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주석[칼빈]요나 › 4장

주석[칼빈] — 요나 4장 · 요나의 분노와 긍휼

요약
칼빈 주석 · 섹션 11개 · 한국어 번역 있음(한국어 우선) · 본문 보기
아래 주석은 원문(및 번역문) 그대로입니다.

1절 카드 ↗

Jerome commends this grief of Jonah, and compares it to the holy zeal of Paul when he wished himself to be an anathema for his brethren, ( Romans 9:3 :) for he denies that he grieved because God had showed mercy to so illustrious a city; but because the conversion of the Gentiles was a certain presage of the destruction of the chosen people. As then Jonah perceived as in a mirror the near ruin of Israel, he on this account grieved, if we believe Jerome: but this notion is extremely frivolous; for, immediately after, God reproved Jonah. What then will the foolish and puerile apology of Jerome avail the Prophet, since God has declared that he acted perversely in grieving? Nay, the dullness of Jerome is thus become evident; (thus indeed do I speak of a man, who, though learned and laborious, has yet deprived himself of that praise, which otherwise he might have justly earned.) His wayward disposition everywhere betrayed itself; and he is evidently disproved in this very context, where Jonah shows clearly that the cause of his grief was another, even this, — that he was unwilling to be deemed a false or a lying prophet: hence was his great grief and his bitterness. And this we see, had God not expressed his mind, was unjust and inconsistent with every reason. We may then conclude that Jonah was influenced by false zeal when he could not with resignation bear that the city of Nineveh should have been delivered from destruction: and he also himself amplifies the greatness of his sin. He might have said, in one word, that it displeased Jonah; but not satisfied with this simple form, he adds, that he felt great displeasure or grief; and he afterwards adds, that he was very angry. Though the beginning may not have been wrong, yet excess was sinful. But he confesses that there was excess, and want of moderation in his grief: since then he accuses himself in plain words what good is it, by false and invented pretenses, to cover what we clearly see cannot be excused? But that it may be more evident why the deliverance of the city of Nineveh displeased Jonah, let us go on with the context — return to ' Top of Page ' <a name="verse-2" class="com-number"

Pericope (part_of)

절 (explains)

bible-text/jon-4-1

Source

히에로니무스는 요나의 슬픔을 칭찬하며, 그것을 바울이 형제들을 위해 저주받기를 원했던 거룩한 열심(롬 9:3)과 비교한다. 그는 요나가 그처럼 찬란한 성이 자비를 얻었기 때문에 슬퍼한 것이 아니라, 이방인의 회심이 선민 이스라엘 멸망의 확실한 전조였기 때문이라고 말한다. 히에로니무스는 요나가 이스라엘의 임박한 멸망을 거울에서 보듯 바라보며 슬퍼했다는 것이다. 그러나 이것은 너무나 경솔한 생각이다. 왜냐하면 바로 이어서 하나님이 요나를 책망하시기 때문이다. 하나님이 요나가 잘못 행했다고 선언하셨으니, 히에로니무스의 어리석고 유치한 변명이 무슨 소용이 있겠는가?

요나의 슬픔의 원인은 바로 다음에서 분명하게 드러난다 — 자신이 거짓 선지자로 여겨지는 것을 원하지 않았다는 것이다. 이것이 그의 큰 슬픔과 쓴맛의 원인이었다. 하나님이 자신의 뜻을 직접 표현하지 않으셨더라도, 이것은 어떤 이성에도 맞지 않는 부당한 것이었다.

요나가 니느웨 성이 멸망에서 구출된 것을 그토록 불쾌하게 여긴 것이 잘못된 열심에서 비롯된 것임을 우리는 결론내릴 수 있다. 그는 자신의 죄의 크기를 스스로 강조한다. "요나를 불쾌하게 했다"는 한마디로 충분했다. 그러나 그는 이 단순한 표현으로 만족하지 않고, "매우 불쾌했고" 또 "심히 분노했다"고 더한다. 시작이 잘못된 것이 아니었다 해도, 지나침은 죄였다. 그는 슬픔에 지나침과 절제 없음이 있었음을 스스로 고백한다. 분명한 말로 자신을 고발하면서도, 거짓으로 꾸며낸 핑계로 분명히 변명할 수 없는 것을 덮으려 하는 것이 무슨 소용인가?

원주석

2절 카드 ↗

It seems by no means befitting that Jonah should have said here that he prayed; for prayer ought to be calm; but he confesses that his mind was in a state of excitement. As then anger was burning within the Prophet, how could he come before God and utter a suitable prayer? And further, what is the end of praying, but to confess that whatever good is to be obtained resides in God, and is to be sought humbly from him? But Jonah here, on the contrary, expostulates and clamors against God; for he seems in a manner to be contending that he had a just reason for his flight, and also that God ought not to have pardoned the Ninevites. He then accuses God, that he might free himself from every blame. But all this is foreign and remote from what is required in prayer. How then must we understand this passage, in which he says that he prayed? My answer is — that the faithful often in a disturbed state of mind approach God with a desire to pray, and that their prayers are not wholly rejected, though they are not altogether approved and accepted. And hence also it appears more evident how the works of the godly are regarded by God, though they are sprinkled with many stains. Whenever the Papists read that any work has pleased God, they imagine that all was perfection and cleanness: but there is no work which is not infected with some pollution, unless it be purified by a free pardon. This I say is evident to us in this prayer, which was not so rejected by God, as though it retained not the character of prayer: and yet it is certain that Jonah was by no means rightly influenced when he prayed so clamorously, finding fault, as it were, with God, and retaining still some portion of his own obstinacy; for he boasted of his flight. But this flight, as we have stated, was a proof of manifest rebellion, since, by shaking off the yoke, he despised the call of God. We must therefore acknowledge that there was some piety in this prayer of Jonah, as well as many faults. It was an act of piety that he addressed his complaints to God. For though hypocrites may pray to God, they yet are wholly averse to him, and freely give vent to their bitterness against God: but Jonah, while he here complains, and observes no moderation, but is carried away by a blind and perverse impulse, is yet prepared to submit to God, as we shall hereafter see. This is the reason why he says that he prayed: for he would not have been ashamed to confess any grievous sin of which he might have been conscious. He did not then extenuate his fault by using the word prayer as hypocrites are wont to do, who ever set up some pretenses or veils when they seek to cover their own baseness: such was not the object of Jonah. When therefore he says that he prayed, he declares generally that he did not so speak against God, but that he still retained some seed of piety and obedience in his heart. Jonah then prayed. Hence it follows, as I have before stated, that many of the prayers of the saints are sinful, ( vitiosas — faulty) which, when tried by the right rule, deserve to be rejected. But the Lord, according to his own mercy, pardons their defects so that these confused and turbulent prayers yet retain their title and honor. Now he says, I pray thee, Jehovah is not this what I said? Here Jonah openly declares why he bore so ill the deliverance of Nineveh from destruction, because he was thus found to have been false and lying. But it may seem strange that the Prophet had more regard for his own reputation than for the glory of God; for in this especially shines forth the glory of God, that he is reconcilable as soon as men return to the right way, and that he offers himself to them as a father. Ought then Jonah to have preferred his own honor to the glory of God? I answer, — that the Prophet was not so devoted to himself, but that a concern for the glory of God held the first place in his soul; this is certain. For he connected, and justly so, his own ministry with the glory of God; as it proceeded from his authority. When Jonah entered Nineveh, he cried not as a private man, but avowed that he was sent by God. Now if the preaching of Jonah is found to be false, reproach will recoil on the author of his call, even on God. Jonah then no doubt could not bear that the name of God should be exposed to the reproaches of the Gentiles, as though he had spoken dissemblingly, now opening hell, then heaven: and there is nothing so contrary to the glory of God as such a dissimulation. We hence see why Jonah was seized with so much grief; he did not regard himself; but as he saw that an occasion would be given to ungodly blasphemers, if God changed his purpose, or if he did not appear consistent with his word, he felt much grieved. But however specious this reason may be, we yet learn of how much avail are good intentions with God. Whatever good intention can be imagined, it was certainly a good intention in Jonah, worthy of some praise, that he preferred dying a hundred times rather than to hear these reproachful blasphemies — that the word of God was a mere sport, that his threatening were no better than fables, that God made this and that pretense, and transformed himself into various characters. This was certainly the very best intention, if it be estimated by our judgment. But we shall presently see that it was condemned by the mouth of God himself. Let us hence learn not to arrogate to ourselves judgment in matters which exceed our capacities, but to subject our minds to God, and to seek of him the spirit of wisdom. For whence was it that Jonah so fretted against God, except that he burned with a desire for his glory? But his zeal was inconsiderate, for he would be himself the judge and arbitrator, while, on the contrary, he ought to have subjected himself altogether to God. And the same rule ought to be observed also by us. When we see many things happening through a Divine interposition, that is, through the secret providence of God, and things which expo

Pericope (part_of)

절 (explains)

bible-text/jon-4-2

Source

요나가 여기서 기도했다고 말한 것은 전혀 어울리지 않아 보인다. 기도는 고요해야 하는데, 그는 자신의 마음이 격동 상태에 있었음을 고백하기 때문이다. 선지자 안에 분노가 타오르고 있었다면, 어떻게 하나님 앞에 나아가 합당한 기도를 드릴 수 있었겠는가? 더구나 기도의 목적은 모든 선이 하나님 안에 있고 그분에게서 겸손히 구해야 함을 고백하는 것이 아닌가? 그런데 요나는 오히려 하나님께 불평하고 항의한다. 그는 마치 도망친 것이 정당했음을 주장하고, 하나님이 니느웨 사람들을 용서해서는 안 되었다고 말하는 것처럼 보인다. 그는 하나님을 고발함으로써 자신은 모든 비난에서 자유롭게 하려 한다. 그런데 이 모든 것이 기도에서 요구되는 것과 거리가 멀고 다른 것이다.

그렇다면 어떻게 이 구절을 이해해야 하는가? 대답은 이렇다 — 믿는 자들도 종종 마음이 흔들린 상태에서 기도하고자 하는 소망으로 하나님께 나아가며, 그들의 기도가 완전히 거부되지는 않는다. 비록 완전히 승인받고 받아들여지는 것은 아니더라도. 이것으로 하나님이 성도들의 행위를 어떻게 대하시는지가 더 분명해진다. 교황주의자들은 어떤 행위가 하나님을 기쁘시게 했다고 읽으면, 모든 것이 완전하고 흠이 없었다고 상상한다. 그러나 자유로운 용서로 정결하게 되지 않은 행위는 어떤 것도 어떤 오점과도 감염되지 않은 것이 없다. 이것은 하나님이 이 기도를 완전히 거부하지 않으신 것 — 그러면서도 기도의 성격을 유지하지 못한 것 — 에서 우리에게 분명하다.

요나가 도망친 것은 분명한 반항의 증거였고 하나님의 부르심을 멸시한 것이었다. 그러나 이 기도에는 경건함도 있었고 잘못도 많았다. 경건한 행위가 있었던 것은 그가 하나님께 자신의 불평을 전했기 때문이다. 위선자들도 하나님께 기도할 수 있다. 그러나 그들은 완전히 하나님을 거슬러 자신들의 쓴 마음을 쏟아 낸다. 반면 요나는 여기서 불평하며 절제를 지키지 못하고 맹목적인 충동에 휩쓸리지만, 그래도 하나님께 순종할 준비가 되어 있다. 이것이 그가 "기도했다"고 말하는 이유다. 알고 있는 큰 죄를 고백하는 것을 부끄러워하지 않았을 것이다. 그러므로 그가 기도라는 단어를 사용하는 것은 위선자들이 자신의 비열함을 덮으려고 핑계를 세우는 것처럼 자신의 잘못을 경감시키려는 것이 아니다. 요나가 "기도했다"고 말할 때, 그는 일반적으로 하나님을 향해 말했지만 그 마음에 여전히 경건과 순종의 씨앗을 간직하고 있었음을 선언한다.

이제 "여호와여, 내가 고국에 있을 때에 이것이 바로 내가 말한 것이 아니옵니까?" 요나는 여기서 니느웨의 멸망에서의 구출을 그토록 불쾌하게 여긴 이유를 드러낸다 — 이로써 자신이 거짓되고 거짓말하는 선지자로 판명되었기 때문이다.

그러나 선지자가 하나님의 영광보다 자신의 명성을 더 중시한 것은 어울리지 않아 보인다. 왜냐하면 하나님의 영광이 이때 특히 빛났기 때문이다 — 사람들이 올바른 길로 돌아오면 즉시 화해할 수 있는 분이시며, 아버지로서 그들을 품으신다는 것. 그렇다면 요나는 자신의 영예를 하나님의 영광보다 앞세워야 했는가? 대답은 이렇다 — 선지자가 자신에게 그리 집착하지 않았으나, 하나님의 영광에 대한 관심이 그의 영혼에서 첫 번째 자리를 차지했다. 이것은 확실하다. 왜냐하면 그는 자신의 직무를 하나님의 영광과 연결했기 때문이다. 요나가 니느웨에 들어갔을 때 그는 개인으로 외친 것이 아니라 하나님이 보내셨다고 선포했다. 요나의 전도가 거짓으로 판명된다면, 비난은 그 사명의 수여자인 하나님께로 돌아갈 것이다. 요나는 하나님이 이러저러하게 말씀하셨다가 돌이키시는 것처럼 보여 이교도 신성모독자들에게 빌미를 주는 것을 참을 수 없었다. 하나님의 영광에 하나님의 말씀이 일종의 희롱이고 그분의 위협이 우화에 불과하다는 것보다 더 반하는 것은 없다.

그래서 우리는 요나가 왜 그토록 큰 슬픔에 사로잡혔는지 알 수 있다. 그는 자신을 생각한 것이 아니었다. 하나님이 목적을 바꾸시거나 자신의 말씀과 일관성이 없어 보이면, 불경한 신성모독자들에게 기회를 줄 것이라고 보았기 때문이다. 그러나 이 이유가 아무리 그럴듯해 보여도, 선한 의도가 하나님 앞에서 얼마나 유효한지 배운다. 어떤 선한 의도를 상상할 수 있다 해도, 그것이 선한 의도였음은 확실하다 — 하나님의 말씀이 단순한 유희라고, 그분의 위협이 우화에 불과하다는 이 모욕적 신성모독을 듣느니 백 번 죽겠다는 것. 우리의 판단으로 평가하면 이것은 최선의 의도였다. 그러나 바로 이어서 하나님의 입에서 이것이 정죄되었음을 볼 것이다.

우리가 이것에서 배운다 — 우리의 능력을 초월하는 일에 대한 판단을 스스로에게 귀속시키지 말고, 우리의 마음을 하나님께 복종시키며 그분에게 지혜의 영을 구해야 한다는 것.

원주석

3절 카드 ↗

We here see how angry Jonah was in his zeal: for this prayer cannot certainly be ascribed to his faith, as some think, who say that Jonah took a flight as it were in his soul to heaven, when he made this prayer, as though he dreaded not death, but having been divested of all fear, being free and disengaged, he presented himself to God. I do not think that the mind of Jonah was so heroic. There is indeed no doubt, as I have already said, but that he still retained some seed of piety; and this, I said, is sufficiently proved by the word prayer; for if Jonah had burst out in the strain of one in despair, it would not have been a prayer. Since then he prayed by thus speaking, it follows that it was not the cry of despair, but of too much displeasure, which Jonah did not restrain. In short, this prayer proceeded from a pious and holy zeal; but Jonah sinned as to its measure or excess; for he had in a manner forgotten himself, when he preferred death to life Thou Jehovah, he says, take me away. He was first not free from blame in hastily wishing to die; for it is not in our power to quit this world; but we ought with submissive minds to continue in it as long as God keeps us in the station in which we are placed. whosoever, then, hastens to death with so great an ardor no doubt offends God. Paul knew that death was desirable in his case, ( Philippians 1:22 ;) but when he understood that his labor would be useful to the Church, he was contented with his lot, and preferred the will of God to his own will; and thus he was prepared both to live and to die, as it seemed good to God. It was otherwise with Jonah, “Now,” he says, “take away my life.” This was one fault; but the other was, — that he wished to die, because God spared the Ninevites. Though he was touched with some grief, he ought not yet to have gone so far as this, or rather to rush on, so as to desire death on account of the weariness of his life. But we hence learn to what extremes men are carried, when once they give loose reins to inconsiderate zeal. The holy Prophet Jonah, who had been lately tamed and subdued by so heavy a chastisements is now seized and carried away by a desire to die, — and why? because he thought that it was hard that he denounced destruction on the Ninevites, and that still their city remained safe. This example ought to check us, that we express not too boldly our opinion respecting the doings of God, but, on the contrary, hold our thoughts captive, lest any presumption of this kind be manifested by us; for there is none of us who does not condemn Jonah, as also he condemned himself; for he does not here narrate his own praise, but means to show how foolishly he had judged of God’s work. Jonah then confesses his own folly; and therefore his experience is to us an evidence that there is nothing more preposterous than for us to settle this or that according to our own wisdom, since this is alone true wisdom, to submit ourselves wholly to the will of God. Now if any one raises a question here, — whether it is lawful to desire death; the answer may be briefly this, — that death is not to be desired on account of the weariness of life; this is one thing: and by the weariness of life I understand that state of mind, when either poverty, or want, or disgrace, or any such thing, renders life hateful to us: but if any, through weariness on account of his sins and hatred to them, regrets his delay on earth, and can adopt the language of Paul, “Miserable am I, who will free me from the body of this death!” ( Romans 7:24 ,) — he entertains a holy and pious wish, provided the submission, to which I have referred, be added so that this feeling may not break forth in opposition to the will of God; but that he who has such a desire may still suffer himself to be detained by his hand as long as he pleases. And further, when any one wishes to die, because he fears for himself as to the future, or dreads to undergo any evil, he also struggles against God; and such was the fault of Jonah; for he says that death was better to him than life, — and why? because the Lord had spared the Ninevites. We hence see how he was blinded, yea, carried away by a mad impulse to desire death. Let us then learn so to love this life as to be prepared to lay it down whenever the Lord pleases: let us also learn to desire death, but so as to live to the Lord, and to proceed in the race set before use until he himself lead us to its end. Now follows the reproof of God — return to ' Top of Page ' <a name="verse-4" class="com-number"

Pericope (part_of)

절 (explains)

bible-text/jon-4-3

Source

요나의 열심이 얼마나 화가 나 있었는지를 여기서 본다. 이 기도를 믿음에 귀속시킬 수 없다. 마치 요나가 영혼 속에서 하늘로 날아올라 기도한 것처럼, 죽음을 두려워하지 않고 모든 두려움에서 자유롭고 자유로이 하나님 앞에 나아간 것처럼 생각하는 이들이 있다. 나는 요나의 마음이 그토록 영웅적이었다고 생각하지 않는다. 의심할 여지 없이 그는 여전히 경건의 씨앗을 간직하고 있었다. 이것은 "기도"라는 단어로 충분히 증명된다. 요나가 절망한 자의 투로 폭발했다면 그것은 기도가 아니었을 것이다. 이렇게 말함으로써 기도한 것이므로, 절망의 외침이 아니라 지나친 불쾌감이었음이 따른다. 그는 그것을 억제하지 않았다. 요컨대 이 기도는 경건하고 거룩한 열심에서 나온 것이다. 그러나 요나는 그 분량이나 정도에서 죄를 범했다. 죽음을 삶보다 선호할 때 어느 정도 자신을 잊은 것이기 때문이다.

"여호와여, 이제 나의 생명을 거두시옵소서." 그는 죽고자 서두른 것에서 우선 책임을 면할 수 없다. 이 세상을 떠나는 것은 우리의 권한이 아니기 때문이다. 하나님이 우리를 두신 위치에 복종하는 마음으로 머물러야 한다. 따라서 죽음을 그토록 열렬히 서두르는 자는 의심할 여지 없이 하나님을 거스른다. 바울은 죽음이 자신에게 바람직함을 알았다(빌 1:22). 그러나 자신의 수고가 교회에 유익할 것임을 이해했을 때, 자신의 처지에 만족하며 자신의 뜻보다 하나님의 뜻을 더 중시했다. 그래서 하나님이 기뻐하시는 대로 살고 죽을 준비가 되어 있었다. 요나의 경우는 달랐다: "이제 나의 생명을 거두소서." 이것이 한 가지 잘못이었다. 다른 잘못은 — 하나님이 니느웨 사람들을 아끼셨기 때문에 죽고 싶어 한 것이었다. 어느 정도 슬픔에 감동받았다 해도, 삶의 권태 때문에 죽음을 원하거나 오히려 죽음으로 돌진하는 데까지 나아가서는 안 되었다.

그러나 거룩한 선지자 요나 — 그처럼 무거운 징계로 최근에 길들여지고 굴복되었던 — 가 지금 죽고 싶은 욕망에 사로잡혀 휩쓸리는 것을 보면서, 우리는 무분별한 열심에 한 번 고삐를 늦추면 인간이 어떤 극단으로 치달을 수 있는지를 배운다. 왜인가? 그는 니느웨 사람들에게 멸망을 선언했는데 그 성이 여전히 안전하다는 것이 가혹하다고 생각했기 때문이다. 이 예는 우리를 저지해야 한다 — 하나님의 행하심에 관해 우리의 의견을 너무 대담하게 표현하지 말고, 반대로 우리의 생각을 붙잡아 두어 이런 종류의 어떤 추정도 우리에게서 나타나지 않게 해야 한다. 요나를 정죄하지 않는 사람이 우리 중에 없다. 요나 자신도 스스로를 정죄했다. 왜냐하면 그는 여기서 자신의 칭찬을 서술하는 것이 아니라, 자신이 하나님의 행하심을 얼마나 어리석게 판단했는지를 보여 주려 했기 때문이다.

죽음을 원하는 것이 합법적인지를 묻는다면, 간략하게 이렇게 대답할 수 있다 — 삶의 권태 때문에 죽음을 원해서는 안 된다. 권태라는 것은 가난, 결핍, 수치 또는 그런 어떤 것이 삶을 우리에게 혐오스럽게 만들 때를 말한다. 그러나 자신의 죄에 대한 권태와 혐오 때문에 지상에서의 지체를 아쉬워하며, 바울의 말을 인용할 수 있다면 — "오호라 나는 곤고한 사람이로다 이 사망의 몸에서 누가 나를 건져 내랴!"(롬 7:24) — 그것은 거룩하고 경건한 소원이다. 단 내가 언급한 복종이 더해질 때, 즉 이 감정이 하나님의 뜻에 반하여 폭발하지 않을 때. 그런 소원을 가진 자도 하나님이 기뻐하시는 동안 그분의 손에 붙들려 있어야 한다. 더 나아가 미래를 두려워하거나 어떤 악을 겪는 것이 두려워 죽고 싶어 할 때도 하나님을 거스르는 것이다. 이것이 요나의 잘못이었다. 그는 죽음이 삶보다 낫다고 말한다 — 왜인가? 하나님이 니느웨 사람들을 아끼셨기 때문이다. 그는 얼마나 눈이 멀었는가. 아니 미친 충동에 휩쓸려 죽음을 원했다. 그러므로 우리는 이 삶을 사랑하되 주님이 기뻐하실 때 내려놓을 준비가 되도록 하자. 또한 죽음을 원하되 주님 안에서 살며 그분이 우리를 그 끝으로 이끄실 때까지 앞에 놓인 경주에서 나아가도록 하자.

원주석

4절 카드 ↗

There is no doubt but that God by thus reproving Jonah condemns his intemperate warmth. But since God alone is a fit judge of man’s conduct, there is no reason for us to boast that we are influenced by good intentions; for there is nothing more fallacious than our own balances. When therefore we weigh facts, deeds, and thoughts by our own judgment, we deceive ourselves. Were any disposed rhetorically to defend the conduct of Jonah, he might certainly muster up many specious pretenses; and were any one inclined to adduce excuses for Jonah, he might be made to appear to us altogether innocent: but though the whole world absolved him, what would it avail, since he was condemned by the mouth of God himself, who alone, as I have already stated, is the judge? We ought then to feel assured, that Jonah had done foolishly, even if no reason was apparent to us; for the authority of the Supreme Judge ought to be more than sufficient. Now God expressly condemns his wrath. Had Jonah modestly expostulated, and unburdened his griefs into the bosom of God, it would have been excusable; though his ardor would not have been free from blame, it might yet have been borne with. But now, when he is angry, it is past endurance; for wrath, as one says, is but short madness; and then it blinds the perceptions of men, it disturbs all the faculties of the soul. God then does not here in a slight manner condemn Jonah, but he shows how grievously he had fallen by allowing himself to become thus angry. We must at the same time remember, that Jonah had sinned not only by giving way to anger; he might have sinned, as we have said, without being angry. But God by this circumstance — that he thus became turbulent, enhances his sin. And it is certainly a most unseemly thing, when a mean creature rises up against God, and in a boisterous spirit contends with him: this is monstrous; and Jonah was in this state of mind. We hence see why an express mention is made of his anger, — God thus intended to bring conviction home to Jonah, that he might no more seek evasions. Had he simply said, “Why! how is it that thou dost not leave to me the supreme right of judging? If such is my will, why dost not thou submissively acknowledge that what I do is rightly done? Is it thy privilege to be so wise, as to dictate laws to me, or to correct my decisions?” — had the Lord thus spoken, there might have remained still some excuse; Jonah might have said, “Lord, I cannot restrain my grief, when I see thy name so profaned by unseemly reproaches; can I witness this with a calm mind?” He might thus have still sought some coverings for his grief; but when the Lord brought forward his anger, he must have been necessarily silenced; for what could be found to excuse Jonah, when he thus perversely rebelled, as I have said, against God, his Judge and Maker? We now then understand why God expressly declares that Jonah did not do well in being thus angry. But I wonder how it came into Jerome’s mind to say that Jonah is not here reproved by the Lord, but that something of an indifferent kind is mentioned. He was indeed a person who was by nature a sophister, (cavillator — a caviler;) and thus he wantonly trifled with the work of falsifying Scripture; he made no conscience of perverting passages of holy writ. As, for instance, when he writes about marriage, he says that they do not ill who marry, and yet that they do not well. What a sophistry is this, and how vapid! So also on this place, “God,” he says, “does not condemn Jonah, neither did he intend to reprove his sin; but, on the contrary, Jonah brings before us here the person of Christ, who sought death that the whole world might be saved; for when alive he could not do good to his own nation, he could not save his own kindred; he therefore preferred to devote himself and his life for the redemption of the world.” These are mere puerilities; and thus the whole meaning of this passage, as we clearly see, is distorted. But the question is more emphatical than if God had simply said, “Thou hast sinned by being thus angry;” for an affirmative sentence has not so much force as that which is in the form of a question. God then not only declares as a Judge that Jonah had not done well, but he also draws from him his own confession, as though he said, “Though thou art a judge in thine own cause, thou can’t not yet make a cover for thy passion, for thou art beyond measure angry.” For when he says לך , la k, with, or, in thyself, he reminds Jonah to examine his own heart, as though he said, “Look on thyself as in a mirror: thou wilt see what a boisterous sea is thy soul, being seized as thou art by so mad a rage.” We now then perceive not only the plain sense of the passage, but also the emphasis, which is contained in the questions which Jerome has turned to a meaning wholly contrary. I will not proceed farther; (55) for what remains will be sufficient for to-morrow’s lecture. (55) Appended here is this note in the margin, — “ Putavit, cessante horologio, se ante tempus finire ;” — “He thought that, through the clock stopping, he had finished before the time.” — Ed. return to ' Top of Page ' <a name="verse-5" class="com-number"

Pericope (part_of)

절 (explains)

bible-text/jon-4-4

Source

하나님이 이렇게 요나를 책망하심으로 그의 과격한 열기를 정죄하시는 것은 의심할 여지 없다. 그러나 하나님만이 인간의 행동에 대한 적합한 심판자이시므로, 우리는 선한 의도로 이끌렸다고 자랑할 이유가 없다. 우리 자신의 저울보다 더 기만적인 것은 없다. 따라서 우리가 사실, 행동, 생각을 우리 자신의 판단으로 저울질할 때, 우리는 스스로를 속인다.

요나의 행동을 수사학적으로 변호하려는 자는 많은 그럴듯한 구실을 내세울 수 있을 것이다. 그를 변호하려 한다면 우리에게 완전히 무죄한 것처럼 보일 수 있다. 그러나 온 세상이 그를 무죄 방면한다 해도 무슨 소용인가? 그는 이미 말한 바와 같이 유일한 심판자인 하나님 자신의 입에서 정죄받았다. 그러므로 우리에게 아무 이유가 보이지 않더라도, 요나가 어리석게 행했음을 확신해야 한다. 최고 심판자의 권위가 충분하고도 남아야 하기 때문이다.

하나님은 분노를 명시적으로 정죄하신다. 요나가 겸손하게 항의하며 하나님의 품에 슬픔을 털어놓았다면 변명의 여지가 있었을 것이다. 그의 열기가 비난에서 완전히 자유롭지 않더라도, 참을 수 있었을 것이다. 그러나 분노할 때는 참을 수 없다. 분노는 — 어떤 이가 말한 것처럼 — 잠깐의 광기다. 그것은 사람들의 인식을 눈멀게 하고 영혼의 모든 능력을 흐트러뜨린다. 따라서 하나님은 요나를 여기서 가볍게 정죄하시는 것이 아니라, 그가 이처럼 분노함으로써 얼마나 심하게 추락했는지를 보여 주신다. 동시에 요나는 분노를 허용한 것으로만 죄를 지은 것이 아님을 기억해야 한다. 분노 없이도 죄를 지을 수 있다. 그러나 하나님은 이 상황 — 그가 이렇게 격동했다는 것 — 으로 그의 죄를 더욱 가중시키신다.

비천한 피조물이 하나님을 거슬러 일어나 소란스럽게 그분과 다투는 것은 분명히 가장 꼴사나운 일이다. 이것은 기이한 일이다. 요나가 이런 상태에 있었다. 왜 분노에 대한 명시적인 언급이 있는지 이제 알 수 있다 — 하나님은 이렇게 요나를 확신시켜 더 이상 변명거리를 찾지 못하게 하려 하셨다.

"네가 크게 노하는 것이 옳으냐?" — 이 질문 형식이 단순히 "너는 죄를 지었다"고 하는 것보다 훨씬 더 강한 힘을 가진다. 하나님은 요나에게서 그 자신의 고백을 이끌어 내신다: "너의 분노가 얼마나 소란스러운지를 보라. 이 광기 같은 격노에 사로잡혀 있으니." 라크(לך, 너 자신에서)라는 말로 하나님은 요나에게 자신의 마음을 살펴보라고 상기시키신다. 거울에서 자신을 보듯이. "너 자신을 보라. 이 미친 분노에 사로잡힌 네 영혼이 얼마나 소란스러운 바다인지를 볼 것이다."

원주석

5절 카드 ↗

It may be here doubted whether Jonah had waited till the forty days had passed, and whether that time had arrived; for if we say that he went out of the city before the fortieth day, another question arises, how could he have known what would be? for we have not yet found that he had been informed by any oracular communication. But the words which we have noticed intimate that it was then known by the event itself, that God had spared the city from destruction; for in the last lecture it was said, that God had repented of the evil he had declared and had not done it. It hence appears that Jonah had not gone out of the city until the forty days had passed. But there comes again another question, what need had he to sit near the city, for it was evident enough that the purpose of God had changed, or at least that the sentence Jonah had pronounced was changed? he ought not then to have seated himself near the city as though he was doubtful. But I am inclined to adopt the conjecture, that Jonah went out after the fortieth day, for the words seem to countenance it. With regard to the question, why he yet doubted the event, when time seemed to have proved it, the answer may be readily given: though indeed the forty days had passed, yet Jonah stood as it were perplexed, because he could not as yet feel assured that what he had before proclaimed according to God’s command would be without its effect. I therefore doubt not but that Jonah was held perplexed by this thought, “Thou hast declared nothing rashly; how can it then be, that what God wished to be proclaimed by his own command and in his own name, should be now in vain, with no corresponding effect?” Since then Jonah had respect to God’s command, he could not immediately extricate himself from his doubts. This then was the cause why he sat waiting: it was, because he thought that though God’s vengeance was suspended, his preaching would not yet be in vain, but that the ruin of the city was at hand. This therefore was the reason why he still waited after the prefixed time, as though the event was still doubtful. Now that this may be more evident, let us bear in mind that the purpose of God was hidden, so that Jonah understood not all the parts of his vocation. God, then, when he threatened ruin to the Ninevites, designed to speak conditionally: for what could have been the benefit of the word, unless this condition was added, — that the Ninevites, if they repented, should be saved? There would otherwise have been no need of a Prophet; the Lord might have executed the judgment which the Ninevites deserved, had he not intended to regard their salvation. If any one objects by saying that a preacher was sent to render them inexcusable, — this would have been unusual; for God had executed all his other judgments without any previous denunciation, I mean, with regard to heathen nations: it was the peculiar privilege of the Church that the Prophets ever denounced the punishments which were at hand; but to other nations God made it known that he was their Judge, though he did not send Prophets to warn them. There was then included a condition, with regard to God’s purpose, when he commanded the Ninevites to be terrified by so express a declaration. But Jonah was, so to speak, too literal a teacher; for he did not include what he ought to have done, — that there was room for repentance, and that the city would be saved, if the Ninevites repented of their wickedness. Since then Jonah had learned only one half of his office, it is no wonder that his mind was still in doubt, and could not feel assured as to the issue; for he had nothing but the event, God had not yet made known to him what he would do. Let us now proceed — return to ' Top of Page ' <a name="verse-6" class="com-number"

Pericope (part_of)

절 (explains)

bible-text/jon-4-5

Source

사십 일이 지날 때까지 요나가 기다렸는지, 그 시간이 왔는지는 여기서 의심스럽다. 그가 사십 일째 되는 날 이전에 성에서 나갔다면, 어떻게 무슨 일이 일어날지 알 수 있었겠는가? 우리는 아직 어떤 신탁의 전달로 그가 알려졌다는 것을 발견하지 못했기 때문이다.

그러나 앞 강해에서 말한 바는 사건 자체에 의해 당시에 알려졌음을 암시한다 — 하나님이 선언하신 재앙을 회개하시고 이행하지 않으셨다는 것. 따라서 요나는 사십 일이 지날 때까지 성을 떠나지 않은 것으로 보인다.

그러나 또 다른 의문이 온다 — 하나님의 목적이 분명히 바뀌었고, 적어도 요나가 선포한 선고가 바뀌었음이 충분히 분명했는데, 왜 성 근처에 앉아 있어야 했는가? 그러나 나는 요나가 사십 일째 이후에 나갔을 것이라는 추측을 취하려 한다. 말씀이 그것을 뒷받침하는 것 같다.

왜 시간이 이미 그것을 증명한 것처럼 보이는데도 여전히 결과에 대해 의심했는가 하는 질문에 대해, 대답은 쉽게 주어진다. 사십 일이 지났지만, 요나는 말하자면 당혹감에 서 있었다. 하나님의 명령에 따라 자신이 전에 선포한 것이 효력 없이 끝나리라고 확신할 수 없었기 때문이다. 그러므로 요나가 이 생각에 당혹스러워했음이 분명하다: "너는 무모하게 선언하지 않았다. 그렇다면 어떻게 하나님이 자신의 명령과 이름으로 선포하게 하신 것이 이제 아무런 효과도 없이 헛되이 끝날 수 있는가?" 요나는 하나님의 명령을 생각했으므로, 즉시 자신의 의심에서 벗어날 수 없었다. 이것이 그가 기다린 이유였다 — 하나님의 진노가 보류되었지만 자신의 전도가 헛되지 않을 것이며, 성의 멸망이 임박해 있다고 생각했기 때문이다. 이것이 그가 정해진 기간 이후에도 결과가 여전히 불확실한 것처럼 기다린 이유였다.

이것이 더 분명해지려면, 하나님의 목적이 숨겨져 있어서 요나가 자신의 소명의 모든 부분을 이해하지 못했음을 기억해야 한다. 하나님이 니느웨 사람들에게 멸망을 위협하셨을 때, 조건부로 말씀하셨다. 이 조건이 더해지지 않으면 말씀이 무슨 유익이 있겠는가 — 니느웨 사람들이 회개하면 구원받는다는 것? 그렇지 않으면 선지자가 필요 없었다. 주님은 이방 민족들에게 미리 선언 없이 다른 심판들을 모두 집행하셨다. 성의 예언자들은 언제나 임박한 형벌을 미리 선언했다. 그러나 이것은 교회의 특권이었다. 하나님이 니느웨 사람들로 하여금 그토록 명시적인 선언으로 두려워하게 명하셨을 때, 하나님의 목적과 관련하여 조건이 포함되어 있었다.

그러나 요나는 말하자면 지나치게 문자적인 교사였다. 그는 자신이 포함해야 했던 것 — 회개할 여지가 있고 니느웨 사람들이 자신들의 죄악에서 회개하면 성이 구원받을 것이라는 것 — 을 포함하지 않았다. 요나가 자신의 직분의 절반만 배웠으므로, 그의 마음이 여전히 의심스럽고 결과에 대해 확신할 수 없었음이 이상하지 않다. 사건뿐이었고 하나님은 아직 자신이 무엇을 하실 것인지 알려 주지 않으셨기 때문이다.

원주석

6절 카드 ↗

Before I proceed to treat on the contents of these verses, I will say a few things on the word קיקיון , kikiun ; for there were formerly some disputes respecting this word. Some render it, a gourd; ( eucurbitam ) others think it to have been a cucumber. Free conjectures are commonly made respecting obscure and unknown things. However, the first rendering has been the received one: and Augustine says, that a tumult arose in some church, when the Bishop rend the new interpretation of Jerome, who said that it was the ivy. Those men were certainly thoughtless and foolish who were so offended for a matter so trifling; for they ought to have more carefully inquired which version was the best and most correct. And Augustine did not act so very wisely in this affair; for superstition so possessed him, that he was unwilling that the received version of the Old Testament should be changed. He indeed willingly allowed Jerome to translate the New Testament from the Greek original; but he would not have the Old Testament to be touched; for he entertained a suspicion of the Jews, — that as they were the most inveterate enemies of the faith, they would have tried to falsify the Law and the Prophets. As then Augustine had this suspicion, he preferred retaining the common version. And Jerome relates that he was traduced at Rome, because he had rendered it ivy instead of gourd; but he answered Augustine in a very severe and almost an angry manner; and he inveighed in high displeasure against some Cornelius and another by the name of Asinius Polio, who had accused him at Rome as one guilty of sacrilege, because he had changed this word. I cannot allege in excuse, that they peevishly rejected what was probable. But as to the thing itself, I would rather retain in this place the word gourd, or cucumber, than to cause any disturbance by a thing of no moment. Jerome himself confesses, that it was not ivy; for he says, that it was a kind of a shrub, and that it grows everywhere in Syria; he says that it was a shrub supported by its own stem, which is not the case with ivy; for the ivy, except it cleaves to a wall or to a tree, creeps on the ground. It could not then have been the ivy; and he ought not to have so translated it. He excuses himself and says, that if he had put down the Hebrew word, many would have dreamt it to have been a beast or a serpent. He therefore wished to put down something that was known. But he might also have caused many doubts: “Why! ivy is said to have ascended over the head of Jonah, and to have afforded him a shade; how could this have been?” Now I wonder why Jerome says in one place that the shrub was called in his time Cicion in the Syrian language; and he says in another place in his Commentaries, that it was called in the same language Elkeroa; which we see to be wholly different from the word קיקיון , kikiun . Now when he answered Augustine I doubt not but that he dissembled; for he knew that Augustine did not understand Hebrew: he therefore trifled with him as with a child, because he was ignorant. It seems to have been a new gloss, I know not what, invented at the time for his own convenience: I doubt not but that he at the moment formed the word, as there is some affinity between קיקיון , kikiun, and cicion. However it may have been, whether it was a gourd or a shrub, it is not necessary to dispute much how it could have grown so soon into so great a size. Jerome says, that it was a shrub with many leaves, and that it grew to the size of a vine. Be it so; but this shrub grows not in one day, nor in two, nor in three days. It must have therefore been something extraordinary. Neither the ivy, nor the gourd, nor any shrub, nor any tree, could have grown so quickly as to afford a cover to the head of Jonah: nor did this shrub alone give shelter to Jonah’s head; for it is more probable, that it was derived also from the booth which he had made for himself. Jonah then not only sheltered himself under the shrub, but had the booth as an additional cover, when he was not sufficiently defended from the heat of the sun. Hence God added this shrub to the shade afforded by the booth: for in those regions, as we know, the sun is very hot; and further, it was, as we shall see, an extraordinary heat. I wished to say thus much of the word ivy; and I have spoken more than I intended; but as there have been contentions formerly on the subject, I wished to notice what may be satisfactory even to curious readers. I come now to what is contained in this passage. Jonah tells us that a gourds or a cucumber, or an ivy, was prepared by the Lord. There is no doubt but that this shrub grew in a manner unusual, that it might be a cover to the booth of Jonah. So I view the passage. But God, we know, approaches nature, whenever he does anything beyond what nature is: this is not indeed always the case; but we generally find that God so works, as that he exceeds the course of nature, and yet from nature he does not wholly depart. For when in the desert he intended to collect together a great quantity of quails, that he might give meat to the people, he raised wind from the east, ( Numbers 11:31 .) How often the winds blew without bringing such an abundance of birds? It was therefore a miracle: but yet God did not wholly cast aside the assistance of nature; hence he made use of the wind; and yet the wind could not of itself bring these birds. So also in this place, God had chosen, I have no doubt, a herb, which soon ascended to a great height, and yet far surpassed the usual course of nature. In this sense, then, it is that God is said to have prepared the קיקיון , kikiun, (56) and to have made it to ascend over Jonah’s head, that it might be for a shade to his head and free him from his distress. (56) Much has been written on the character of this plant. Modern critics have pretended to determine that it was the Ricinus , commonly called Palma Christi . It matters not what it was: its growth was doubtless

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이 절들의 내용을 다루기 전에, '기카욘'(קיקיון)이라는 단어에 대해 몇 가지를 말하겠다. 이 단어에 대해 이전에 논쟁이 있었기 때문이다. 일부는 박(gourd)으로, 일부는 오이라고 생각한다. 모호하고 알려지지 않은 것들에 대해서는 일반적으로 자유로운 추측이 이루어진다. 그러나 첫 번째 번역이 받아들여져 왔다. 아우구스티누스는 주교가 히에로니무스의 새로운 해석 — 그것이 담쟁이라는 — 을 읽었을 때 어떤 교회에서 소동이 일어났다고 말한다. 그렇게 사소한 것 때문에 그토록 화를 낸 사람들은 분명히 경솔하고 어리석었다. 그들은 어느 번역이 최선이고 가장 정확한지 더 신중하게 조사했어야 했다. 아우구스티누스도 이 문제에서 그리 현명하게 행하지 않았다. 미신이 그를 사로잡아 구약성경의 통용 번역본이 바뀌기를 원하지 않았다.

히에로니무스는 담쟁이 대신 박을 번역했다고 로마에서 비난을 받았다고 한다. 박이든 담쟁이든 오이든, 그것이 그처럼 빨리 요나의 머리를 덮을 만큼 자라 그늘을 만들 수 있는 식물이 아니라는 것은 확실하다. 이것은 분명히 비범한 무언가였다. 담쟁이도, 박도, 어떤 관목이나 나무도 요나의 머리 위 덮개가 될 만큼 빠르게 자랄 수 없다. 그리고 이 관목만이 요나에게 그늘을 제공한 것이 아닐 것이다. 그가 자신을 위해 만든 초막에서도 그늘을 얻었을 것이다. 요나는 초막 아래뿐 아니라 초막을 추가 덮개로 했을 것이다. 태양 열기로부터 충분히 방어받지 못했을 때. 그러므로 하나님은 이 관목을 초막이 제공하는 그늘에 더하신 것이다. 그 지역에서 태양이 매우 뜨거움을 알기 때문이다. 더욱이 후에 보겠지만 그것은 비범한 열기였다.

하나님이 '기카욘'을 준비하셨다고 할 때, 이 관목이 요나의 초막을 위한 덮개가 되도록 비범한 방식으로 자랐다는 것은 의심할 여지 없다. 그러나 하나님은 자신의 능력을 넘어서는 무언가를 행하실 때마다 자연에 가까이 가시는 경향이 있음을 안다. 이것이 항상 그런 것은 아니지만, 일반적으로 하나님이 자연의 과정을 초월하시되 자연을 완전히 버리지는 않으시는 방식으로 역사하심을 발견한다. 예를 들어 광야에서 많은 메추라기를 모아 백성에게 고기를 주시려 할 때, 동쪽에서 바람을 일으키셨다(민 11:31). 이것은 기적이었다. 그러나 하나님은 자연의 도움을 완전히 버리지 않으셨다. 그래서 바람을 사용하셨다. 바람 자체는 이 새들을 가져올 수 없었다. 마찬가지로 이 경우에도, 하나님이 빠르게 큰 키로 자라는 풀을 선택하셨음은 의심할 여지 없지만, 자연의 통상적인 과정을 훨씬 능가했다.

원주석

7절 카드 ↗

But it is said afterwards that a worm was prepared . We see here also, that what seemed to happen by chance was yet directed by the hidden providence of God. Should any one say, that what is here narrated does not commonly happen, but what once happened; to this I answer, — that though God then designed to exhibit a wonderful example, worthy of being remembered, it is yet ever true that the gnawing even of worms are directed by the counsel of God, so that neither a herb nor a tree withers independently of his purpose. The same truth is declared by Christ when he says, that without the Father’s appointment the sparrows fall not on the ground, ( Matthew 10:29 .) Thus much as to the worm. return to ' Top of Page ' <a name="verse-8" class="com-number"

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bible-text/jon-4-7

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이어서 벌레가 준비되었다고 한다. 여기서도 우연히 일어난 것처럼 보이는 것이 실제로는 하나님의 숨겨진 섭리에 의해 인도되었음을 본다. 여기서 서술된 것이 흔한 일이 아니라 한 번 일어난 일이라고 말하는 이에게, 이렇게 대답한다 — 하나님이 당시 기억할 만한 놀라운 사례를 보여 주려 하셨지만, 그럼에도 벌레의 갉아 먹음도 하나님의 뜻에 의해 인도된다는 것은 항상 사실이다. 그래서 어떤 풀이나 나무도 하나님의 목적과 무관하게 시들지 않는다. 그리스도가 아버지의 뜻 없이는 참새가 땅에 떨어지지 않는다고 말씀하신 것도 같은 진리다(마 10:29).

원주석

8절 카드 ↗

It is now added, that when the sun arose the day following, a wind was prepared. We here learn the same thing, — that winds do not of themselves rise, or by chance, but are stirred up by a Divine power. There may indeed be found causes in nature why now the air is tranquil, and then it is disturbed by winds; but God’s purpose regulates all these intermediate causes; so that this is ever true — that nature is not some blind impulse, but a law settled by the will of God. God then ever regulates by his own counsel and hand whatever happens. The only difference is, that his works which flow in the usual course have the name of nature; and they are miracles and retain not the name of nature, when God changes their wonted course; but yet they all proceed from God as their author. Therefore with regard to this wind, we must understand that it was not usual or common; and yet that winds are daily no less stirred up by God’s providence than this wind of which Jonah speaks. But God wrought then, so to speak, beyond the usual course of nature, though he daily preserves the regular order of nature itself. Let us now see why this whole narrative has been set down. Jonah confesses that he rejoiced with great joy, when he was sheltered from the extreme heat of the sun: but when the shrub withered, he was touched with so much grief that he wished to die. There is nothing superfluous here; for Jonah shows, with regard to his joy and his grief, how tender he was and how susceptible of both. Jonah here confesses his own sensibility, first by saying that he greatly rejoiced, and then by saying that he was so much grieved for the withered shrub, that through weariness of life he instantly desired death. There is then here an ingenuous confession of weakness; for Jonah in a very simple manner has mentioned both his joy and his grief. But he has distinctly expressed the vehemence of both feelings, that we might know that he was led away by his strong emotions, so that in the least things he was either inflamed with anger, or elated with joy beyond any bounds. This then was the case with him in his grief as well as in his joy. But he does not say that he prayed as before; but he adopts the word שאל , shal , which signifies to desire or wish. He desired, it is said, for his soul that he might die. It is hence probable that Jonah was so overwhelmed with grief that he did not lift up his heart to God; and yet we see that he was not neglected by God: for it immediately follows — return to ' Top of Page ' <a name="verse-9" class="com-number"

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bible-text/jon-4-8

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이튿날 태양이 뜰 때 바람이 준비되었다고 더한다. 여기서도 같은 것을 배운다 — 바람은 저절로, 우연히 일지 않고 신성한 능력에 의해 일어난다. 자연 속에서 어떤 때는 공기가 고요하고 어떤 때는 바람으로 흔들리는 이유들이 발견될 수 있다. 그러나 하나님의 목적이 이 모든 중간 원인들을 조절한다. 그래서 이것은 항상 사실이다 — 자연은 맹목적인 충동이 아니라 하나님의 뜻에 의해 정해진 법이라는 것. 하나님은 그분의 뜻과 손으로 일어나는 모든 것을 언제나 규율하신다. 유일한 차이는, 통상적인 과정으로 흐르는 그분의 역사에는 자연이라는 이름이 붙고, 통상적인 과정을 바꾸실 때는 기적이라고 부른다는 것이다. 그러나 그것들은 모두 하나님에게서 저자로서 나온다.

요나는 뙤약볕으로부터 덮임을 받았을 때 크게 기뻐했음을 고백한다. 그러나 관목이 시들었을 때 너무나 큰 슬픔을 느껴 죽고 싶어했다. 여기서 아무것도 불필요하지 않다. 요나는 자신의 기쁨과 슬픔에 관해, 자신이 얼마나 예민했고 둘 다에 얼마나 취약했는지를 보여 준다. 요나는 크게 기뻐했다고 먼저 말하고, 시든 관목 때문에 삶이 지겨워 즉시 죽음을 원할 만큼 크게 슬퍼했다고 말함으로써 자신의 약함을 솔직하게 고백한다. 그는 두 감정의 격렬함을 분명하게 표현했다. 그래서 우리는 그가 강한 감정에 이끌려 가장 사소한 일에서도 분노하거나 기뻐하는 것이 어떤 한계도 없었음을 알게 된다. 그의 슬픔도 기쁨도 그러했다.

그러나 그는 전처럼 "기도했다"고 말하지 않고 '샤알'(שאל)이라는 단어를 쓴다. 이것은 원하거나 바라는 것을 의미한다. 그는 자신의 영혼이 죽기를 원했다고 한다. 따라서 요나가 슬픔에 너무 압도되어 하나님께 마음을 들어올리지 못했을 것이다. 그러나 하나님이 그를 돌보지 않으신 것이 아님을 바로 이어지는 것에서 볼 수 있다.

원주석

9절 카드 ↗

We see here that God had concealed himself for a time, but did not yet forsake his servant. He often looks on us from behind; that is, though we think that he has forgotten us, he yet observes how we go on, that he may in due time afford help: and hence it is that he recovers and raises up the falling, before we perceive that he is near. This was his manner with Jonah, when he began to address him: for, as we have said, grief had so oppressed the mind of the holy Prophets that it could no longer be raised up to God. Hence he desired to die; and still God did not forsake him. This was no common example of the invaluable mercy of God, with which he favors his own people, even when they precipitate themselves into ruin: such was the case with Jonah, who rushed headlong into a state of despair, and cared not for any remedy. God then did not wait until he was sought, but anticipated miserable Jonah, who was now seeking destruction to himself. He says, Doest thou well that thou art thus angry for the gourd? As though he had said, that he was too violently disturbed for a matter so trifling. And we must ever bear that in mind, of which we spoke more fully yesterday, — that God did not merely reprove his servant, because he did not patiently bear the withering of the gourd — what then? but because he became angry; for in anger there is ever an excess. Since then Jonah was thus grieved beyond measure, and without any restraint, it was justly condemned by God as a fault. I will now not repeat what I said yesterday respecting the enhancing of the crime, inasmuch as Jonah not only murmured on account of the withering of the shrub, but also disregarded himself, and boiled over with displeasure beyond all due limits. And the answer of Jonah confirms this, I do well, he says, in being angry even to death. We here see how obstinately the holy Prophet repelled the admonition of God, by which he ought to have been restored to a right mind. He was not ignorant that God spoke. Why then was he not smitten with shame? Why was he not moved by the authority of the speaker, so as immediately to repress the fierceness of his mind? But thus it commonly happens, when the minds of men are once blinded by some wrong feeling; though the Lord may thunder and fulminate from heaven, they will not hear, at least they will not cease violently to resist, as Jonah does here. Since then we find such an example of perverseness in this holy man, how much more ought every one of us to fear? Let us hence learn to repress in time our feelings, and instantly at the beginning to bridle them, lest if they should burst forth to a greater extent, we become at last altogether obstinate. I do well, he says, in being angry even to death. God charged his servant Jonah with the vice of anger; Jonah now indulges himself in his own madness, so that he says that desperation is not a vice: I do not sin, he says, though I am despairing; though I abandon myself to death as with mad fury, I do not yet sin. Who could have thought that the holy Prophet could have been brought into this state of mind? But let us be reminded, as I have already said, by this remarkable example, how furious and unreasonable are the passions of our flesh. There is, therefore, nothing better than to restrain them, before they gather more strength than they ought; for when any one feeds his vices, this obstinacy and hardness always follow. But to be angry, or to be in a fume even to death, is to feel such a weariness of life, as to give ourselves up of our own accord to death. It was not indeed the design of Jonah to lay violent hands on himself; but though he abstained from violence, he yet, as to the purpose of his mind, procured death to himself; for he submitted not to God, but was carried away by a blind impulse, so that he wished to throw away his life. It now follows — return to ' Top of Page ' <a name="verse-10" class="com-number"

Pericope (part_of)

절 (explains)

bible-text/jon-4-9

Source

하나님이 한동안 자신을 숨기셨지만 그래도 그 종을 버리지 않으셨음을 여기서 본다. 하나님은 종종 우리를 뒤에서 바라보신다. 즉, 우리는 그분이 우리를 잊으셨다고 생각하지만, 그분은 우리가 어떻게 가고 있는지 관찰하셔서 적시에 도움을 베푸신다. 그래서 우리가 그분이 가까이 계신다는 것을 알아채기 전에, 그분은 쓰러지는 자를 회복시키고 일으키신다. 하나님은 요나에게도 그러셨다. 말했던 바와 같이, 슬픔이 거룩한 선지자의 마음을 너무 압도하여 더 이상 하나님께 들어올릴 수 없었다. 그래서 그는 죽기를 원했다. 그러나 하나님은 그를 버리지 않으셨다. 이것은 하나님이 자신의 백성에게 호의를 베푸시는 귀한 자비의 평범치 않은 사례다 — 그들이 스스로를 파멸로 몰아넣을 때조차도. 요나의 경우가 그러했다. 그는 절망 속으로 달려가며 어떤 해결책도 원하지 않았다. 하나님은 구해지기를 기다리지 않으시고, 이제 자신의 멸망을 구하던 비참한 요나를 먼저 찾아오셨다.

하나님이 말씀하신다: "네가 박나물 때문에 성내는 것이 옳으냐?" 마치 그 사소한 것 때문에 너무 격하게 흔들렸다고 하시는 것 같다. 그리고 우리는 어제 더 충분히 말한 것을 항상 기억해야 한다 — 하나님이 종을 단순히 박나물이 시드는 것을 인내하지 못했다고 꾸짖으신 것이 아니라는 것. 그렇다면 무엇인가? 그가 분노했기 때문이다. 분노에는 항상 지나침이 있다. 요나가 이처럼 과도하게 절제 없이 슬퍼했으므로, 하나님이 그것을 잘못으로 정당하게 정죄하셨다.

요나의 대답이 이것을 확인한다: "내가 성내는 것이 옳다, 죽기까지 성내는 것이 옳다." 여기서 우리는 거룩한 선지자가 하나님의 훈계를 얼마나 완고하게 거부했는지를 본다. 그것으로 그는 올바른 마음으로 회복되었어야 했다. 그는 하나님이 말씀하고 계심을 몰랐는가? 그렇다면 왜 말씀하시는 분의 권위에 감동받아 즉시 마음의 맹렬함을 억눌러야 하지 않았는가? 그러나 인간의 마음이 어떤 잘못된 감정으로 한 번 눈멀면 이렇게 일어나는 것이다. 주님이 하늘에서 천둥을 치고 벼락을 내리셔도 듣지 않는다. 요나처럼 폭력적으로 저항하기를 그치지 않는다. 이 거룩한 사람에게서 이런 완고함의 예를 보니, 우리 각자는 얼마나 더 두려워해야 하는가? 그러므로 때맞추어 우리의 감정을 억제하고 즉시 처음부터 굴레를 씌우는 것을 배우자. 그것들이 더 크게 폭발하면, 마침내 완전히 완고해질 것이기 때문이다.

원주석

10절 카드 ↗

Here God explains the design he had in suddenly raising up the gourd, and then in causing it to perish or wither through the gnawing of a worm; it was to teach Jonah that misconduct towards the Ninevites was very inhuman. Though we find that the holy Prophet had become a prey to dreadful feelings, yet God, by this exhibition, does in a manner remind him of his folly; for, under the representation of a gourd, he shows how unkindly he desired the destruction of so populous a city as Nineveh. Yet this comparison may appear ill suited for the purpose. Jonah felt sorry for the gourd, but he only regarded himself: hence he was displeased, because the relief with which he was pleased was taken away from him. As then this inconvenience had driven Jonah to anger, the similitude may not seem appropriate when God thus reasons, Thou wouldest spare the gourd, should I not spare this great city? Nay, but he was not concerned for the gourd itself: if all the gourds of the world withered, he would not have been touched with any grief; but as he felt the greatest danger being scorched by the extreme heat of the sun, it was on this account that he was angry. To this I answer, — that though Jonah consulted his own advantage, yet this similitude is most suitable: for God preserves men for the purpose for which he has designed them. Jonah grieved for the withering of the gourd, because he was deprived of its shade: and God does not create men in vain; it is then no wonder that he wishes them to be saved. We hence see that Jonah was not unsuitably taught by this representation, how inhumanely he conducted himself towards the Ninevites. He was certainly but one individual; since then he made such an account of himself and the gourd only, how was it that he cast aside all care for so great and so populous a city? Ought not this to have come to his mind, that it was no wonder that God, the Creator and Father, had a care for so many thousands of men? Though indeed the Ninevites were alienated from God, yet as they were men, God, as he is the Father of the whole human race, acknowledged them as his own, at least to such an extent as to give them the common light of day, and other blessings of earthly life. We now then understand the import of this comparison: “Thou wouldest spare,” he says, “the gourd, and should I not spare this great city?” It hence appears how frivolous is the gloss of Jerome, — that Jonah was not angry on account of the deliverance of the city, but because he saw that his own nation would, through its means, be destroyed: for God repeats again that Jonah’s feeling was quite different, — that he bore with indignity the deliverance of the city from ruin. And less to be endured it is still, that Jerome excuses Jonah by saying that he nobly and courageously answered God, that he had not sinned in being angry even to death. That man dared, without any shame or discernment, to invent a pretense that he might excuse so disgraceful an obstinacy. But it is enough for us to understand the real meaning of the Prophet. Here then he shows, according to God’s representation, that his cruelty was justly condemned for having anxiously desired the destruction of a populous city. But we ought to notice all the parts of the similitudes when he says, Thou wouldest have spared, etc. There is an emphasis in the pronoun אתה , ate, for God compares himself with Jonah; “Who art thou? Doubtless a mortal man is not so inclined to mercy as I am. But thou takest to thyself this right — to desire to spare the gourd, even thou who art made of clay. Now this gourd is not thy work, thou hast not labored for it, it has not proceeded from thy culture or toil; and further, thou hast not raised it up, and further still, it was the daughter of a night, and in one night it perished; it was an evanescent shrub or herb. If then thou regardest the nature of the gourd, if thou regardest thyself, and joinest together all the other circumstances, thou wilt find no reason for thy hot displeasure. But should not I, who am God, in whose hand are all things, whose prerogative and whose constant practice it is mercifully to bear with men — should not I spare them, though they were worthy of destruction? and should not I spare a great city? The matter here is not concerning a little plant, but a large number of people. And, in the last place, it is a city, in which there are a hundred and twenty thousand men who know not how to distinguish between their right hand and the left.” We now then see how emphatical are all the parts of this comparison. And though God’s design was to reprove the foolish and sinful grief of Jonah, we may yet further collect a general instruction by reasoning in this manner, “We feel for one another, and so nature inclines us, and yet we are wicked and cruel. If then men are inclined to mercy through some hidden impulse of nature, what may not be hoped from the inconceivable goodness of God, who is the Creator of the whole world, and the Father of us all? and will not he, who is the fountain of all goodness and mercy spare us?” return to ' Top of Page ' <a name="verse-11" class="com-number"

Pericope (part_of)

절 (explains)

bible-text/jon-4-10

Source

하나님은 여기서 박나물을 갑자기 올리셨다가 벌레의 갉아 먹음으로 시들게 하신 목적을 설명하신다 — 요나에게 니느웨 사람들에 대한 그의 행동이 얼마나 몰인정한 것이었는지를 가르치기 위함이었다. 거룩한 선지자가 끔찍한 감정에 사로잡혔음을 우리는 발견한다. 그러나 하나님은 이 시각적 예를 통해 그에게 자신의 어리석음을 상기시키신다. 박나물의 이미지 아래 그분은 요나가 얼마나 인구 많은 성 니느웨의 멸망을 몰인정하게 원했는지를 보여 주신다.

그러나 이 비교는 목적에 잘 맞지 않는 것처럼 보일 수 있다. 요나는 박나물을 안타깝게 여겼지만 자기 자신만을 생각했다. 그래서 자신을 기쁘게 했던 위안이 빼앗겼기 때문에 불쾌했다. 이 불편함이 요나를 분노로 이끌었다면, 이 유비는 적절하지 않아 보일 수 있다. 하나님이 이렇게 추론하실 때: "네가 박나물을 아꼈으니, 내가 이 큰 성을 아끼지 않겠느냐?" 그는 박나물 자체에 관심이 없었다. 세상의 모든 박나물이 시들어도 어떤 슬픔도 느끼지 않았을 것이다. 그러나 태양의 극심한 열기에 그을릴 최대의 위험을 느꼈기 때문에 분노한 것이었다.

이에 대해 이렇게 대답한다 — 요나가 자신의 이익만을 추구했지만, 이 유비는 지극히 적절하다. 하나님은 자신이 설계한 목적을 위해 사람들을 보존하신다. 요나는 그늘을 빼앗겼기 때문에 박나물이 시드는 것을 슬퍼했다. 하나님도 사람들을 헛되이 창조하지 않으신다. 그분이 그들이 구원받기를 원하시는 것은 이상한 일이 아니다. 그러므로 요나가 니느웨 사람들에 대해 몰인정하게 행동했음을 이 이미지로 적절하게 가르침을 받았음을 알 수 있다. 그는 분명히 한 개인이었다. 그런데 자신과 박나물만을 그토록 중시하면서, 그 큰 인구 많은 성에 대한 모든 관심을 어떻게 내던질 수 있었는가? 창조주이시요 아버지이신 하나님이 그토록 많은 수천의 사람들을 돌보신다는 것이 이상한 일이 아니라는 것이 마음에 와닿지 않았는가?

니느웨 사람들이 하나님에게서 소외되어 있었지만, 그들이 사람이기에 하나님은 온 인류의 아버지로서 그들을 자신의 것으로 인정하셨다. 적어도 낮의 공통된 빛과 세상적 삶의 다른 복들을 줄 만큼은. 이제 이 비교의 의미를 이해한다: "네가 박나물을 아꼈으니, 내가 이 큰 성을 아끼지 않겠느냐?" 히에로니무스의 해설이 얼마나 경솔한지 여기서 드러난다 — 요나가 성의 구출 때문이 아니라 그 성을 통해 자신의 민족이 멸망할 것을 보았기 때문에 분노했다고 한 것. 하나님은 요나의 감정이 전혀 다른 것이었음을 다시 반복하신다 — 그는 성이 멸망에서 구출된 것을 참을 수 없었다는 것.

"네가 박나물을 아꼈다"고 할 때 강조가 있다. 하나님은 자신을 요나와 비교하신다: "너는 누구인가? 의심할 여지 없이 죽을 인간은 나만큼 자비로운 성향이 없다. 그런데 너는 박나물을 아끼는 이 권리를 스스로에게 취한다, 흙으로 만들어진 너마저. 이제 이 박나물은 네 작품이 아니고, 너는 그것을 위해 수고하지 않았으며, 네 경작과 수고에서 나온 것이 아니다. 게다가 너는 그것을 키우지 않았으며, 더 나아가 그것은 하룻밤 새에 생겨났고 하룻밤 만에 사라졌다. 덧없는 관목이나 풀이었다. 네가 박나물의 성질을 생각하고, 네 자신을 생각하고, 다른 모든 상황들을 합쳐 보면, 네가 그토록 격렬하게 불쾌할 이유를 찾지 못할 것이다. 그러나 만물이 손 안에 있는 하나님인 나 — 사람들을 자비롭게 참아 주는 것이 내 특권이요 변함없는 실천이다 — 는 그들이 멸망받을 만하더라도 그들을 아끼지 않겠느냐? 그것도 큰 성을 아끼지 않겠느냐?"

여기서 이 비교의 모든 부분이 얼마나 강조적인지를 볼 수 있다. 하나님의 의도는 요나의 어리석고 죄스러운 슬픔을 책망하는 것이었지만, 우리는 이렇게 추론함으로써 더 일반적인 교훈을 이끌어 낼 수 있다: "우리는 서로를 불쌍히 여기며, 자연이 우리를 그렇게 기울게 한다. 그러나 우리는 악하고 잔인하다. 그렇다면 인간이 자연의 어떤 숨겨진 충동으로 자비로운 성향이 있다면, 온 세상의 창조주시요 우리 모두의 아버지이신 하나님의 측량할 수 없는 선하심에서 무엇을 기대할 수 없겠는가? 모든 선함과 자비의 근원이신 그분이 우리를 아끼지 않겠는가?"

원주석

11절 카드 ↗

Now as to the number, Jonah mentions here twelve times ten thousand men, and that is as we have said, one hundred and twenty thousand. God shows here how paternally he cares for mankind. Every one of us is cherished by him with singular care: but yet he records here a large number, that it might be more manifest that he so much regards mankind that he will not inconsiderately fulminate against any one nation. And what he adds, that they could not distinguish between the right hand and the left, is to be referred, I have no doubt, to their age; and this opinion has been almost universally received. Some one, however has expressed a fear lest the city should be made too large by allowing such a number of men: he has, therefore, promiscuously included the old, as well as those of middle age and infants. He says that these could not distinguish between the right hand and the left, because they had not been taught in the school of God, nor understood the difference between right and wrong; for the unbelieving, as we know, went astray in their errors. But this view is too strained; and besides, there is no reason for this comment; for that city, we know, was not only like some great cities, many of which are at this day in Europe, but it surpassed most of the principal cities at this day. We know that in Paris there are more than four hundred thousand souls: the same is the case with other cities. I therefore reject this comment, as though Jonah was here speaking of all the Ninevites. But God, on the contrary, intended to show, that though there was the justest reason for destroying entirely the whole city, there were yet other reasons which justified the suspension of so dreadful a vengeance; for many infants were there who had not, by their own transgressions, deserved such a destruction. God then shows here to Jonah that he had been carried away by his own merciless zeal. Though his zeal, as it has been said, arose from a good principle, yet Jonah was influenced by a feeling far too vehement. This God proved, by sparing so many infants hitherto innocent. And to infants he adds the brute animals. Oxen were certainly superior to shrubs. If Jonah justly grieved for one withering shrub, it was far more deplorable and cruel for so many innocent animals to perish. We hence see how apposite are all the parts of this similitude, to make Jonah to loathe his folly, and to be ashamed of it; for he had attempted to frustrate the secret purpose of God, and in a manner to overrule it by his own will, so that the Ninevites might not be spared, who yet labored by true repentance to anticipate the divine judgment. return to ' Top of Page ' Jonah Jon 3 Jonah Jon Micah Mic 1 Footnotes: Copyright Statement These files are public domain. Bibliographical Information Calvin, John. "Commentary on Jonah 4". 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Pericope (part_of)

절 (explains)

bible-text/jon-4-11

Source

요나는 여기서 12만 명 — 즉 12 곱하기 10,000 — 즉 12만 명을 언급한다. 하나님은 자신이 인류를 얼마나 아버지 같이 돌보시는지를 보여 주신다. 우리 각 사람이 그분께 특별한 관심으로 소중히 여김을 받는다. 그러나 그분은 여기서 큰 수를 기록하신다 — 자신이 인류를 그토록 중히 여기셔서 어떤 한 민족에 대해서도 경솔하게 벼락을 내리지 않으신다는 것을 더 분명히 하시기 위해.

"오른손과 왼손을 분간하지 못하는 자들"을 덧붙이신 것은 의심할 여지 없이 그들의 나이를 가리킨다. 이 의견은 거의 보편적으로 받아들여져 왔다. 어떤 이는 그 수를 허용하면 성이 너무 커진다고 염려하여, 노인과 중년층과 어린아이를 무차별적으로 포함시킨다. 이들이 하나님의 학교에서 가르침을 받지 못하고 옳고 그름을 분간하지 못하기 때문에 오른손과 왼손을 구별하지 못한다고 말한다. 그러나 이것은 너무 억지스럽다. 더욱이 이런 주석에 이유가 없다. 왜냐하면 그 성이 오늘날 유럽의 많은 큰 성들과 같은 것이 아니라 대부분의 주요 도시들을 능가했음을 알기 때문이다. 파리에는 40만 이상의 영혼이 있음을 안다. 다른 도시들도 마찬가지다. 따라서 요나가 여기서 모든 니느웨 사람들에 대해 말하는 것처럼 이 주석을 거부한다.

하나님은 반대로 성 전체를 완전히 멸망시킬 가장 정당한 이유가 있었음에도, 그토록 두려운 진노를 보류할 다른 이유들이 있었음을 요나에게 보여 주시려 했다. 아직 자신의 죄로 그런 멸망을 받아 마땅하지 않은 많은 어린 아이들이 거기 있었기 때문이다. 하나님은 여기서 요나에게 그가 무자비한 열심에 이끌렸음을 보여 주신다. 비록 그의 열심이 좋은 원리에서 나온 것이라 해도, 요나는 지나치게 격렬한 감정에 이끌렸다. 이것을 하나님은 지금까지 무죄한 많은 어린아이들을 아끼심으로 증명하셨다. 어린아이들에 짐승들을 더하신다. 소들이 분명히 관목보다 가치가 있다. 만약 요나가 한 그루의 시든 관목을 정당하게 안타까워했다면, 그처럼 많은 무죄한 짐승들이 죽는 것은 훨씬 더 비통하고 잔인한 일이었을 것이다.

이 유비의 모든 부분이 요나로 하여금 자신의 어리석음을 혐오하고 부끄럽게 하기 위해 얼마나 적절한지를 볼 수 있다. 그는 하나님의 숨겨진 목적을 좌절시키고 말하자면 그 목적을 자신의 뜻으로 제지하려 했다. 니느웨 사람들이 아끼심을 받지 못하도록 — 그들이 진정한 회개로 하나님의 심판을 미리 막으려 노력하고 있었는데도.

원주석

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