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There is here set before us a remarkable proof of God’s grace, — that he was pleased to bestow on Jonah his former dignity and honor. He was indeed unworthy of the common light, but God not only restored him to life, but favored him again with the office and honor of a prophet. This, as I have said, Jonah obtained through the wonderful and singular favor of God. As he had previously fled, and by disobedience deprived himself in a manner of all God’s favor, the recovery of his prophetic office was certainly not obtained through his own merit. It must, in the first place, be observed, that this phrase, The word of Jehovah came the second time, ought to be noticed; for the word of God comes to men in different ways. God indeed addresses each of us individually; but he spoke to his Prophets in a special manner; for he designed them to be witnesses and heralds of his will. Hence, whenever God sets a man in some peculiar office, his word is said to come to him: as the word of God is addressed to magistrates because they are commanded to exercise the power committed to them; so also the word of God ever came to the Prophets, because it was not lawful for them to thrust in themselves without being called. return to ' Top of Page ' <a name="verse-2" class="com-number"
Pericope (part_of)
- part_of
pericope/per-jon-3-001
절 (explains)
Source
source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
여기서 우리 앞에 하나님의 은혜의 놀라운 증거가 펼쳐진다 — 하나님은 기꺼이 요나에게 이전의 위엄과 영예를 되돌려 주셨다. 요나는 평범한 빛조차 받을 자격이 없었지만, 하나님은 그에게 생명만 회복시켜 주신 것이 아니라, 선지자의 직분과 영예를 다시 허락하셨다. 이것은 하나님의 놀랍고 특별한 은혜로 얻은 것이었다. 요나는 이전에 도망쳤고 불순종으로 하나님의 모든 은혜를 스스로 박탈했으니, 선지자 직분을 회복한 것은 결코 자신의 공로로 얻은 것이 아니었다.
무엇보다 주목해야 할 것은 "여호와의 말씀이 두 번째로 임했다"는 표현이다. 하나님은 사람들에게 다양한 방식으로 말씀하신다. 물론 하나님은 각 사람에게 개별적으로 말씀하신다. 그러나 선지자들에게는 특별한 방식으로 말씀하셨다. 그분은 그들을 자신의 뜻의 증인이요 전령으로 세우셨기 때문이다. 따라서 하나님이 어떤 사람을 특별한 직분에 세우실 때마다, 그 말씀이 그에게 임했다고 한다. 관리들에게 하나님의 말씀이 임했다고 하는 것은 그들이 위임받은 권한을 행사하도록 명령받기 때문이다. 마찬가지로 하나님의 말씀이 선지자들에게 항상 임한 것은, 부르심 없이 스스로 나서는 것이 합당하지 않았기 때문이다.
원주석
- 번역원본
commentary-section/cal-jon-3-1-1(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역
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The command now follows, Arise, go to Nineveh, to that great city, and preach there the preaching which I command thee. (42) God again repeats what we have observed at the be ginning, — that Nineveh was a great city, that Jonah might provide himself with an invincible courage of mind, and come there well prepared: for it often happens, that many boldly undertake an office, but soon fail, because difficulties had not been sufficiently foreseen by them. Hence, when men find more hardships than they thought of at the beginning, they nearly faint, at least they despond. The Lord, therefore, expressly foretold Jonah how difficult would be his employment; as though he said, “I send thee, a man unknown, and of no rank, and a stranger, to denounce ruin on men, not a few in number, but on a vast multitude, and to carry on a contest with the noblest city, and so populous, that it may seem to be a region of itself.” We now then understand why this character of the city was added; it was, that Jonah might gird up himself for the contest, that he might not afterwards fail in the middle of his course. This fear indeed frightened him at the beginning, so that he shunned the call of God; but he is not now moved in any degree by the greatness of the city, but resolutely follows where the Lord leads. We hence see, that faith, when once it gains the ascendancy in our hearts, surmounts all obstacles and despises all the greatness of the world; for it is immediately added — (42) Literally, “And proclaim to or against her the proclamation which I declare to thee.” The Septuagint is, “ Και κηρυξον εν αυτη κατα το κηρυγμα το εμπροσθεν ο ̀̔ εγ ω ελαλησα προς σε — And preach in it the former preaching which I have spoken to thee.” עליה in five MSS., as in chapter 1:2, “against her,” and not אליה , “to her.” אשר אנכי דבר אליד , “which I am speaking or declaring to thee.” דבר is a participle; being preceded by a nominative, it will admit of an auxiliary verb either in the past, present or future tense, according to the context; though it is often used to express the present time. Newcome renders the sentence thus — “And cry unto her in the words which I shall speak unto thee;” Henderson more paraphrastically thus — “And make the proclamation to it which I order thee;” and adds the following remarks, — “Be my herald, and faithfully deliver my message. The word κηρυξ in Greek answers to the Hebrew קורא , kore , both signifying a crier, a herald, a preacher; one that makes proclamation with a loud and earnest cry. Such was John Baptist, Isaiah 40:3 ; such was Jesus Christ, John 7:18 ; and such were all his apostles. And such earnestness becomes a ministry that has to do with immortal souls, asleep and dead in sin, hanging on the brink of perdition, and insensible of their state. The soft speaking, gentle toned, unmoved preacher, is never likely to awaken souls.” Henry considers that the commission was not specifically explained to him then. “Jonah must go,” he says, “with implicit faith: he shall not know till he comes thither what message he must deliver.” — Ed. return to ' Top of Page ' <a name="verse-3" class="com-number"
Pericope (part_of)
- part_of
pericope/per-jon-3-001
절 (explains)
Source
source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
이제 명령이 따른다: "일어나 니느웨로 가서, 내가 네게 이르는 것을 그 성에 선포하라." 하나님은 처음에서와 마찬가지로 니느웨가 큰 성이라고 거듭 말씀하신다. 이는 요나가 불굴의 마음으로 무장하고 잘 준비된 상태로 그 성에 임하게 하기 위함이었다. 많은 사람들이 대담하게 직분을 맡지만 곧 실패하는 것은, 어려움을 충분히 예상하지 못했기 때문이다. 처음에 생각했던 것보다 더 많은 어려움을 만날 때, 거의 정신을 잃거나 적어도 낙심한다. 그러므로 주님은 요나에게 그 일이 얼마나 어려운 것인지 분명히 미리 말씀하셨다. 마치 이렇게 말씀하시는 것 같다: "나는 너 — 무명의 사람, 신분도 없고, 나그네인 너 — 를 보낸다. 소수에게가 아니라 거대한 군중에게, 제국의 도성과 대결하게 하기 위해."
이제 우리는 이 성에 대한 묘사가 왜 덧붙여졌는지 이해한다. 요나가 싸움을 위해 단단히 준비하여 중간에 쓰러지지 않게 하기 위함이었다. 처음에 이 두려움 때문에 하나님의 부르심을 피했다. 그러나 이제는 성의 위대함에 전혀 흔들리지 않고 주님이 이끄시는 곳을 단호하게 따른다. 우리는 믿음이 한 번 우리 마음을 지배하면 모든 장애를 극복하고 세상의 모든 위대함을 업신여긴다는 것을 여기서 본다.
원주석
- 번역원본
commentary-section/cal-jon-3-2-2(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역
3절 카드 ↗
Jonah, by saying that he went to Nineveh according to God’s command, proves in the first place, as I have said, how great was the power and energy of his faith; for though Jonah had considered the greatness and pride of the city, he seems to have forgotten that he was an obscure man, alone, and unarmed; but he had laid hold on weapons capable of destroying all the power of the world, for he knew that he was sent from above. His conviction was, that God was on his side; and he knew that God had called him. Hence then it was, that with a high and intrepid mind he looked down on all the splendor of the city Nineveh. Hence John does not without reason say, that the victory, by which we overcome the world, proceeds from faith, ( 1 John 5:4 .) Jonah also proves, at the same time, how much he had improved under God’s scourges. He had been severely chastised; but we know that most of the unbelieving grow hardened under the rod, and vomit forth their rage against God; Jonah, on the contrary, shows here that chastisement had been useful to him for he was subdued and led to obey God. He went, then, according to the command of Jehovah; that is, nothing else did he regard but to render obedience to God, and to suffer himself to be wholly ruled by him. We hence learn how well God provides for us and for our salvation, when he corrects our perverseness; though sharp may be our chastisements, yet as this benefit follows we know that nothing is better for us than to be humbled under God’s hand, as David says in Psalms 119:1 . This change then, he went, is to us a remarkable example; and this is what the Lord has ever in view whenever he roughly handles us; for he cannot otherwise subdue either the haughtiness or the rebellion, or the slowness and indolence of our flesh. We must now also take notice how Jonah attained so much strength; it was, because he had found by experience in the bowels of the fish, that even amidst thousand deaths there is enough in God’s protection to secure our safety. As then he had by experience known that the issues of death are at the will and in the hand of God, he is not now touched with fear so as to shun God’s command, even were the whole world to rise up against him. Hence the more any one has found the kindness of God, the more courageously he ought to proceed in the discharge of his office, and confidently to commit to God his life and his safety, and resolutely to surmount all the perils of the world. He then says, that Nineveh was a great city (43) , even a journey of three days. Some toil much in untying a knot, which at last is no knot at all; for it seems to them strange that one city should be in compass about thirty leagues according to our measure. When they conceive this as being impossible, then they invent some means to avoid the difficulty, — that no one could visit the whole city so as to go through all the alleys, all the streets, and all the public places, except in three days; nay, they add, that this is not to be understood as though one ran or quickly passed through the city, but as though he walked leisurely and made a stay in public places: but these are mere puerilities. And if we believe profane writers, Nineveh must have been a great city, as Jonah declares here: for they say that its area was about four hundred stadia; and we know what space four hundred stadia include. A stadium is one hundred and twenty-five paces; hence eight stadia make a mile. Now if any one will count he will find that there are twelve miles in a hundred stadia; there will then be in four hundred stadia forty-eight miles. This account well agrees with the testimony of Jonah. And then Diodorus and Herodotus say that there were 1500 towers around the city. Since it was so, it could not certainly be a smaller city than what it is represented here by Jonah. Though these things may seem to exceed what is commonly believed, writers have not yet reported them without some foundation: for however false are found to be many things in Diodorus and Herodotus, yet as to Babylon and Nineveh they could not have dared to say what was untrue; for the first was then standing and known to many; and the ruins of the other were still existing, though it had been for some time destroyed. We shall farther see about the end of the book that this city was large, and so populous, that there were there 120,000 children. If any one receives not this testimony, let him feed on the lies of the devil. But since there were so many children there, what else can we say but that the circumference of the city was very great? But this seems inconsistent with what immediately follows; for Jonah says, that when he entered the city, he performed a journey in the city for one day and preached. The answer is this, — that as soon as he entered the city, and began to proclaim the command of God, some conversions immediately followed: so Jonah does not mean that he went through the city in one day. He then in the first day converted a part of the city; he afterwards continued to exhort each one to repentance: thus the conversion of the whole city followed; but not in the second or the third day, as it may be easily gathered. Let us now proceed to what remains — (43) The original is, “And Nineveh was a city great to God” — לאלהים עיר - גדולה . The remark of Henry is, “So the Hebrew phrase is, meaning no more than as we render it, exceeding great; this honor that language doth to the great God, that great things derive their denomination from him” Though the form of the expression here is different from what we find in other places, when God is taken in this sense, as in Psalms 80:10 , ארזי - אל , cedars of God, that is, tall or great cedars, — yet there is no other sense that comports with this place. This is the view of Dathius, Drusius, Newcome, and many others. Some render it, great through God, and Grotius seems to have taken it in this sense, for he explains it by “ Deo eam augente — God having increased it.” Hen
Pericope (part_of)
- part_of
pericope/per-jon-3-001
절 (explains)
Source
source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
요나는 하나님의 명령대로 니느웨로 갔다고 말함으로써, 그의 믿음의 능력과 힘이 얼마나 컸는지를 먼저 증명한다. 요나는 니느웨의 위대함과 교만을 생각하면서도, 자신이 보잘것없는 사람이고 홀로 무기도 없다는 것을 잊어버린 것처럼 보인다. 그러나 그는 세상의 모든 권세를 무너뜨릴 수 있는 무기를 손에 쥐었다 — 자신이 위로부터 보냄을 받았음을 알았던 것이다. 그의 확신은 하나님이 자기 편이시라는 것, 하나님이 자신을 부르셨다는 것이었다. 그 확신에서 비롯된 것이 바로 높고 담대한 마음으로 니느웨의 모든 웅장함을 내려다본 것이었다.
요한은 이유 있이 "우리가 세상을 이기는 이김은 믿음에서 나온다"고 말했다(요일 5:4). 요나는 또한 하나님의 징계 아래 얼마나 성장했는지를 동시에 증명한다. 그는 혹독하게 징계를 받았다. 그러나 우리는 불신자들 중 대부분이 매 아래서 더욱 완고해져 하나님께 분노를 쏟아 낸다는 것을 안다. 반면 요나는 징계가 유익했음을 보여 준다. 그는 제어되어 하나님께 순종하게 되었다. 요나는 여호와의 명령대로 갔다 — 하나님께 순종하는 것 외에 다른 어떤 것도 눈에 두지 않고, 그분의 다스리심에 완전히 자신을 맡겼다.
하나님이 우리의 완악함을 바로잡으실 때 얼마나 잘 우리와 우리의 구원을 돌보시는지를 여기서 배운다. 징계가 아무리 혹독해도, 다윗이 시편 119편에서 말했듯이, 하나님의 손 아래 겸손해지는 것보다 더 좋은 것은 없음을 안다. 이 변화 — "그가 갔다" — 는 우리에게 놀라운 모범이다. 이것이 하나님이 우리를 거칠게 다루실 때마다 항상 목표하시는 것이다. 우리 육신의 오만함이나 반항심, 혹은 무기력함과 게으름을 달리 굴복시킬 방법이 없기 때문이다.
요나가 이토록 큰 힘을 얻은 것이 어떻게 가능했는지도 주목해야 한다. 물고기 뱃속에서 수천 번의 죽음 가운데서도 하나님의 보호 안에 안전이 있음을 경험으로 알았기 때문이다. 죽음의 문들이 하나님의 뜻과 손에 달려 있음을 경험으로 알았으므로, 이제 온 세상이 맞서도 두려움에 사로잡혀 하나님의 명령을 피하지 않는다. 따라서 하나님의 친절하심을 더 많이 경험한 자일수록, 더욱 용감하게 직분을 수행하고 자신의 생명과 안전을 하나님께 담대히 맡기며 세상의 모든 위험을 단호하게 극복해야 한다.
요나는 니느웨가 사흘 길이나 되는 큰 성이었다고 한다. 일부는 한 도시의 둘레가 우리 단위로 약 30레그(league)라는 것이 이상하다며 이 매듭을 풀려고 애를 쓴다. 그러나 그것은 전혀 매듭이 아니다. 세속 저술가들의 글을 믿는다면, 니느웨는 여기서 요나가 선언하는 것처럼 큰 성이었다. 그들은 그 면적이 약 400스타디아라고 한다. 한 스타디움은 125보요, 8스타디아가 1마일이다. 계산하면 100스타디아에 12마일이고 400스타디아면 48마일이 된다. 이것은 요나의 증언과 잘 맞는다. 디오도로스와 헤로도토스는 이 성 주위에 1,500개의 망루가 있었다고 한다. 그렇다면 여기 요나가 묘사하는 것보다 작은 성이 될 수 없다. 이런 것들이 일반적인 믿음을 초월하는 것처럼 보여도, 저술가들이 근거 없이 이것들을 기록하지는 않았을 것이다. 디오도로스와 헤로도토스에서 많은 것이 거짓으로 판명되지만, 바벨론과 니느웨에 관해서는 감히 거짓을 말하지 않았을 것이다. 첫 번째 도시는 그때 아직 서 있었고 많은 이들에게 알려져 있었으며, 다른 하나는 이미 파괴되었지만 폐허가 아직 남아 있었다.
또한 요나서 끝에서 120,000명의 어린이들이 있었다고 하니, 그 성의 둘레가 매우 컸음이 명백하다. 그런데 바로 다음에 나오는 것과 모순되는 것처럼 보인다. 요나는 성에 들어간 지 하루 만에 성 안에서 길을 걸으며 전도했다고 한다. 대답은 이것이다 — 요나가 성에 들어가 하나님의 명령을 선포하기 시작하자마자 즉시 회심자들이 생겨났다. 따라서 요나는 하루에 성 전체를 두루 돌아다녔다는 뜻이 아니다. 첫날 성의 일부를 회심시켰고, 이후 계속하여 각 사람을 회개로 권면했다. 이렇게 성 전체의 회심이 이루어졌다. 그러나 그것이 이튿날이나 사흘 안에 일어난 것이 아님은 쉽게 알 수 있다.
원주석
- 번역원본
commentary-section/cal-jon-3-3-3(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역
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Jonah here relates what had briefly been said before, — that he went to Nineveh according to the command of God. He shows then how faithfully he executed the duty enjoined on him, and thus obeyed the word of God. Hence Jonah came and began to enter the city and to preach on the first day. This promptness proves clearly how tractable Jonah had become, and how much he endeavored to obey God in discharging his office: for had there been still a timidity in his heart, he would have inspected the city, as careful and timid men are wont to do, who inquire what is the condition of the place, what are the dispositions of the people, and which is the easiest access to them, and what is the best way, and where is the least danger. If Jonah then had been still entangled by carnal thoughts he would have waited two or three days, and then have began to exercise his office as a Prophet. This he did not, but entered the city and I cried. We now then see how prompt he was in his obedience, who had before attempted to pass over the sea: he now takes hardly a moment to breathe, but he begins at the very entrance to testify that he had come in obedience to God. We hence see with what emphasis these words ought to be read. The narrative is indeed very simple; Jonah uses here no rhetorical ornaments, nor does he set forth his entrance with any fine display of words. Jonah, he says, entered into the city He who is not well versed in Scripture might say that this is frigid: but when we weigh the circumstances, we see that this simple way of speaking possesses more force and power than all the displays of orators. He entered then the city a day’s journey, and cried and said, etc. By saying that he cried, he again proves the courage of his soul; for he did not creep in privately, as men are wont to do, advancing cautiously when dangers are apprehended. He says that he cried: then this freedom shows that Jonah was divested of all fear, and endued with such boldness of spirit, that he raised himself up above all the hindrances of the world. And we ought, in the meantime, to remember how disliked must have been his message: for he did not gently lead the Ninevites to God, but threatened them with destruction, and seemed to have given them no hope of pardon. Jonah might have thought that his voice, as one says, would have to return to his own throat, “Can I denounce ruin on this populous city, without being instantly crushed? Will not the first man that meets me stone me to death?” Thus might Jonah have thought within himself. No fear was, however, able to prevent him from doing his duty as a faithful servant, for he had been evidently strengthened by the Lord. But it will be better to join the following verse — return to ' Top of Page ' <a name="verse-5" class="com-number"
Pericope (part_of)
- part_of
pericope/per-jon-3-001
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source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
요나는 여기서 앞에서 간략히 말했던 것을 더 상세히 서술한다 — 하나님의 명령대로 니느웨로 갔다는 것. 그는 맡겨진 직무를 얼마나 충실히 수행했는지를, 곧 하나님의 말씀에 어떻게 순종했는지를 보여 준다. 요나는 와서 첫날 성에 들어가기 시작하며 전도했다. 이 신속함은 요나가 얼마나 순종하는 자가 되었는지, 직무를 수행하는 데 하나님께 순종하려고 얼마나 노력했는지를 분명히 증명한다. 만약 그의 마음에 아직 두려움이 남아 있었다면, 신중하고 소심한 사람들이 하는 것처럼 성을 살펴보며 장소의 상태, 백성의 성향, 가장 쉬운 접근법, 최선의 방도, 위험이 가장 적은 곳을 물어보았을 것이다. 요나가 여전히 육신적인 생각에 얽매여 있었다면, 이삼일을 기다렸다가 선지자로서 직무를 시작했을 것이다. 그러나 그는 그렇게 하지 않고 성에 들어서자마자 외쳤다. 이전에는 바다를 건너려 했던 요나가 이제 한숨 돌릴 틈도 없이 성에 들어서는 바로 그 순간부터 하나님께 순종하여 왔음을 증언하기 시작한 것이다.
"그가 외쳤다"는 말로 다시 한번 그 영혼의 용기를 증명한다. 그는 위험이 예상될 때 조심스럽게 앞으로 나아가는 사람들처럼 몰래 기어 들어가지 않았다. "외쳤다"는 말은 요나가 모든 두려움을 벗고 세상의 모든 장애 위로 자신을 높이는 그런 담대한 정신을 부여받았음을 보여 준다. 한편 그의 메시지가 얼마나 미움받았을지를 기억해야 한다. 그는 니느웨 사람들을 하나님께 부드럽게 인도한 것이 아니라, 멸망을 선언했고 용서의 소망을 주지 않는 것처럼 보였다. 요나는 "이 인구 많은 성에 멸망을 선언하고 즉시 으깨지지 않겠는가? 나를 만나는 첫 번째 사람이 나를 돌로 치지 않겠는가?"라고 생각할 수도 있었다. 그러나 어떤 두려움도 하나님의 신실한 종으로서 자신의 의무를 다하는 것을 막을 수 없었다. 그는 분명히 주님으로부터 힘을 받았기 때문이다.
원주석
- 번역원본
commentary-section/cal-jon-3-4-4(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역
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One thing, escaped me in the third verse: Jonah said that Nineveh was a city great to God . This form of speech is common in Scripture: for the Hebrews call that Divine, whatever it be, that is superior or excellent: so they say, the cedars of God, the mountains of God, the fields of God, when they are superior in height or in any other respect. Hence a city is called the city of God, when it is beyond others renowned. I wished briefly to allude to this subject, because some, with too much refinement and even puerility says that it was called the city of God, because it was the object of God’s care, and in which he intended to exhibit a remarkable instance of conversion. But, as I have said, this is to be taken as the usual mode of speaking in similar cases. I now return to the text: Jonah says, that the citizens of Nineveh believed God (44) . We hence gather that the preaching of Jonah was not so concise but that he introduced his discourse by declaring that he was God’s Prophet, and that he did not proclaim these commands without authority; and we also gather that Jonah so denounced ruin, that at the same time he showed God to be the avenger of sins that he reproved the Ninevites, and, as it were, summoned them to God’s tribunal, making known to them their guilt; for had he spoken only of punishment, it could not certainly have been otherwise, but that the Ninevites must have rebelled furiously against God; but by showing to them their guilt, he led them to acknowledge that the threatened punishment was just, and thus he prepared them for humility and penitence. Both these things may be collected from this expression of Jonah, that the Ninevites believed God; for were they not persuaded that the command came from heaven, what was their faith? Let us then know, that Jonah had so spoken of his vocation, that the Ninevites felt assured that he was a celestial herald: hence was their faith: and further, the Ninevites would never have so believed as to put on sackcloth, had they not been reminded of their sins. There is, therefore, no doubt but that Jonah, while crying against Nineveh, at the same time made known how wickedly the men lived, and how grievous were their offenses against God. Hence then it was that they put on sackcloth, and suppliantly fled to God’s mercy: they understood that they were deservedly summoned to judgment on account of their wicked lives. But it may be asked, how came the Ninevites to believe God, as no hope of salvation was given them? for there can be no faith without an acquaintance with the paternal kindness of God; whosoever regards God as angry with him must necessarily despair. Since then Jonah gave them no knowledge of God’s mercy, he must have greatly terrified the Ninevites, and not have called them to faith. The answer is, that the expression is to be taken as including a part for the whole; for there is no perfect faith when men, being called to repentance, do suppliantly humble themselves before God; but yet it is a part of faith; for the Apostle says, in Hebrews 11:7 , that Noah through faith feared; he deduces the fear which Noah entertained on account of the oracular word he received, from faith, showing thereby that it was faith in part, and pointing out the source from which it proceeded. At the same time, the mind of the holy Patriarch must have been moved by other things besides threatening, when he built an ark for himself, as the means of safety. We may thus, by taking a part for the whole, explain this, place, — that the Ninevites believed God; for as they knew that God required the deserved punishment, they submitted to him, and, at the same time, solicited pardon: but the Ninevites, no doubt, derived from the words of Jonah something more than mere terror: for had they only apprehended this — that they were guilty before God, and were justly summoned to punishment, they would have been confounded and stunned with dread, and could never have been encouraged to seek forgiveness. Inasmuch then as they suppliantly prostrated themselves before God, they must certainly have conceived some hope of grace. They were not, therefore, so touched with penitence and the fear of God, but that they had some knowledge of divine grace: thus they believed God; for though they were aware that they were most worthy of death, they yet despaired not, but retook themselves to prayer. Since then we see that the Ninevites sought this, remedy, we must feel assured that they derived more advantage from the preaching of Jonah than the mere knowledge that they were guilty before God: this ought certainly to be understood. But we shall speak more on the subject in our next lecture. (44) ויאמינו באלהים , “And they believed in God. The verb אמן in Hiphil is ever followed by ב or ל , except in one instance by את in Judges 11:20 . When followed by ב it seems to mean, to give credit to what is said, to believe one’s testimony, or the truth of what is referred to. To believe then in God is to believe the truth of what he declares, to believe his word. Hence in 2 Chronicles 20:20 , Jehosophat said to the people, “Believe in the Lord your God,” האמינו ביהוה אלהיכם ; and he adds, “Believe [in] his Prophets,” האמינו בנביאיו . It is the word of God, and the word of the Prophets, which was the same, or the truth or veracity of God and of his Prophets, that they For I have believed [in] thy commandments,” במצותיך , that is, in the truth of thy commandments. — When the verb in Hiphil is followed by ל , the idea of reliance or dependance is more especially conveyed, though in many instances there is hardly a difference tobe recognized, except the context be minutely observed. Among other passages, the verb in its Hiphil form is followed by ב , in Genesis 15:6 , Exodus 14:31 , Numbers 20:12 , 2 Kings 17:14 , Proverbs 26:25 , Jeremiah 12:6 ; — and by ל in Exodus 4:1 , Deuteronomy 9:23 , 1 Kings 10:7 , Psalms 106:24 , Isaiah 43:10 , Jeremiah 40:14 The Septuagint renders believing in God
Pericope (part_of)
- part_of
pericope/per-jon-3-002
절 (explains)
Source
source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
3절에서 한 가지를 빠뜨린 것이 있었다: 요나가 니느웨를 "하나님의 성"이라 했다. 이 말의 형식은 성경에서 흔하다. 히브리인들은 무엇이든 탁월하거나 우수한 것을 신성한 것이라 부른다. 하나님의 백향목, 하나님의 산들, 하나님의 들판이라고 하는 것은 그것들이 높이나 다른 면에서 탁월하기 때문이다. 따라서 다른 성보다 유명한 성을 하나님의 성이라 부른다. 이것을 너무 정교하게 해석하여 하나님의 보살핌의 대상이기 때문에, 혹은 하나님이 주목할 만한 회심의 사례를 보여 주려 하셨기 때문에 그렇게 불렸다고 하는 이들이 있다. 그러나 말한 바와 같이, 이것은 유사한 경우의 통상적인 말하는 방식으로 이해해야 한다.
이제 본문으로 돌아간다. 요나는 니느웨 사람들이 하나님을 믿었다고 한다. 우리는 여기서 요나의 전도가 그토록 간략하지는 않았음을 알 수 있다. 그는 자신이 하나님의 선지자임을 선포하여 담론을 시작했고, 권위 없이 이런 명령들을 선포하지 않았다. 또한 요나는 멸망을 선언하면서 동시에 하나님이 죄의 보복자이심을 보여 주었다. 그는 니느웨 사람들의 죄를 꾸짖고 그들을 하나님의 심판대 앞에 소환하여 그들의 죄책을 알렸다. 만약 형벌만 말했다면 니느웨 사람들이 하나님께 격렬히 반항했을 것이다. 그러나 그들의 죄책을 보여 줌으로써 위협받는 형벌이 정당함을 인정하게 하고, 이렇게 겸손과 회개를 위해 그들을 준비시켰다.
니느웨 사람들이 하나님을 믿었다는 이 표현에서 두 가지를 모두 알 수 있다. 그들은 요나가 하늘의 전령이라는 확신이 없었다면, 그들의 믿음은 무엇이었겠는가? 또한 니느웨 사람들은 요나가 그들의 죄를 상기시켜 주지 않았다면 결코 베옷을 입을 만큼 믿지 않았을 것이다. 의심할 여지 없이 요나는 니느웨를 향해 외치면서, 동시에 그들이 얼마나 악하게 살았는지, 하나님께 얼마나 무거운 죄를 범했는지를 밝혀 주었다. 그러므로 그들이 베옷을 입고 하나님의 자비 앞에 간구하게 된 것이다.
그러나 니느웨 사람들에게 구원의 소망이 주어지지 않았는데 어떻게 하나님을 믿을 수 있었는가 하는 의문이 있다. 하나님을 아버지로 아는 지식 없이는 믿음이 있을 수 없기 때문이다. 대답은 이렇다 — 이 표현은 부분으로 전체를 대신하는 것이다. 사람들이 회개로 부름받아 겸손히 하나님 앞에 자신을 낮출 때 완전한 믿음이 있는 것은 아니다. 그러나 그것은 믿음의 일부다. 사도는 히브리서 11장 7절에서 노아가 믿음으로 두려워했다고 말한다. 그는 노아가 받은 신탁의 말씀 때문에 품었던 두려움을 믿음에서 비롯된 것으로 보여 준다. 그러면서도 노아의 마음이 단순한 위협 외에 다른 것들로도 움직였음이 분명하다. 이 구절도 부분이 전체를 대신하는 것으로 설명할 수 있다 — 니느웨 사람들이 하나님을 믿었다는 것. 그들은 하나님이 마땅한 형벌을 요구하고 계심을 알고 그분께 굴복했으며, 동시에 용서를 간구했다. 그러나 니느웨 사람들은 의심할 여지 없이 요나의 말에서 단순한 두려움 이상을 이끌어 냈다. 만약 죄책과 마땅한 형벌만을 알았다면, 두려움으로 혼돈에 빠져 용서를 구할 용기를 얻을 수 없었을 것이다. 그들이 하나님 앞에 간청하며 엎드렸다는 것은, 어느 정도 은혜에 대한 소망을 가졌음을 뜻한다. 이것이 반드시 이해되어야 한다.
원주석
- 번역원본
commentary-section/cal-jon-3-5-5(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역
6절 카드 ↗
It is uncertain whether Jonah had preached for some days in the city before it was known to the king. This is indeed the common opinion; for interpreters so expound the verse, which says that word was brought to the king, as though the king himself knew, that the whole city was in commotion through the preaching of Jonah: but the words admit of a different sense, that is that the preaching of Jonah immediately reached the king; and I am disposed to take this view, as Jonah seems here to explain how the Ninevites were led to put on sackcloth. He had before spoken briefly on the subject, but he now explains what took place more fully; and we know that it was commonly the manner of the Hebrews — to relate the chief points in few words, and then to add an explanation. As then Jonah had said in the last verse that the Ninevites had put on sackcloth, and proclaimed a fast, so he now seems to express more distinctly how this happened, that is, through the royal edict. And it is by no means probable that a fast was proclaimed in the royal city by the mere consent of the people, as the king and his counselors were there present. Inasmuch then as it appears more reasonable that the edict respecting the fast had proceeded from the king, I am therefore inclined so to connect the two verses, as that the first briefly mentions the fruit which followed the preaching of Jonah, and that the second is added as an explanation, for it gives a fuller account of what took place. Jonah then now says, that a fast was proclaimed by the Ninevites, for the king and his council had so appointed: and I regard the verb ויגע , uigo, as being in the pluperfect tense, When word had come to the king; (45) for Jonah now states the reason why the Ninevites proclaimed a fast; it was because the king had been apprised of the preaching of Jonah, and had called together his counselors. It was then a public edict, and not any movement among the people, capriciously made, as it sometimes happens. He says, that it was an edict published by the authority of the king and his council, or his nobles. At the same time, some take טעם , thom , as meaning reason or approbation. טעם , thom, means to taste, and Jonah afterwards uses the verb in this sense; but it is to be taken here in a metaphorical sense for counsel; And I think this meaning is more suitable to this passage. I come now to the subject. It is worthy of being noticed, that the king of so splendid a city (46) , nay, at that time the greatest monarch, should have rendered himself so submissive to the exhortation of Jonah: for we see how proud kings are; as they think themselves exempt from the common lot of men, so they carry themselves above all laws. Hence it comes, that they will have all things to be lawful for them; and while they give loose reins to their lusts they cannot bear to be admonished, even by their equals. But Jonah was a stranger and of a humble condition: that he therefore so touched the heart of the king, must be ascribed to the hidden power of God, which he puts forth through his word whenever he pleases. God does not indeed work alike by the preaching of his word, he does not always keep to the same course; but, when he pleases, he so efficaciously touches the hearts of men, that the success of his word exceeds all expectation, as in the memorable example presented to us here. Who could have said that a heathen king, who had ever lived according to his own will, who had no feeling as to true and genuine religion, would have been thus in an instant subdued? For he put aside his royal dress, laid himself in the dust, and clothed himself in sackcloth. We hence see that God not only spoke by the mouth of Jonah, but added power to his word. We must also bear in mind what Christ says, that the men of Nineveh would rise up in judgment against that generation, as they had repented at the preaching of Jonah; and “Behold,” he said, “a greater than Jonah is here,” ( Matthew 12:41 .) Christ, at this day, proclaims the voice of his Gospel; for though he is not here in a visible form among us, he yet speaks by his ministers. If we despise his doctrine, how can our obstinacy and hardness be excused, since the Ninevites, who had no knowledge of the true doctrine of religion, who were imbued with no religious principles, were so suddenly converted by the preaching of Jonah? And that their repentance was sincere we may conclude from this circumstance — that the preaching of Jonah was severe, for he denounced destruction on a most powerful city; this might have instantly inflamed the king’s mind with rage and fury; and that he was calmly humbled, was certainly a proof of no common change. We have then here a remarkable instance of penitence, — that the king should have so forgotten himself and his dignity, as to throw aside his splendid dress, to put on sackcloth, and to lie down on ashes. But as to fasting and sackcloth, it is very true, as we have observed in our remarks on Joel, that repentance consists not in these external things: for God cares not for outward rites, and all those things which are resplendent in the sight of men are worthless before him; what indeed he requires, is sincerity of heart. Hence what Jonah here says of fasting, and other outward performances, ought to be referred to their legitimate end, — that the Ninevites intended thus to show that they were justly summoned as guilty before God’s tribunal, and also, that they humbly deprecated the wrath of their judge. Fasting then and sackcloth were only an external profession of repentance. Were any one to fast all his life, and to put on sackcloth, and to scatter dust on himself, and not to connect with all this a sincerity of heart, he would do nothing but mock God. (47) Hence these outward performances are, in themselves, of small or of no value, except when preceded by an interior feeling of heart, and men be on this account led to manifest such outward evidences. Whenever then Scripture mentions
Pericope (part_of)
- part_of
pericope/per-jon-3-002
절 (explains)
Source
source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
요나가 며칠 동안 성 안에서 전도한 후에야 왕에게 알려졌는지는 불분명하다. 일반적인 견해는 그렇다. 해석자들은 왕에게 소식이 전해졌다는 구절을 왕 자신이 요나의 전도로 온 성이 소동하고 있음을 알게 되었다는 뜻으로 해석한다. 그러나 요나의 전도가 즉시 왕에게 전해졌다고 다르게 읽을 수도 있다. 나는 이 견해를 취하려 한다. 요나는 여기서 니느웨 사람들이 어떻게 베옷을 입게 되었는지를 설명하는 것 같다. 앞 절에서 간략히 말했던 것을 이제 더 충분히 설명한다. 히브리인들의 방식이 이렇다 — 먼저 핵심을 간략히 말하고 그 다음 설명을 덧붙인다.
왕이 있는 왕도에서 왕과 그의 고문들 없이 단순히 백성의 동의만으로 금식이 선포될 리 없다. 따라서 금식 칙령이 왕에게서 나온 것이 더 합리적으로 보인다. 두 절을 이렇게 연결한다 — 첫 번째는 요나의 전도 후에 따른 결실을 간략히 언급하고, 두 번째는 설명을 덧붙여 더 상세히 무슨 일이 일어났는지를 알려 준다.
니느웨 사람들이 금식을 선포한 것은 왕과 그의 의회가 그렇게 명하였기 때문이다. 동사 '우이가'(ויגע)를 과거완료로 읽는다: "왕에게 소식이 왔을 때." 요나는 니느웨 사람들이 왜 금식을 선포했는지 그 이유를 밝힌다. 왕이 요나의 전도를 알게 되어 신하들을 소집했기 때문이다. 그것은 공식 칙령이었고, 때때로 일어나는 것처럼 백성 사이에서 임의로 일어난 운동이 아니었다.
왕과 그의 의회 혹은 귀족들의 권위로 반포된 칙령임을 주목해야 한다. '타음'(טעם)을 이성이나 승인으로 읽는 이들도 있다. '타음'은 맛본다는 뜻이고, 요나는 이 동사를 나중에 이 의미로 사용한다. 그러나 여기서는 은유적으로 의논이나 결의를 뜻하는 것이 더 적절하다.
이제 본론으로 온다. 그토록 웅장한 성의 왕이, 아니 당시 가장 강력한 군주가 요나의 권고에 이토록 순종했다는 것은 주목할 만하다. 왕들이 얼마나 교만한지 우리는 안다. 그들은 자신들이 인간의 공통된 운명에서 벗어났다고 생각하며, 모든 법 위에 자신을 올려놓는다. 그래서 자신들에게는 모든 것이 합법적이기를 원하며 자신의 욕망에 고삐를 늦추면서 동류의 사람에게서도 경고받기를 참지 못한다. 그런데 요나는 나그네요 비천한 신분이었다. 그가 왕의 마음을 그렇게 감동시킬 수 있었던 것은 하나님이 그 말씀을 통해 발휘하시는 숨겨진 능력 덕분이었다.
하나님은 항상 그 말씀의 전도로 같은 방식으로 역사하시지는 않는다. 하나님은 언제나 같은 과정을 따르시지는 않는다. 그러나 그분이 기뻐하실 때는 사람들의 마음을 이토록 효과적으로 감동시켜서 그 말씀의 열매가 모든 기대를 초월한다. 이 기억할 만한 예가 바로 여기 우리 앞에 있다. 누가 이교도 왕 — 언제나 자기 뜻대로 살았고 참 종교에 대한 감각이 전혀 없었던 — 이 이렇게 단번에 굴복할 것이라 말할 수 있었겠는가? 그는 왕복을 벗고 재에 엎드리며 베옷을 입었다. 하나님이 요나의 입을 통해 말씀하셨을 뿐 아니라 그 말씀에 능력을 더하셨음을 우리는 여기서 본다.
또한 그리스도의 말씀을 기억해야 한다 — 니느웨 사람들이 요나의 전도로 회개했기에 심판 날에 그 세대를 거슬러 일어날 것이라고, "보라, 요나보다 더 큰 이가 여기 있느니라"고 하셨다(마 12:41). 그리스도는 오늘날도 그 복음의 소리를 선포하신다. 비록 눈에 보이는 형태로 여기 계시지 않지만, 그분은 그 사역자들을 통해 말씀하신다. 우리가 그 가르침을 멸시한다면, 어떻게 우리의 완고함과 완악함을 변명할 수 있겠는가? 참 종교의 가르침을 전혀 알지 못하고 아무 종교 원리도 없었던 니느웨 사람들이 요나의 전도로 이렇게 갑자기 회심했는데.
그들의 회개가 진정한 것이었음은 다음의 사정에서 알 수 있다 — 요나의 전도는 가혹했다. 그는 가장 강력한 성에 멸망을 선언했다. 이것이 즉시 왕의 마음을 분노와 격노로 불태울 수 있었다. 그런데 왕이 고요하게 겸손해진 것은 분명히 평범하지 않은 변화의 증거였다. 왕이 자신과 그 위엄을 그토록 잊고 화려한 의복을 벗고 베옷을 입고 재에 엎드렸다는 것은 참으로 놀라운 회개의 사례다. 단식과 베옷에 관해서는, 요엘에 대한 논의에서 말한 바와 같이 회개는 이런 외적인 것들에 있지 않다. 하나님은 외적 의식에 관심을 두지 않으시며, 사람들의 눈에 화려해 보이는 모든 것은 그분 앞에 가치 없다. 그분이 요구하시는 것은 마음의 진실함이다.
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But it seems strange, and even ridiculous, that the king should bid animals, as well as men, to make a confession of repentance; for penitence is a change in man, when he returns to God after having been alienated from him: this cannot comport with the character of brute animals. Then the king of Nineveh acted foolishly and contrary to all reason in connecting animals with men when he spoke of repentance. But, in answer to this, we must bear in mind what I have before said — that destruction had been denounced, not only on men, but also on the whole city, even on the buildings: for as God created the whole world for the sake of men, so also his wrath, when excited against men, includes the beasts, and trees, and every thing in heaven and on earth. But the question is not yet solved; for though God may punish animals on account of men’s sins, yet neither oxen nor sheep can pacify the wrath of God. To this I answer — that this was done for the sake of men: for it would have been ridiculous in the king to prohibit food and drink to animals, except he had a regard to men themselves. But his object was to set before the Ninevites, as in a mirror or picture, what they deserved. The same was done under the law; for, whenever they slew victims, they were reminded of their own sins; for it ought to have come to their minds, that the sheep or any other animal sacrificed was innocent, and that it stood at the altar in his stead who had sinned. They therefore saw in the ox, or the lamb, or the goat, a striking emblem of their own condemnation. So also the Ninevites, when they constrained the oxen, the asses and other animals, to fast, were reminded of what grievous and severe punishment they were worthy: inasmuch as innocent animals suffered punishment together with them. We hence see that no expiation was sought for by the king, when he enjoined a fast on brute animals, but that, on the contrary, men were roused by such means seriously to acknowledge the wrath of God, and to entertain greater fear, that they might be more truly humbled before him, and be displeased with themselves, and be thus more disposed and better prepared and moulded to seek pardon. We now then see that this must be considered as intended to terrify the consciences of men, that they, who had long flattered themselves, might by such a remedy be roused from their insensibility. The same was the intention of different washings under the law, the cleansing of garments and of vessels; it was, that the people might know that every thing they touched was polluted by their filth. And this ought to be especially observed; for the Papists, wedded as they are to external rites, lay hold on anything said in Scripture about fasting, and ashes, and sackcloth, and think that the whole of religion consists in these outward observances: but bodily exercise, as Paul says, profiteth but littler ( 1 Timothy 4:8 .) Therefore this rule ought ever to be our guide — that fasting and such things are in themselves of no value, but must be estimated only by the end in view. So then, when the animals were constrained by the Ninevites to suffer want, the men themselves, being reminded of their guilt, learned what it was to dread God’s wrath; and on this account it was that fasting was approved by God. Now, if any one objects and says that nothing ought to be done in the worship of God beyond what his word warrants, the answer is — that the king of Nineveh had not appointed any kind of expiation, neither did he intend that they should thus worship God, but regarded only the end which I have mentioned; and that end fully harmonizes with the word of God and his command. Hence the king of Nineveh attempted nothing that was inconsistent with the word of God, since he had in every thing this in view — that he and his people might go humbly before God’s tribunal, and with real penitential feelings solicit his forgiveness. This then is an answer sufficiently plain. When therefore Jonah afterwards subjoins, (48) that the king commanded both the people and the beasts to put on sackcloth, let us know, that if any one now were to take this as an example, he would be nothing else but a mountebank; for this reason ought ever to be remembered, — that the king sought aids by which he might lead himself and his people to true repentance. But the disposition of man is prone to imitate what is evil: for we are all very like apes; we ought therefore always to consider by what spirit those were actuated whom we wish to imitate, lest we should be contented with the outward form and neglect the main things. (48) Calvin has omitted to notice the words at the beginning of the seventh verse. His version is, Et promulgavit ac dixit , etc., but this rendering comports not with what follows. The verbs are evidently in future Niphal, preceded by a ו conversive, and ought to be rendered impersonally, “And it was proclaimed and published,” etc. And so Newcome renders them; and this is in conformity with the Septuagint, Και εκηρυχθη και ερρεθη εν τη Νινευὴ — “And it was proclaimed and published in Nineveh.” Henderson gives a paraphrase, “And a proclamation was made through Nineveh.” — Ed. return to ' Top of Page ' <a name="verse-8" class="com-number"
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왕이 사람들뿐 아니라 동물들에게도 회개의 고백을 하도록 명한 것은 이상하고 심지어 우스워 보인다. 회개는 인간 안에서 일어나는 변화 — 하나님에게서 멀어진 자가 하나님께 돌아오는 것 — 이기 때문이다. 이것은 짐승의 성질과 맞지 않는다. 그러므로 니느웨 왕은 회개를 말할 때 동물과 사람을 함께 묶음으로써 어리석게 이성에 반하는 행동을 한 것인가?
이에 대답하기 위해 앞에서 말한 것을 기억해야 한다 — 멸망은 사람들에게만 선언된 것이 아니라 건물을 포함한 온 성에 선언되었다. 하나님이 사람을 위해 온 세상을 창조하셨으므로, 하나님의 진노가 사람들에게 촉발될 때 짐승과 나무와 하늘과 땅에 있는 모든 것을 포함한다. 그러나 소나 양이 하나님의 진노를 달랠 수 없다는 문제는 여전히 있다. 이에 대한 대답은 이것이다 — 이것은 사람을 위해 행해진 것이다. 왕이 동물들에게 음식과 음료를 금하는 것은 우스웠을 것이다. 단 사람들 자신에 대한 고려가 없었다면. 그러나 그의 목적은 니느웨 사람들로 하여금 자신들이 무엇을 받아 마땅한지를 거울이나 그림처럼 보게 하려는 것이었다.
율법 아래서도 같은 일이 있었다. 제물을 드릴 때마다 그들은 자신의 죄를 떠올렸다. 제사되는 양이나 다른 동물은 무죄한데, 죄를 지은 자를 대신하여 제단에 섰다는 것이 마음에 떠올라야 했다. 따라서 그들은 소나 어린양, 염소 안에서 자신들이 받을 정죄의 생생한 상징을 보았다. 니느웨 사람들도 마찬가지다. 소, 나귀, 다른 짐승들에게 금식을 강제할 때, 자신들이 얼마나 무겁고 혹독한 형벌을 받아 마땅한지를 떠올렸다. 무죄한 짐승들이 자신들과 함께 형벌을 받기 때문이다. 그러므로 왕이 짐승들에게 금식을 명한 것에서 아무런 속죄를 구한 것이 아님을 알 수 있다. 오히려 이런 수단으로 사람들이 진지하게 하나님의 진노를 인정하고 더 큰 두려움을 품어 그분 앞에 더욱 진정으로 겸손해지고, 스스로에게 진노하며, 용서를 구하도록 더 잘 준비되고 형성되도록 촉구한 것이다.
율법 아래 다양한 씻음들 — 옷과 그릇의 정결케 함 — 의 의도도 같았다. 백성이 그들이 손대는 모든 것이 그들의 부정함으로 오염된다는 것을 알게 하기 위함이었다. 이것은 특별히 주목되어야 한다. 교황주의자들은 외적 의식에 집착하여 성경에서 금식, 재, 베옷에 관해 말하는 것을 붙잡아 모든 종교가 이런 외적 관찰에 있다고 생각한다. 그러나 바울이 말한 대로 몸의 연습은 약간 유익하다(딤전 4:8). 따라서 이 규칙이 항상 우리의 인도자가 되어야 한다 — 금식과 그런 것들은 그 자체로 아무 가치가 없고, 오직 그 목적에 의해서만 평가되어야 한다.
그래서 니느웨 사람들이 짐승들에게 굶주림을 강제할 때, 사람들 자신이 죄책을 상기함으로써 하나님의 진노를 두려워하는 법을 배웠다. 이것 때문에 금식이 하나님께 인정을 받았다.
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Jonah afterwards adds, And they cried mightily (49) to God This must be confined to men; for it could not have been applied to brute animals. Men then, as well as the beasts, abstained from meat and drink, and they cried to God. This crying could not have proceeded except from fear and a religious feeling: hence, as I have said, this cannot be applied indiscriminately to the beasts as well as to men. (50) But it deserves to be noticed, that the king of Nineveh commanded the people to cry mightily to God; for we hence learn that they were really frightened, inasmuch as he speaks not here of ordinary crying, but he adds mightily, as when we say, with all our power, or as we say in French, A force, or, fort et ferme. Jonah then expresses something uncommon and extraordinary, when he tells us that it was contained in the king’s edict, that men should cry mightily to God; for it was the same as though he said, “Let all men now awake and shake off their indifference; for every one of us have hitherto greatly indulged ourselves in our vices: it is now time that fear should possess our minds, and also constrain us to deprecate the wrath of God.” And it is also worthy of being observed, that the king proposes no other remedy, but that the people should have recourse to prayer. It might indeed have been, that Jonah exhorted the Ninevites to resort to this duty of religion, etc. We may, however, undeniably conclude that it is a feeling implanted in us by nature, that when we are pressed by adversities, we implore the favor of God. This then is the only remedy in afflictions and distresses, to pray to God. But when we, taught by the Law and by the Gospel, use not this remedy, whenever God warns us and exhorts us to repentance, what shadow of excuse can we have, since heathens, even those who understood not a syllable of true religion, yet prayed to God, and the king himself commanded this with the consent of his nobles? Hence this edict of the king ought to fill us with more shame than if one adduced the same doctrine only from the word of God: for though the authority of that king is not the same with that of God, yet when that miserable and blind prince acknowledged through the dictates of nature, that God is to be pacified by prayer, what excuse, as I have said, can remain for us? But Jonah shows more clearly afterwards, that it was no feigned repentance when the Ninevites put on sackcloth, and abstained also from meat and drink; for it follows in the kings edict, And let every one turn from his own wicked ways and from the plunder which is in their hands Here the heathen king shows for what purpose and with what design he had given orders respecting fasting and other things; it was done that the Ninevites might thus more effectually stimulate themselves to fear God; for he here exhorts them to turn from their evil way. By “way” the Scripture usually means the whole course or manner of man’s life; it was as though he said, “Let every one of you change his disposition and his conduct; let us all become new creatures.” And this is true penitence, the conversion of man to God; and this the heathen king meant. The more shameful then is their dullness who seek to pacify God by frivolous devices, as the Papists do; for while they obtrude on God trifles, I know not what, they think that these are so many expiations, and they tenaciously contend for them. They need no other judge than this heathen king, who shows that true penitence is wholly different, that it then only takes place when men become changed in mind and heart, and wholly turn to a better course of life. Let every one then turn, he says, from his evil way, and from the plunder (51) which is in their hand. One kind of evil is here subjoined, a part being stated for the whole, for plunders were not the only things which stood in need of amendment among the Ninevites, as it is probable that they were polluted by other vices and corruptions. In a city so large, drunkenness probably prevailed, as well as luxury, and pride, and ambition, and also lusts. It cannot indeed be doubted, but that Nineveh was filled with innumerable vices: but the king, by mentioning a part for the whole, points out here the principal vice, when he says, Let every one turn from his evil way, and from his rapacity. It was the same as though he had said that the principal virtue is equity or justice, that is, when men deal with one another without doing any hurt or injury: and well would it be were this doctrine to prevail at this day among all those who falsely assume the Christian name. For the Papists, though they accumulate expiations, pass by charity; and in the whole course of life equity has hardly any place. Let them then learn, from the mouth of a heathen king, what God principally requires from men, and approves of in their life, even to abstain from plunder and from the doing of any injury. We now then perceive why rapacity was especially mentioned. But we must bear in mind that the king, as yet a novice, and hardly in a slight degree imbued with the elements of religion, through hearing what Jonah preached, gave orders to his people according to the measure of his faith and knowledge: but if he made such progress in so short a time, what excuse can we pretend, whose ears have been stunned by continual preaching for twenty or thirty years, if we yet come short of the novitiate of this king? These circumstances ought then to be carefully observed by us. Let us now proceed — (49) בחזקח , with vigor. “ Εκτεςῶς — intensely, earnestly.” — Sept. Vehementer — vehemently.” — Grotius. “ Totis viribus — with all their powers.” — Mercerius. “ Cum intensione valida — with strong intensity” — Marckius. “In prayer,” says Henry, “we must cry mightily, with a fixedness of thought, firmness of faith, and fervor of pious and devout affections. — Ed. (50) Yet Henry does in a manner apply this mighty crying to the beasts. “Let even the brute creatures do it according to their capa
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요나는 이어서 덧붙인다: "그들이 힘써 하나님께 부르짖었다." 이것은 사람들에게만 적용된다. 짐승들은 울부짖을 수 없다. 사람들과 마찬가지로 짐승들도 음식과 음료를 삼갔고, 사람들이 하나님께 부르짖었다. 이 부르짖음은 두려움과 종교적 감정에서 나온 것이 아니라면 있을 수 없었다. 그러므로 말한 바와 같이 이것을 짐승에게도 무차별적으로 적용할 수 없다.
그런데 니느웨 왕이 백성에게 힘써 하나님께 부르짖으라고 명한 것은 주목할 만하다. 여기서 우리는 그들이 정말 두려워하고 있었음을 알게 된다. 이는 평범한 부르짖음을 말하는 것이 아니라 "힘써"라는 말을 덧붙이기 때문이다. "모든 힘을 다하여"라는 뜻이다. 요나는 왕의 칙령에 사람들이 힘써 하나님께 부르짖어야 한다는 내용이 담겼다고 전함으로써 범상치 않고 비범한 무언가를 표현한다. 왕이 이렇게 말하는 것과 같다: "이제 모두 깨어나 나태함을 떨쳐버리자. 우리 모두 지금까지 지나치게 방종했다. 이제 두려움이 우리 마음을 사로잡아 하나님의 진노를 간청하는 때다."
또한 왕이 다른 어떤 해결책도 제시하지 않고 백성이 기도에 힘쓸 것만을 제안한 것도 주목할 만하다. 물론 요나가 이 종교적 의무를 촉구했을 수 있다. 그러나 우리는 의심할 여지 없이 이것이 우리 본성에 심어진 감각임을 결론 내릴 수 있다 — 역경에 처할 때 우리는 하나님의 은혜를 간구한다. 이것이 고난과 역경에서의 유일한 해결책이다. 하나님께 기도하는 것. 그러나 율법과 복음으로 가르침받은 우리가 하나님이 우리에게 경고하고 회개를 촉구하실 때 이 해결책을 사용하지 않는다면, 이교도들 — 참 종교의 한 음절도 이해하지 못했던 사람들 — 조차 하나님께 기도했고 왕 자신도 귀족들의 동의로 이것을 명한 마당에, 우리에게 무슨 변명의 여지가 있겠는가?
요나는 이어서 니느웨 사람들이 베옷을 입고 음식과 음료도 삼간 것이 거짓 회개가 아니었음을 더 분명히 보여 준다. 왕의 칙령에 이어 나오는 것이다: "각 사람이 그 악한 길에서 돌이키고 그 손에 있는 포악에서 떠나게 하라." 여기서 이교도 왕은 금식과 그 밖의 것들을 명한 목적과 의도를 보여 준다 — 니느웨 사람들이 이로써 하나님을 두려워하는 마음을 더욱 자극하게 하기 위함이었다. 그래서 그들의 악한 길을 떠나라고 권면한다. 성경은 "길"로 보통 사람의 삶 전체의 방식과 과정을 뜻한다. "각 사람이 자신의 성향과 행동을 바꾸자. 우리 모두 새로운 피조물이 되자." 이것이 참 회개다 — 사람이 하나님께 돌아오는 것. 이것을 이교도 왕이 의미했다.
이 왕이 다음과 같이 말하는 것도 지목할 만하다: "각 사람이 그 악한 길과 그 손의 포악에서 떠나라." 한 종류의 악이 여기에 덧붙여진다. 부분으로 전체를 나타내는 것으로, 포악만이 니느웨 사람들이 고칠 필요가 있었던 것이 아니기 때문이다. 그처럼 큰 성에는 술 취함, 사치, 교만, 야심, 욕정도 만연했을 것이다. 왕은 부분을 통해 전체를 표현하며 주요 악을 지목한다 — 각 사람은 악한 길과 탐욕에서 떠나라. 이는 마치 주요 덕은 공평 또는 정의라고 말하는 것과 같다. 잘 될 것이다, 이 가르침이 그리스도인의 이름을 참칭하는 모든 사람들 사이에서 통용된다면.
교황주의자들은 속죄를 쌓으면서도 이웃을 사랑하는 것은 지나친다. 그들의 삶 전체에서 공평은 거의 자리가 없다. 이교도 왕의 입에서 하나님이 사람들에게 무엇을 주로 요구하시고 삶에서 인정하시는지 — 즉 강탈을 삼가고 어떤 해도 끼치지 않는 것 — 배우게 하라.
원주석
- 번역원본
commentary-section/cal-jon-3-8-8(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역
9절 카드 ↗
The mind and design of the king are here more distinctly stated, — that he thus endeavored to reconcile himself and the people to God. Some give a rendering somewhat different, “He who knows will turn and be led by penitence,” etc.; they read not interrogatively; but this rendering cannot stand. There is in the meaning of the Prophet nothing ambiguous, for he introduces the king here as expressing a doubt, Who knows whether God will be reconciled to us? We hence see that the king was not overwhelmed with despair for he still thought of a remedy; and this is the purport of the verse. But this may seem contrary to the nature of faith; and then if it be opposed to faith, it follows that it must be inconsistent with repentance; for faith and repentance are connected together, as we have observed in other places; as no one can willingly submit to God, except he has previously known his goodness, and entertained a hope of salvation; for he who is touched only with fear avoids God’s presence; and then despair prevails, and perverseness follows. How then was it that the king of Nineveh had seriously and undissemblingly repented, while yet he spoke doubtfully of the favor of God? To this I answer, that it was a measure of doubt, which was yet connected with faith, even that which does not directly reject the promise of God, but has other hindrances: as for instance, when any ones cast down with fear, afterwards receives courage from the hope of pardon and salvation set before him, he is not yet immediately freed from all fear; for as long as he looks on his sins, and is entangled by various thoughts, he vacillates, he fluctuates. There is, therefore, no doubt but that the king of Nineveh entertained hope of deliverance; but at the same time his mind was perplexed, both on account of the sermon of Jonah and on account of the consciousness of his own sins: there were then two obstacles, which deprived the king’s mind of certainty, or at least prevented him from apprehending immediately the mercy of God, and from perceiving with a calm mind that God would be gracious to him. The first obstacle was the awful message, — that Nineveh would be destroyed in forty days. For though Jonah, as we have said, might have added something more, yet the denunciation was distinct and express, and tended to cast down the minds of all. The king then had to struggle, in order to overcome this obstacle, and to resist this declaration of Jonah as far as it was found to be without any comfort. And then the king, while considering his own sins, could not but vacillate for some time. But yet we see that he strove to emerge, though he had these obstacles before his eyes, for he says, Who knows whether God will turn from the fury of his wrath, and repent? We hence see that the king was in a hard struggle; for though Jonah seemed to have closed the door and to shut out the king from any hope of deliverance, and though his own conscience held him fast bound, he yet perseveres and encourages himself; in short, he aspires to the hope of pardon. And it must be further noticed, that this form of expression expresses a difficulty rather than a mistrust. The king then here asks, as it were doubtingly, Who knows whether God will turn? for it was a difficult thing to be believed, that God, after a long forbearance, would spare the wicked city. Hence the king expresses it as a difficulty; and such an interrogation was no proof of the absence of faith. A similar expression is found in Joel, “Who knows,” etc.? We then stated several things in explaining that passage: but it is enough here briefly to state, that the king here does not betray a mistrust, but sets forth a difficulty. And it was an evidence of humility that he acknowledged himself and his people to be sunk as it were, in the lowest hell, and yet ceased not to entertain some hope: for it is a strong proof of hope, when we still entertain it, though this be contrary to the whole order of nature, and wholly inconsistent with human reason. We now then see the meaning of the words. Of the repentance of God we shall speak hereafter, either to-morrow or the day after. Lest we perish, he says. We see how a heathen king thought of redeeming himself from destruction’ it was by having God pacified. As soon then as any danger threatens us, let us bear this in mind, that no deliverance can be found except the Lord receives us into favor; such was the conviction of the king of Nineveh, for he concluded that all things would be well as soon as God should be propitious. We hence see how much this new and untrained disciple had improved; for he understood that men cannot escape miseries until God be pacified towards them, and that when men return into favor with him, though they ought to have perished a hundred times before, they yet shall be delivered and made safe; for the grace or the favor of God is the fountain of life and salvation, and of all blessings. It afterwards follows — return to ' Top of Page ' <a name="verse-10" class="com-number"
Pericope (part_of)
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pericope/per-jon-3-002
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source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
왕의 마음과 의도가 더 분명하게 진술된다 — 그는 자신과 백성이 하나님과 화해하도록 힘썼다. 일부는 다르게 번역한다: "누가 아는가 하나님이 돌이키실 것인지." 의문이 아닌 것으로 읽는다. 그러나 이 번역은 이 구절에 통하지 않는다. 선지자의 의미는 모호하지 않다. 그는 여기서 왕을 의심하며 물음을 던지는 사람으로 소개한다: "누가 알겠느냐, 하나님이 우리와 화해하실지?" 왕이 절망에 압도되지 않았음을 여기서 본다. 그는 여전히 해결책을 생각했다. 이것이 이 절의 핵심이다.
그러나 이것이 믿음의 본질에 반하는 것처럼 보일 수 있다. 그리고 믿음에 반한다면, 회개와도 맞지 않는다. 믿음과 회개는 연결되어 있기 때문이다. 하나님의 선하심을 먼저 알고 구원의 소망을 품지 않은 사람은 기꺼이 하나님께 복종할 수 없다. 두려움만으로 감동받은 자는 하나님의 임재를 피한다. 그리고 절망이 지배하고 완악함이 따른다. 그렇다면 니느웨 왕이 하나님의 은혜에 대해 의심스럽게 말하면서도 어떻게 진지하고 진실하게 회개할 수 있었는가?
대답은 이렇다 — 그것은 믿음과 연결된 정도의 의심이었다. 하나님의 약속을 직접 거부하지 않지만 다른 장애물들이 있는 믿음이다. 예를 들어, 두려움에 짓눌린 사람이 앞에 제시된 용서와 구원의 소망에서 용기를 얻을 때, 그는 즉시 모든 두려움에서 자유롭지 않다. 자신의 죄를 바라보고 다양한 생각들에 얽혀 있는 한, 그는 흔들리고 동요한다. 그러므로 니느웨 왕이 구원의 소망을 품었음은 의심할 여지 없다. 그러나 동시에 그의 마음은 요나의 설교와 자신의 죄에 대한 자의식 때문에 혼란스러웠다. 왕의 마음에서 확실성을 빼앗은, 혹은 적어도 즉시 하나님의 자비를 붙잡고 고요한 마음으로 하나님이 자신에게 은혜로우실 것임을 느끼는 것을 방해한 두 가지 장애가 있었다.
첫 번째 장애는 그 무서운 메시지였다 — 사십 일 안에 니느웨가 멸망하리라. 요나가 뭔가를 더 말했을 수 있지만, 그 선고는 분명하고 명확했고 모든 이의 마음을 낙심시키는 경향이 있었다. 왕은 이 장애를 극복하기 위해, 어떤 위로도 없는 요나의 선언에 맞서기 위해 싸워야 했다. 그리고 자신의 죄들을 생각할 때, 한동안 흔들리지 않을 수 없었다. 그러나 우리는 이 장애들을 눈앞에 두고도 왕이 솟구쳐 오르려 했음을 본다. "누가 알겠느냐, 하나님이 돌이키시고 자신의 맹렬한 진노를 후회하실지?" 왕이 힘든 싸움 속에 있음을 여기서 본다. 요나가 구원의 소망으로 가는 문을 닫은 것처럼 보였고, 자신의 양심도 그를 단단히 묶어 두었지만, 그는 인내하며 스스로를 격려한다. 요컨대 그는 용서의 소망을 향해 나아간다.
또한 이 표현 형식이 불신보다 어려움을 나타낸다는 점을 주목해야 한다. 왕은 의심하며 묻는다: "누가 알겠는가 하나님이 돌이키실지?" 오랜 인내 후에 하나님이 이 악한 성을 용서하신다는 것은 믿기 어려운 것이었다. 그래서 왕은 어려움으로 표현하고 그런 질문은 믿음의 부재를 증명하지 않는다. 요엘에서도 비슷한 표현이 있다. 여기서 간략하게 말하는 것으로 충분하다. 왕은 불신을 배신하는 것이 아니라 어려움을 드러낸 것이다.
그것은 겸손의 증거였다 — 자신과 백성이 가장 낮은 지옥에 빠진 것과 같음을 인정하면서도 어느 정도의 소망을 포기하지 않는 것. 자연의 모든 질서에 반하고 인간의 이성과 전혀 맞지 않더라도 여전히 소망을 품는 것이야말로 소망의 강한 증거이기 때문이다. "우리가 망하지 않게 하소서." 우리는 이 이교도 왕이 어떻게 멸망에서 구원받으려 했는지 여기서 본다 — 하나님이 달래지심으로. 우리를 위협하는 어떤 위험이 닥칠 때마다 이것을 기억하자 — 주님이 우리를 은혜로 받으시지 않는다면 어떤 구원도 없다는 것. 이것이 니느웨 왕의 확신이었다. 하나님이 은혜로우시면 모든 것이 잘 될 것이라고 결론 내렸다.
원주석
- 번역원본
commentary-section/cal-jon-3-9-9(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역
10절 카드 ↗
Jonah now says, that the Ninevites obtained pardon through their repentance: and this is an example worthy of being observed; for we hence learn for what purpose God daily urges us to repentance, and that is, because he desires to be reconciled to us, and that we should be reconciled to him. The reason then why so many reproofs and threatening resound in our ears, whenever we come to hear the word of God, is this, — that as God seeks to recover us from destruction he speaks sharply to us: in short, whatever the Scripture contains on repentance and the judgment of God ought to be wholly applied for this purpose — to induce us to return into favor with him; for he is ready to be reconciled, and is ever prepared to embrace those who without dissimulation turn to him. We then understand by this example that God has no other object in view, whenever he sharply constrains us, than that he may be reconciled to us, provided only we be our own judges, and thus anticipate his wrath by genuine sorrow of heart, provided we solicit the pardon of our guilt and sin, and loathe ourselves, and confess that we are worthy of perdition. But Jonah seems to ascribe their deliverance to their repentance, and also to their works: for he says that the Ninevites obtained pardon, because God looked on their works. We must first see what works he means, that no one may snatch at a single word, as hypocrites are wont to do; and this, as we have said, is very commonly the case under the Papacy. God had respect to their works — what works? not sackcloth, not ashes, not fasting; for Jonah does not now mention these; but he had respect to their works — because they turned from their evil way. We hence see that God was not pacified by outward rites only, by the external profession of repentance, but that he rather looked on the true and important change which had taken place in the Ninevites, for they had become renewed. These then were their works, even the fruits of repentance. And such a change of life could not have taken place, had not the Ninevites been really moved by a sense of God’s wrath. The fear of God then had preceded; and this fear could not have been without faith. We hence see that he chiefly speaks here not of external works, but of the renovation of men. But if any one objects and says that still this view does not prevent us from thinking that good works reconcile us to God, and that they thus procure our salvation: to this I answer — that the question here is not about the procuring cause of forgiveness. It is certain that God was freely pacified towards the Ninevites, as he freely restores his favor daily to us. Jonah then did not mean that satisfactions availed before God, as though the Ninevites made compensations for their former sins. The words mean no such thing; but he shows it as a fact which followed, that God was pacified, because the Ninevites repented. But we are to learn from other parts of Scripture how God becomes gracious to us, and how we obtain pardon with him, and whether this comes to us for our merits and repentance or whether God himself forgives us freely. Since the whole Scripture testifies that pardon is gratuitously given us, and that God cannot be otherwise propitious to us than by not imputing sins, there is no need, with regard to the present passage, anxiously to inquire why God looked on the works of the Ninevites, so as not to destroy them: for this is said merely as a consequence. Jonah then does not here point out the cause, but only declares that God was pacified towards the Ninevites, as soon as they repented. But we shall speak more on this subject. return to ' Top of Page ' Jonah Jon 2 Jonah Jon Jonah Jon 4 Footnotes: Copyright Statement These files are public domain. Bibliographical Information Calvin, John. "Commentary on Jonah 3". "Calvin's Commentary on the Bible". https://www.studylight.org/ commentaries/ eng/ cal/ jonah-3.html. 1840-57. terms of use • privacy policy • • rights and permissions • contact sl • about sl • link to sl To report dead links, typos, or html errors or suggestions about making these resources more useful use the convenient contact form StudyLight.org © 2001-2026 Powered by Light speed Technology Ads Free Profile .sub-menu{font-size:12px;padding:10px 0;max-width:1260px;width:100%;background-color:#f7f7f7;color:#6b6b6b;border-bottom:5px solid #6b6b6b;display:flex;flex-direction:column;flex-wrap:nowrap;position:absolute;z-index:9998} .sub-menu .menu-group{width:100%;margin:0 5px 0;padding:0 5px 0;border-right:1px solid #6b6b6b} .sub-menu .menu-group-spacer{display:none} .sub-menu .menu-name{font-size:15px;font-weight:bold;color:#deac27} .sub-menu .menu-name a{color:#deac27} .sub-menu .menu-ul li a{color:#6b6b6b;} .sub-menu .menu-ul li:hover{color:#DD8000} .search-button{background-color:#6b6b6b;color:#fff;border:1px solid #6b6b6b;-webkit-appearance:square-button;padding:0 5px;font-size:13px} .int-search-div{display:flex;flex-direction:row;margin-top:10px;flex-wrap:nowrap;width:100%} .int-search-div .int-s-query{border:1px solid #dadada;font-size:13px;padding:0 5px 0;margin-right:5px;width:30%;height:30px;flex:1 1 100%} .int-search-div .int-s-button{width:50px;margin-right:10px;height:30px;flex:0 0 50px} .int-selections-div{display:flex;flex-direction:row;flex-wrap:nowrap;width:100%;margin-bottom:20px} .int-selections-div .int-s-section{border:1px solid #dadada;color:#6b6b6b;font-size:13px;margin:5px 5px 0 0;width:70px;height:30px;flex:1 1 50%} .int-selections-div .int-s-translation{border:1px solid #dadada;color:#6b6b6b;font-size:13px;margin-top:5px;padding:2px;width:40%;height:30px;flex:1 1 40%} .lex-search-div{display:flex;flex-direction:row;flex-wrap:nowrap;width:100%} .lex-search-div .lex-s-query{border:1px solid #dadada;width:95%;height:30px;font-size:13px;padding:5px;margin-right:5px} .lex-search-div .lex-s-range{border:1px solid #dadada;color:#6b6b6b;height:30px;font-size:13px;margin-right:5px;width:100px} .lex-search-languages{wi
Pericope (part_of)
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절 (explains)
Source
source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
이제 요나는 니느웨 사람들이 회개를 통해 용서를 받았다고 말한다. 이것은 주목할 만한 사례다. 우리는 여기서 하나님이 날마다 회개로 우리를 촉구하시는 목적 — 우리와 화해하시고, 우리가 그분과 화해하기를 원하신다는 것 — 을 배운다. 우리가 하나님의 말씀을 들을 때마다 귀에 울려 퍼지는 많은 꾸지람과 경고의 이유는 이것이다 — 하나님이 우리를 멸망에서 회복하시려 하시기에 우리에게 날카롭게 말씀하신다. 요컨대 성경이 회개와 하나님의 심판에 관해 담고 있는 모든 것은 전적으로 이 목적으로 적용되어야 한다 — 우리가 그분과 화목하도록 이끄는 것. 그분은 화해하실 준비가 되어 있고, 진정으로 그분께 돌아오는 자들을 기꺼이 품어 주신다.
따라서 이 예를 통해 우리는 하나님이 우리를 날카롭게 다루실 때마다 그 목적이 무엇인지 이해한다 — 우리와 화해하시는 것. 단 우리 자신이 우리의 심판자가 되어 진정한 마음의 슬픔으로 그분의 진노를 미리 가로막고, 우리의 죄책과 죄의 용서를 간구하며, 우리 자신을 혐오하고, 우리가 멸망을 받아 마땅함을 고백할 때.
그러나 요나는 그들의 구원을 회개와 행위에 돌리는 것처럼 보인다. 하나님이 그들의 행위를 보셨기 때문에 니느웨 사람들이 용서를 받았다고 하기 때문이다. 그가 어떤 행위를 말하는지 먼저 살펴야 한다. 하나님은 베옷이나 재나 금식을 보신 것이 아니다. 요나는 이것들을 지금 언급하지 않는다. 하나님이 그들의 행위를 보셨다는 것은 — 그들이 악한 길에서 돌이켰기 때문이다. 하나님이 외적 의식들로만, 외적인 회개의 고백으로만 달래지신 것이 아니라, 니느웨 사람들 안에서 일어난 참되고 중요한 변화를 보셨다는 것을 알 수 있다. 그들이 새롭게 되었기 때문이다. 이것들이 그들의 행위였다 — 회개의 열매들. 그리고 이러한 삶의 변화는 니느웨 사람들이 하나님의 진노에 대한 감각으로 진정으로 감동받지 않았다면 일어날 수 없었다. 그러므로 하나님에 대한 두려움이 먼저 왔다. 이 두려움은 믿음 없이는 있을 수 없다.
그러므로 여기서 주로 말하는 것은 외적 행위가 아니라 사람들의 새로워짐임을 알 수 있다. 그러나 만약 누군가 이 견해가 선한 행위가 하나님과 화해시켜 주고 구원을 이끌어 낸다는 생각을 막지 못한다고 반박한다면, 대답은 이렇다 — 여기서 문제는 용서의 능동적 원인이 아니다. 하나님은 니느웨 사람들에게 자유롭게 달래지셨음이 확실하다. 요나는 그러므로 만족 제공이 하나님 앞에서 유효하다고 말하지 않는다. 이 말들은 그런 뜻이 아니다. 그는 단지 뒤따른 사실을 보여 준다 — 하나님이 달래지셨고, 니느웨 사람들이 회개했기 때문이다.
우리는 성경의 다른 부분들에서 하나님이 우리에게 어떻게 은혜로우시게 되는지, 우리가 어떻게 그분 앞에서 용서를 받는지, 우리의 공로와 회개 때문인지 아니면 하나님이 자유롭게 용서하시는 것인지를 배워야 한다. 온 성경이 용서는 우리에게 거저 주어지고 죄를 돌리지 않으심으로만 하나님이 우리에게 은혜로우실 수 있다고 증언하므로, 현재 구절에 관해서는 하나님이 왜 니느웨 사람들의 행위를 보고 그들을 멸하지 않으셨는지를 걱정스럽게 탐구할 필요가 없다. 이는 단지 결과로서 말하는 것이기 때문이다. 요나는 여기서 원인을 지목하는 것이 아니라, 니느웨 사람들이 회개하자마자 하나님이 그들에게 달래지셨음을 선언할 뿐이다.
원주석
- 번역원본
commentary-section/cal-jon-3-10-10(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역