신의 울음으로 그것이 두렵고 목자와 양 떼를 찾고 있음을 보여준다. 양은 홀로 있는 동물이 아니다. 따라서 선지자는 여기서 가장 인상적인 비유의 변화를 사용한다.
그들은 길들일 수 없는 암소들과 같다. 그러므로 선지자는 말한다. "나는 그들에게 넓은 곳을 주겠다." 그러나 이 목적을 위해서이다 — "각자가 자신의 양 떼를 만나지 못하는 어린양과 같아지게 하기 위함이다."
원주석
- 번역원본
commentary-section/cal-hos-4-16-16(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역
17절 카드 ↗
As if wearied, God here bids his Prophet to rest; as though he said, “Since I prevail nothing with this people, they must be given up; cease from thy work.” God had set Hosea over the Israelites for this end, to lead them to repentance, if they could by any means be reformed: the duty of the Prophet, enjoined by God, was, to bring back miserable and straying men from their error, and to restore them again to the obedience of pure faith. He now saw that the Prophet’s labour was in vain, without any success. Hence he was, as I have said, wearied, and bids the Prophet to desist: Leave them, he says; that is, “There is no use for thee to weary thyself any more; I dismiss thee from thy labour, and will not have thee to take any more trouble; for they are wholly incurable.” For by saying that they had joined themselves to idols, he means, that they could not be drawn from that perverseness in which they had grown hardened; as though he said, “This is an alliance that cannot be broken.” And he alludes to the marriage which he had before mentioned: for the Israelites, we know, had been joined to God, for he had adopted them to be a holy people to himself; they afterwards adopted impious forms of worship. But yet there was a hope of recovery, until they became wholly attached to their idols, and clave so fast to them, that they could not be drawn away. This alliance the Prophet points out when he says, They are joined to idols But he mentions the tribe of Ephraim, for the kings, (I mean, of Israel,) we know, sprang from that tribe; and at the same time he reproaches that tribe for having abused God’s blessing. We know that Ephraim was blessed by holy Jacob in preference to his elder brother; and yet there was no reason why Jacob put aside the first-born and preferred the younger, except that God in this case manifested his own good pleasure. The ingratitude of Ephraim was therefore less excusable, when he not only fell away from the pure worship of God, but polluted also the whole land; for it was Jeroboam who introduced ungodly superstitions; he therefore was the source of all the evil. This is the reason why the Prophet now expressly mentions Ephraim: though it is a form of speaking, commonly used by all the Prophets, to designate Israel, by taking a part for the whole, by the name of Ephraim. But this passage is worthy of being noticed, that we may attend to God’s reproofs, and not remain torpid when he rouses us; for we ought ever to fear, lest he should suddenly reject us, when he is wearied with our perverseness, or when he conceives such a displeasure as not to deign to speak to us any more. It follows — return to ' Top of Page ' <a name="verse-18" class="com-number"
Pericope (part_of)
- part_of
pericope/per-hos-4-004
절 (explains)
Source
source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
지쳐 있는 것처럼 하나님은 여기서 그분의 선지자에게 쉬라고 명하신다. "이 백성과 씨름해봤자 소용없으니 그들을 내버려두어라"고 말씀하시는 것 같다. 하나님께서는 호세아를 이스라엘 자손들에게 세우셔서, 그들이 어떤 방법으로든 개혁될 수 있다면 그들을 회개로 이끌도록 하셨다. 선지자의 의무는 하나님이 명하신 대로, 비참하게 방황하는 사람들을 오류로부터 되돌리고 순수한 신앙의 순종으로 회복시키는 것이었다. 이제 그는 선지자의 수고가 어떤 성공도 없이 헛되었음을 보았다. 따라서 내가 말한 것처럼 지쳐서 선지자에게 그만두라고 명하신다.
"그들을 내버려두어라"고 그는 말한다. "즉, 더 이상 네 자신을 수고롭게 할 필요가 없다. 나는 네게서 이 수고를 면해주고 더 이상 어려움을 가지지 말게 하겠다. 그들은 전혀 치유 불가능하기 때문이다." 그들이 우상들에게 연합되었다고 말함으로써, 그는 그들이 굳어진 그 완고함에서 빠져나올 수 없음을 의미한다. 마치 그가 "이 동맹은 깨뜨릴 수 없다"고 말하는 것 같다. 그는 이전에 언급한 결혼을 암시한다. 이스라엘 자손들은 하나님과 결합되었으니, 그분께서 그들을 자신에게 거룩한 백성으로 채택하셨기 때문이다. 그들은 나중에 불경한 예배 형태를 채택하였다. 그러나 아직 회복의 소망이 있었다. 그러나 그들이 우상들에게 완전히 붙어서 빠져나올 수 없을 때까지. 선지자는 이 동맹을 지적하면서 말한다. "그들이 우상들에게 연합되었다."
그는 에브라임 지파를 언급하는데, 그 지파에서 왕들이 — 이스라엘의 왕들 — 배출되었기 때문이다. 따라서 에브라임이라는 이름이 열 지파에게 영예로 주어졌다. 그러나 선지자는 하나님의 축복을 남용한 에브라임 지파를 책망하기 위해 여기서 에브라임을 책망의 의미로 언급한다. 우리는 거룩한 야곱이 형보다 어린 자를 축복하였음을 안다.
이 구절은 주목할 가치가 있다. 하나님께서 그의 책망으로 우리를 깨우실 때 우리가 그의 책망에 주의를 기울이도록 하고 그분의 말씀에 무감각하게 있지 않도록 하기 위함이다.
원주석
- 번역원본
commentary-section/cal-hos-4-17-17(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역
18절 카드 ↗
The Prophet, using a metaphor, says here first, that their drink had become putrid; which means, that they had so intemperately given themselves up to every kind of wickedness, that all things among them had become fetid. And the Prophet alludes to shameful and beastly excess: for the drunken are so addicted to wine, that they emit a disgusting smell, and are never satisfied with drinking, until by spewing, they throw up the excessive draughts they have taken. The Prophet then had this in view. He speaks not, however, of the drinking of wine, this is certain: but by drunkenness, on the contrary, he means that unbridled licentiousness, which then prevailed among the people. Since then they allowed themselves every thing they pleased without shame, they seemed like drunken men, insatiable, who, when wholly given to wine, think it their highest delight ever to have wine on the palate, or to fill copiously the throat, or to glut their stomach: when drunken men do these things, then they send forth the offensive smell of wine. This then is what the Prophet means, when he says, Putrid has become their drink; that is, the people observe no moderation in sinning; they offend not God now, in the common and usual manner, but are wholly like beastly men, who are nothing ashamed, constantly to belch and to spew, so that they offend by their fetid smell all who meet them. Such are this people. He afterwards adds, By wantoning they have become wanton This is another comparison. The Prophet, we know, has hitherto been speaking of wantonness in a metaphorical sense, signifying thereby, that Israel perfidiously abandoned themselves to idols, and thus violated their faith pledged to the true God. He now follows the same metaphor here, ‘By wantoning they have become wanton.’ Hence he reproaches and represents them as infamous on two accounts, — because they cast aside every shame, like the drunken who are so delighted with wine, that through excess they send forth its offensive smell, — and because they were like wantons. At last he says, Her princes have shamefully loved, Bring ye Here, in a peculiar way, the Prophet shows that the great sinned with extreme licentiousness; for they were given to bribery: and the eyes of the wise, we know, are blinded, and the hearts of the just are perverted, by gifts. But the Prophet designedly made this addition, that we might know that there were then none among the people who attempted to apply a remedy to the many prevailing vices; for even the rulers coveted gain; no one remembered for what purpose he had been called. Hence it happened that every one indulged himself with impunity in whatever pleased him. How so? Because there were no censors of public morals. Here we see in what a wretched state the people are, when there are none to exercise discipline, when even the judges gape for gain, and care for nothing but for gifts and riches; for then what the Prophet describes here as to the people of Israel must happen. Her princes, then, have loved, Bring ye. Respecting the word קלון , kolun, we must shortly say, that Hosea does not simply allude to any kinds of gifts, but to such gifts as proved that there was a public sale of justice; as though he said, “Now the judges, when they say, Bring ye, when they love, Bring ye, make no distinction whatever between right and wrong, and think all this lawful; for the people are become insensible to such a disgraceful conduct: hence they basely and shamefully seek gain.” return to ' Top of Page ' <a name="verse-19" class="com-number"
Pericope (part_of)
- part_of
pericope/per-hos-4-004
절 (explains)
Source
source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
선지자는 여기서 은유를 사용하여 먼저 그들의 술이 부패하였다고 말한다. 이는 그들이 얼마나 무절제하게 모든 종류의 사악함에 자신을 내맡겼는지를 의미한다. 그들 중 모든 것이 악취가 나게 되었다. 선지자는 수치스럽고 짐승 같은 과잉을 암시한다. 취한 자들은 와인에 빠져 역겨운 냄새를 풍기며, 토하여 과도한 마신 것을 토할 때까지 마시는 것에 만족하지 못한다.
선지자가 여기서 포도주를 마시는 것에 대해 말하는 것이 아님은 분명하다. 오히려 취함은 당시 백성 중에 만연하였던 제멋대로의 방종을 의미한다. 따라서 그들이 어떤 절제도 없이 죄를 짓도록 스스로에게 모든 것을 허락하였으므로, 그들은 마치 항상 포도주를 좋아하는 취한 자들처럼 보였다. 그들이 이것을 행할 때 포도주의 역겨운 냄새를 풍긴다.
그는 덧붙인다. "음행을 행하고 또 음행을 행하였다." 이것은 또 다른 비교이다. 선지자가 지금까지 은유적인 의미에서 음행에 대해 말해왔다. 그것은 이스라엘이 배신하여 우상들에게 자신을 내맡기고 그로써 참 하나님께 서약한 신의를 어겼음을 의미한다. 그는 이제 여기서 같은 은유를 따른다. "음행을 행함으로써 그들이 음행을 하였다." 따라서 그는 두 가지 이유로 그들을 수치스럽다고 책망한다.
마지막으로 그는 말한다. "그들의 통치자들이 수치스럽게 사랑하기를 기뻐한다. 가져오라." 여기서 선지자는 특별한 방식으로 위대한 자들이 뇌물을 탐함으로써 극심한 방종으로 죄를 지었음을 보인다. 우리는 지혜로운 자들의 눈이 가려지고, 의인들의 마음이 선물로 왜곡됨을 안다. 선지자는 공중 도덕의 교정을 시도하는 자가 그때 백성 중에 아무도 없었다는 것을 알게 하기 위해 의도적으로 이것을 덧붙였다. 심지어 통치자들도 이득을 탐하였다. 아무도 자신이 부름받은 목적을 기억하지 않았다. 따라서 각자가 원하는 것에 처벌 없이 방종하게 된 것이다.
원주석
- 번역원본
commentary-section/cal-hos-4-18-18(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역
19절 카드 ↗
If this rendering be approved, The wind hath bound her in its wings , the meaning is, that a sudden storm would sweep away the people, and thus would they be made ashamed of their sacrifices. So the past tense is to be taken for the future. We may indeed read the words in the past tense, as though the Prophet was speaking of what had already taken place. The wind, then, has already swept away the people; by which he intimates, that they seemed to have struck long and deep roots in their superstitions, but that the Lord had already given them up to the wind, that it might hold them tied in its wings. And wings, we know, is elsewhere ascribed to the wind, Psalms 104:3 . And thus the verse will be throughout a denunciation of vengeance. The other similitude or metaphor is the most appropriate, and harmonizes better with the subject; for were not men to support their minds with vain confidence, they could never with so much audacity despise God’s word. Hence they are said to tie the wind in their wings; being unmindful of their own condition, they attempt as by means of the wind to fly; but when they proudly raise up themselves, they have no support but the wind. Let us now proceed — return to ' Top of Page ' Hosea Hos 3 Hosea Hos Hosea Hos 5 Footnotes: Copyright Statement These files are public domain. Bibliographical Information Calvin, John. "Commentary on Hosea 4". 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Pericope (part_of)
- part_of
pericope/per-hos-4-004
절 (explains)
Source
source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
이 번역이 받아들여진다면, "바람이 그녀를 그 날개에 묶었다." 이는 갑작스러운 폭풍이 백성을 쓸어버려 그로써 그들의 희생제사로 인해 수치를 당하게 된다는 뜻이다. 그래서 과거 시제는 미래를 표현하는 것으로 취해야 한다. 우리는 실로 말씀들을 과거 시제로 읽을 수 있으니, 마치 선지자가 이미 일어난 것에 대해 말하는 것처럼. 그렇다면 바람이 이미 백성을 쓸어버렸다. 이로써 그는 그들이 마치 자신들의 미신에 오랫동안 깊이 뿌리를 박은 것처럼 보이더라도, 주께서 이미 그들을 바람에 내어주어 날개로 그들을 묶게 하셨음을 암시한다.
다른 은유는 가장 적절하고 주제와 더 잘 일치한다. 사람들이 자신의 마음을 허구의 자신감으로 지지하지 않는다면 그처럼 대담하게 하나님의 말씀을 멸시할 수 없다. 따라서 그들은 날개에 바람을 묶는다고 한다. 자신의 상태를 잊고 바람의 수단으로 날려고 한다. 그러나 그들이 오만하게 자신을 일으킬 때, 그들에게는 바람 외에 아무런 지지도 없다. 결국 그들의 허영심은 그들의 수치를 더하게 된다.
원주석
- 번역원본
commentary-section/cal-hos-4-19-19(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역