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These are not two different things, but the Prophet explains and confirms the same sentiments by a change of phrase, and says that the vessels which Nebuchadnezzar had brought into the land of Shinar were laid up in the house of the treasury. The Hebrews, as we know, generally use the word “house” for any place, as they call the temple God’s “house ” Of the land of Shinar, it must be remarked, that it was a plain adjacent to Babylon; and the famous temple of Belus, to which the Prophet very probably refers, was erected there. Here Daniel marks the time in which he was led into captivity together with his companions, namely, in the third year of Jehoiakim A difficult question arises here, since Nebuchadnezzar began to reign in the fourth year of Jehoiakim. How then could he have besieged Jerusalem in the third year, and then led away the people captives according to his pleasure? Some interpreters solve this difficulty by what appears to me a frivolous conjecture, that the four years ought to refer to the beginning of his reign, and so the time may be brought within the third year. But in the second chapter we shall see Daniel brought before the king in the second year of his reign. They explain this difficulty also by another solution. They say — the years are not reckoned from the beginning of the reign, and, — this was the second year from the Conquest of the Jews and the taking of Jerusalem; but this is too harsh and forced. The most probable conjecture seems to me, that the Prophet is speaking of the first King Nebuchadnezzar, or at least uses the reign of the second, while his father was yet alive. We know there were two kings of the same name, father and son; and as the son did many noble and illustrious actions, he acquired the surname of Great. Whatever, therefore, we shall afterwards meet with concerning Nebuchadnezzar, cannot be understood except of the second, who is the son. But Josephus says the son was sent by his father against the Egyptians and the Jews and this was the cause of the war, since the Egyptians often urged the Jews to a change of affairs, and enticed them to throw off the yoke Nebuchadnezzar the younger was carrying on the war in Egypt at the death of his father, and speedily returned home, lest any one should supersede him. When, however, he found all things as he wished, Josephus thinks he put off that expedition, and went to Jerusalem. There is nothing strange, nay, it is very customary to call him King who shares the command with his father. Thus, therefore, I interpret it. In the third year or the reign of Jehoiakim, Nebuchadnezzar came, under the command and direction of his father, or if any one prefers it, the father himself came. For there is nothing out of place, whether we refer it to the father or to the son. Nebuchadnezzar, then, king of Babylon, came to Jerusalem, that is, by the hand of his son besieged Jerusalem. But if a different explanation is preferred, since he was there himself and carried on the war in person, that view not be taken still, the events happened in the third year of Jehoiakim’s reign. Interpreters make many mistakes in this matter. Josephus, indeed, says this was done in the eighth year, but he had never read the Book of Daniel. (68) He was an unlearned man, and by no means familiar with the Scriptures; nay, I think he had never read three verses of Daniel. It was a dreadful judgment of God for a priest to be so ignorant a man as Josephus. But in another passage on which I have commented, he seems to have followed Metasthenes and others whom he cites, when speaking of the destruction of that monarchy. And this seems to suit well enough, since in the third year of the reign of Jehoiakim the city was once taken, and some of the nobles of the royal race were led away in triumph, among whom were Daniel and his companions. When Jehoiakim afterwards rebelled, his treatment was far more severe, as Jeremiah had predicted. But while Jehoiakim possessed the kingdom by permission of King Nebuchadnezzar, Daniel was already a captive, so that Jeremiah’s prediction was fulfilled — the condition of the figs prematurely ripe was improved; for those who were led into exile last thought themselves better off than the rest. But the Prophet deprives them of their vain boast, and shows the former captives to have been better treated than the remnant of the people who as yet remained safe at. home. ( Jeremiah 24:2 .) I assume, then, that Daniel was among the first fruits of the captivity; and this is an instance of God’s judgments being so incomprehensible by us. For had there been any integrity in the whole people, surely Daniel was a remarkable example of it for Ezekiel includes him among the three just men by whom most probably God would be appeased. ( Ezekiel 14:14 .) Such, then, was the excellence of Daniel’s virtues, that he was like a celestial angel among mortals; and yet he was led into exile, and lived as the slave of the king of Babylon. Others, again, who had provoked God’s wrath in so many ways, remained quiet in their nests the Lord did not deprive them of their country and of that inheritance which was a sign and pledge of their adoption. (69) Should any wish here to determine why Daniel was among the first to be led into captivity, will he not betray his folly? Hence, let us learn to admire God’s judgments, which surpass all our perceptions; and let us also remember the words of Christ, “If these things are done in the green tree, what will be done in the dry?” ( Luke 23:31 .) As I have already said, there was an angelic holiness in Daniel, although so ignominiously exiled and brought up among the kings eunuchs. Then this happened to so holy a man, who from his childhood was entirely devoted to piety, how great is God’s indulgence in sparing us? What have we deserved? Which of us will dare to compare himself with Daniel? Nay, we are unworthy, according to the ancient proverb, to loosen the tie of his shoes. Without the slightest
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source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
### 칼빈의 다니엘 1:1 주석
이것은 두 가지 다른 사항이 아니라, 선지자가 표현의 변화를 통해 같은 감정을 설명하고 확증한 것이다. 느부갓네살이 시날 땅으로 가져간 그릇들이 보물 창고에 보관되었다고 말한다. 히브리인들은 우리가 알듯이 일반적으로 어떤 장소에 대해서도 '집'이라는 단어를 사용하는데, 성전을 하나님의 '집'이라고 부르는 것과 같다. 시날 땅에 대해서는 그것이 바벨론에 인접한 평야였다는 것을 주목해야 한다. 선지자가 매우 그럴싸하게 가리키는 유명한 벨 신전이 거기에 세워졌다. 여기서 다니엘은 그가 동료들과 함께 포로로 잡혀간 시기를 표시한다. 곧 여호야김 3년이다. 여기서 어려운 문제가 생긴다. 느부갓네살은 여호야김 4년에 통치를 시작했기 때문이다. 그렇다면 어떻게 그가 3년에 예루살렘을 포위하고 마음대로 백성을 포로로 끌고 갈 수 있었겠는가? 어떤 해석자들은 4년이 그의 통치 시작과 관련되므로 3년 이내로 맞출 수 있다는, 내가 보기에는 경박한 추측으로 이 어려움을 해결한다. 그러나 2장에서 우리는 다니엘이 왕 통치 2년에 왕 앞에 끌려가는 것을 볼 것이다. 그들은 이 어려움도 다른 해결책으로 설명한다. 연도를 통치 시작부터가 아니라 계산한다는 것, 그리고 이것은 유대인들을 정복하고 예루살렘을 점령한 지 2년이 된다는 것이다. 그러나 이것은 너무 가혹하고 억지스럽다. 내가 보기에 가장 개연성 있는 추측은 선지자가 첫 번째 느부갓네살 왕에 대해 말하고 있다는 것이다. 혹은 적어도 아버지가 아직 살아 있는 동안 두 번째 왕의 통치를 사용한다는 것이다. 우리는 같은 이름의 두 왕, 아버지와 아들이 있었다는 것을 안다. 아들이 많은 고귀하고 빛나는 업적을 이루었으므로 그는 '대왕'이라는 별칭을 얻었다. 그러므로 느부갓네살에 관해 이후에 만나게 될 것은 무엇이든 아들인 두 번째 왕에 관한 것으로만 이해될 수 있다. 그런데 요세푸스는 아들이 이집트인과 유대인을 대적하여 아버지에게 보내졌다고 하는데, 이것이 전쟁의 원인이었다. 이집트인들이 종종 유대인들을 변화를 향해 촉구하고 멍에를 벗어버리도록 유혹했기 때문이다. 젊은 느부갓네살은 아버지의 죽음 당시 이집트에서 전쟁을 수행하고 있었고, 누군가가 자신을 앞지를까 봐 서둘러 귀국했다. 그러나 모든 것이 원하는 대로임을 발견하고 요세푸스는 그가 그 원정을 연기하고 예루살렘으로 갔다고 생각한다. 아버지와 함께 통치 명령을 공유하는 자를 왕이라 부르는 것은 전혀 이상하지 않고 매우 일반적인 일이다. 그러므로 나는 이렇게 해석한다. 여호야김 통치 3년에 느부갓네살이 왔는데, 이는 아버지의 명령과 지시 아래였다. 혹은 어떤 이들이 선호한다면 아버지 자신이 왔다. 아버지에게 돌리든 아들에게 돌리든 아무 문제가 없다. 그러므로 바벨론 왕 느부갓네살이 예루살렘에 왔다. 즉 아들의 손으로 예루살렘을 포위했다는 것이다. 다른 설명이 선호된다면, 그가 직접 거기 있었고 개인적으로 전쟁을 수행했다고 해도, 그 사건들은 여호야김 통치 3년에 일어났다. 해석자들은 이 문제에서 많은 실수를 한다. 요세푸스는 실제로 이것이 8년에 일어났다고 말하지만 그는 다니엘서를 읽어본 적이 없다. 그는 무식한 사람이었고 성경에 결코 익숙하지 않았다. 사제가 요세푸스처럼 무식한 것은 하나님의 무서운 심판이다. 그러나 다른 본문에서 내가 주석한 것에서, 그는 메타스테네스와 그 왕국의 멸망에 대해 말할 때 인용하는 다른 이들을 따른 것 같다. 그리고 이것은 충분히 잘 맞는 것 같다. 여호야김 통치 3년에 성읍이 한 번 점령되었고 왕족 출신의 귀족들 일부가 포로로 끌려갔는데, 그 중에 다니엘과 그의 동료들이 있었다. 여호야김이 이후에 반역했을 때 그의 처우는 훨씬 더 가혹했는데, 예레미야가 예언했던 바이다. 그러나 여호야김이 느부갓네살 왕의 허락으로 왕국을 소유하는 동안 다니엘은 이미 포로였다. 그리하여 예레미야의 예언이 성취되었다—일찍 익은 무화과의 상태가 개선되었다. 마지막에 포로가 된 이들은 자신들이 나머지 사람들보다 낫다고 생각했기 때문이다. 그러나 선지자는 그들의 헛된 자랑을 빼앗으며, 이전에 포로가 된 이들이 아직 집에서 안전하게 지내는 백성의 나머지보다 더 잘 대우받았음을 보여준다(렘 24:2). 나는 그러므로 다니엘이 포로의 첫 열매 가운데 있었다고 추정한다. 이것은 하나님의 심판이 우리에게 얼마나 이해할 수 없는지를 보여주는 한 사례다. 온 백성 중에 어떤 정직함이 있었다면, 다니엘은 분명히 그 탁월한 예였을 것이다. 에스겔이 하나님이 가장 기뻐하실 세 의인 중 하나로 그를 포함시키기 때문이다(겔 14:14). 그렇다면 다니엘의 덕의 탁월함이 그러하여 그는 필사자들 가운데 천상의 천사와 같았는데, 그는 포로로 끌려가 바벨론 왕의 노예로 살았다. 반면 수많은 방법으로 하나님의 진노를 자극한 자들은 자신들의 집에 조용히 머물렀다. 주님은 그들에게서 그들의 나라와 그들의 입양의 표와 보증이었던 그 기업을 빼앗지 않으셨다. 다니엘이 왜 처음 포로로 끌려가는 자들 중 하나가 되었는지 결정하려 한다면, 자신의 어리석음을 드러내지 않겠는가? 따라서 우리의 모든 인식을 능가하는 하나님의 심판을 경외함으로 바라보도록 배우자. 또한 그리스도의 말씀을 기억하자. "푸른 나무에도 이같이 하거든 마른 나무에는 어떻게 되리요?"(눅 23:31). 이미 말했듯이 다니엘에게는 천사적인 거룩함이 있었는데, 그가 그처럼 불명예스럽게 추방되어 왕의 내시들 가운데서 자랐음에도 말이다. 그러면 어릴 때부터 온전히 경건에 헌신했던 그처럼 거룩한 사람에게 이런 일이 일어났다면, 우리를 아끼시는 하나님의 관용이 얼마나 크겠는가? 우리는 무엇을 받아 마땅한가? 우리 중 누가 감히 다니엘과 자신을 비교하겠는가? 우리는 고대의 속담처럼 그의 신발 끈을 풀 자격조차 없다.
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원주석
- 번역원본
commentary-section/cal-dan-1-1-1(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역
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Here Daniel pursues his narrative, and shows the manner in which he was led away together with his companions. The king had demanded young men to be brought, not from the ordinary multitude, but from the principal nobility, who stood before him, that is, ministered to him. Hence, we ascertain why Daniel and his companions were chosen, because they were noble young men and of the royal seed, or at least of parents who surpassed others in rank. The king did this purposely to show himself a conqueror; he may also have taken this plan designedly, to retain hostages in his power; for he hoped, as we shall see, that those who were nourished in his palace would be degenerate and hostile to the Jews, and he thought their assistance would prove useful to himself. He also hoped, since they were born of a noble stock, that the Jews would be the more peaceable, and thus avoid all danger to those wretched exiles who were relations of the kings and the nobles. With regard to the words, he calls this Aspenaz the prince of eunuchs, under which name he means the boys who were nourished in the king’s palace to become a seminary of nobles; for it is scarcely possible that this Aspenaz was set over other leaders. But we gather from this place, that the boys whom the king held in honor and regard were under his custody. The Hebrews calls eunuchs סריסים , serisim, a name which belongs to certain prefects; for Potiphar is called by this name though he had a wife. So this name is everywhere used in Scripture for the satraps of a king; ( Genesis 37:36 ; Genesis 40:2 ;) but since satraps also were chosen from noble boys, they were probably called eunuchs, though they were not made so, yet Josephus ignorantly declares these Jewish children to have been made eunuchs. But when eunuchs existed among the luxuries of Oriental kings, as I have already said, those youths were commonly called by this name whom the king brought up as a kind of school of nobles, whom he might afterwards place over various province. The king, therefore, commanded some of the children of Israel of the royal seed and of the nobles to be brought to him. So the sentence ought to be resolved; he did not command any of the common people to be brought to him, but some of the royal race, the more plainly to show himself their conqueror by doing all things according to his will. He means those “elders” who yet were in chief authority under the king of Judah. And Daniel also was of that tribe, as we shall afterwards see. The word פרתמים , pharthmim, “princes,” is thought to be derived from Perah, which is the Euphrates, and the interpreters understand prefects, to whom the provinces on the banks of the Euphrates were committed; but this does not suit the present passage where Jews are treated of. We now see the general signification of this name, and that all the elders ought to be comprehended under it. (73) — The rest tomorrow. (73) ‘This word has caused great difference of opinion among commentators. Theodotion does not attempt to explain it. Symmaehus takes it for the Parthians. Jerome interprets it by tyranni , and Saadias by their off-spring. Aben-Ezra considers it a foreign word; and R. Salom. Jarehi calls it Persian, and translates it “leaders” Hottinger and Aug. Pfeiffer both treat it as Persian, but derive it from different roots. “Nobles” or “elders” seems its best English equivalent. return to ' Top of Page ' <a name="verse-4" class="com-number"
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source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
### 칼빈의 다니엘 1:3 주석
여기서 다니엘은 이야기를 계속하며, 동료들과 함께 어떻게 끌려갔는지를 보여준다. 왕은 일반 대중이 아니라 자신 앞에 서 있는, 즉 자신을 섬기는 주요 귀족 중에서 청년들을 데려오도록 명했다. 따라서 우리는 다니엘과 그의 동료들이 선택된 이유를 알게 된다. 그들이 왕족 출신이거나 적어도 지위에서 다른 이들보다 탁월한 부모를 가진 귀족 청년들이었기 때문이다. 왕은 이것을 고의적으로 자신이 정복자임을 보여주기 위해 했다. 또한 그는 분명히 인질들을 자신의 권력 아래 두려는 의도로 이 계획을 세웠을 것이다. 그는 자신의 궁에서 양육된 자들이 유대인들에게서 타락하고 적대적이 될 것이라 기대했으며, 그들의 도움이 자신에게 유익할 것이라 생각했다. 또한 그들이 왕과 귀족의 혈통에서 태어났으므로 유대인들이 더 평화로울 것이며, 그렇게 함으로써 왕족과 귀족의 친척인 그 비참한 포로들에 대한 모든 위험을 피할 수 있다고 생각했다. 말에 대해서는, 그가 환관장 아스프나스를 부른다. 이 이름으로 왕이 궁에서 귀족의 씨앗이 되도록 양육한 소년들을 말하는 것이다. 이 아스프나스가 다른 지도자들보다 높이 세워졌다고는 거의 볼 수 없다. 그러나 여기서 우리는 왕이 존중하고 아낀 소년들이 그의 보호 아래 있었음을 알 수 있다. 히브리인들은 내시들을 '사리심'이라 부르는데, 이 이름은 특정 지도자들에게 속한다. 보디발도 이 이름으로 불렸는데 그는 아내가 있었다. 그래서 이 이름은 성경에서 왕의 태수들에게 어디서나 사용된다(창 37:36; 40:2). 그러나 태수들도 귀족 소년들 가운데서 선택되었으므로, 그들이 실제로 그렇게 만들어지지 않았더라도 내시라고 불렸을 것이다. 요세푸스는 무지하게도 이 유대 아이들을 내시로 만들었다고 선언한다. 그러나 내시들이 동방 왕들의 사치품 가운데 있었으므로, 앞서 말한 대로 왕이 다양한 지방에 이후 배치할 귀족 학교처럼 양육한 청년들이 일반적으로 이 이름으로 불렸다. 그러므로 왕은 왕족 출신이거나 귀족 출신 이스라엘 자녀들 중 일부를 자신에게 데려오도록 명했다. 따라서 문장은 이렇게 풀어야 한다. 그는 일반 백성 중에서 자신에게 데려오도록 명한 것이 아니라, 왕족 출신 중에서 그리하여 모든 것을 자신의 의지대로 함으로써 자신이 그들의 정복자임을 더욱 분명히 보여주기 위함이었다. 그는 유다 왕 아래에서 최고 권위에 있었던 '장로들'을 의미한다. 다니엘도 그 지파 출신이었는데, 나중에 보게 될 것이다.
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원주석
- 번역원본
commentary-section/cal-dan-1-3-3(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역
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In yesterday’s Lecture we saw how the prefect or master of the eunuchs was commanded to bring up some noble youths, the offspring of the king and the elders; and Daniel now describes their qualities, according to Nebuchadnezzar’s order. They were youths, not so young as seven or eight years, but growing up, in whom there was no spot; that is, in whom there was no defect or unsoundness of body. They were also of beautiful aspect, meaning of ingenuous and open countenance, he adds also, skilled in all prudence, and understanding knowledge; and then, expressing their thoughts I think those interpreters right who take this participle actively, otherwise the repetition would be cold and valueless. Their eloquence seems to me pointed out here; because there are some who inwardly understand subjects presented to them, but cannot express to others what they retain in their minds; for all have not the same dexterity in expressing exactly what they think Daniel, therefore, notices both qualifications here — the acquisition of knowledge, and the power of communicating it. And in whom was vigor for כח , cach, usually signifies fortitude, as in Isaiah. ( Isaiah 40:9 .) Those who fear God shall change their fortitude, or renew their rigor. Then in Psalms 22:0 , ( Psalms 22:15 ,) my strength or rigor has failed.” He adds, the fortitude or vigor of intelligence, knowledge, and eloquence; or a healthy habit of body, which is the same thing. (77) That they might stand in the king ’ s palace, and be taught literature, (I cannot translate the particle ספר , sepher, otherwise, verbally it is a “ letter, ” but it means learning or discipline,) and the language of the Chaldees We now see how the king regarded not only their rank, when he ordered the most excellent of the royal and noble children to be brought to him; but he exercised his choice that those who were to be his servants should be clever; they were of high birth, as the phrase is; so they ought to prevail in eloquence and give hopeful promise of general excellence in both body and mind. Without doubt he wished them to be held in great estimation, that he might win over other Jews also. Thus, if they afterwards obtained authority, should circumstances allow of it, they might become rulers in Judea, bearing sway over their own people, and yet remain attached to the Babylonian empire. This was the king’s design; it affords no reason why we should praise his liberality, since it is sufficiently apparent that he consulted nothing but his own advantage. Meanwhile, we observe, that learning and the liberal arts were not then so despised as they are in this age, and in those immediately preceding it. So strongly has barbarism prevailed in the world, that it is almost disgraceful for nobles to be reckoned among the men of education and of letters! The chief boast. of the nobility was to be destitute of scholarship — nay, they gloried in the assertion, that they were “no scholars,” in the language of the day; and if any of their rank were versed in literature, they acquired their attainments for no other purpose than to be made bishops and abbots’ still, as I have said, they generally despised all literature. We perceive the age in which Daniel lived was not so barbarous, for the king wished to have these boys whom he caused to be so instructed, among his own princes, as we have said, to promote his own advantage; still we must remark upon the habit of that age. As to his requiring so much knowledge and skill, it may seem out of place, and more than their tender age admitted, that they should be so accomplished in prudence, knowledge, and experience. But we know that kings require nothing in moderation when they order anything to be prepared, they often ascend beyond the clouds. So Nebuchadnezzar speaks here; and Daniel, who relates his commands, does so in a royal manner. Since the king commanded all the most accomplished to be brought before him, if they really manifested any remarkable qualities, we need not be surprised at their knowledge, skill, and prudence. The king simply wished those boys and youths to be brought to him who were ingenious and dangerous, and adapted to learn with rapidly; and then those who were naturally eloquent and of a healthy constitution of body. For it follows directly, that they might learn, or be taught the literature and language of the Chaldees We perceive that King Nebuchadnezzar did not demand teachers, but boys of high birth, and good talents, and of promising abilities; he wished them to be liberally instructed in the doctrine of the Chaldees he was unwilling to have youths of merely polished and cultivated minds without natural abilities. His desire to have them acquainted with the language of Chaldea arose from his wish to separate them by degrees from their own nation, to introduce them to forget their Jewish birth, and to acquire the Chaldean manners, since language is a singular bond of communication. Respecting their learning, we may ask, whether Daniel and his companions were permitted to learn arts full of imposition, which we know to be the nature of the Chaldean learning. For they professed to know every one’s fate, as in these days there are many impostors in the world, who are called fortune-tellers. They abused an honorable name when they called themselves mathematicians, as if there were no scientific learning separate from those arts and diabolic illusions. And as to the use of the word, the Caesars, in their laws, unite Chaldeans and mathematicians, treating them as synonymous. But the explanation is easy, — the Chaldeans not only pursued that astrology which is called “Judicial,” but were also skilled in the true and genuine knowledge of the stars. The ancients say, that the course of the stars was observed by the Chaldeans, as there was no region of the world so full of them, and none possessed so extensive an horizon on all sides. As the Chaldeans enjoyed this advantage of having the heavens so fully
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pericope/per-dan-1-001
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source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
### 칼빈의 다니엘 1:4 주석
어제 강의에서 우리는 환관장 또는 내시장이 왕족과 장로들의 자손인 귀족 청년들을 데려오도록 명령받은 것을 보았다. 이제 다니엘은 느부갓네살의 명령에 따라 그들의 자질을 묘사한다. 그들은 7~8세가 아닌, 성장 중인 청년들로서 흠이 없는 자들이었다. 즉 신체적 결함이나 문제가 없는 자들이었다. 또한 용모가 아름다운 자들로, 솔직하고 탁 트인 표정을 가진 자들이었다. 모든 지혜에 능숙하고 지식을 이해하는 자들이었다고 덧붙인다. 그런 다음 그들의 생각을 표현하는 능력을 말한다. 나는 이 분사를 능동형으로 취하는 해석자들이 옳다고 생각한다. 그렇지 않으면 반복이 무의미하기 때문이다. 여기서 그들의 웅변이 지적된 것 같다. 어떤 이들은 제시된 주제들을 내적으로 이해하지만 마음에 간직하고 있는 것을 다른 이들에게 표현하지 못한다. 모든 이들이 자신이 생각하는 것을 정확히 표현하는 같은 능숙함을 가진 것이 아니기 때문이다. 따라서 다니엘은 두 자질 모두를 여기서 주목한다—지식의 습득과 그것을 전달하는 능력. 그리고 지력의 힘이 있는 자들이라고 한다. 히브리어 '코아흐'는 보통 이사야에서처럼 용기 혹은 힘을 의미한다(사 40:9). "하나님을 두려워하는 자들은 그 힘을 바꾸거나 새롭게 할 것이다." 또 시편 22편에서 "내 힘이 쇠약하다"고 한다. 그는 지능과 지식과 웅변의 능력 혹은 건강한 신체 체질을 덧붙인다. 이것은 같은 것이다. 왕의 궁전에 서서 갈대아인들의 학문을 배우기 위함이었다. 히브리어 '세페르'를 다른 것으로 번역할 수 없는데, 문자 그대로는 '편지'지만 학습이나 훈련을 의미한다. 그리고 갈대아 방언도 있다. 우리는 이제 왕이 단지 그 지위만을 고려한 것이 아님을 본다. 그가 왕족과 귀족 자녀들 중 가장 탁월한 이들을 자신에게 데려오도록 명했을 때, 그는 자신의 종들이 될 자들이 영리해야 한다고 선택의 기준을 정했다. 그들은 고귀한 가문 출신이었다. 그래서 웅변에서도 탁월하고 몸과 마음 모두에서 전반적인 우수함을 희망적으로 약속해야 했다. 의심할 것 없이 그는 그들이 큰 존경을 받기를 원했는데, 다른 유대인들도 끌어들이기 위해서였다. 그래서 이후에 권위를 얻는다면, 사정이 허락하면, 그들은 유다의 통치자가 되어 자신의 백성 위에 왕권을 행사하면서도 바벨론 제국에 충성하게 될 수 있었다. 이것이 왕의 의도였다. 왕의 관대함을 칭찬할 이유는 없는데, 그가 자신의 이익 외에는 아무것도 고려하지 않은 것이 충분히 명백하기 때문이다. 한편 우리는 학습과 자유 예술이 이 시대와 그 직전 시대처럼 경멸받지 않았다는 것을 본다. 세상에 야만이 너무 강하게 팽배하여 귀족이 교육받고 문자 아는 사람들 중에 속하는 것이 거의 수치스럽게 여겨질 정도다. 귀족의 주요 자랑은 학식이 없다는 것이었다—그들은 "학자가 아니다"라는 주장에서 자랑스러워했다. 그 계층의 어떤 이가 문학에 정통했다면 주교나 수도원장이 되기 위한 목적 이외에는 다른 이유가 없었다. 하지만 나는 그들이 일반적으로 모든 문학을 경멸했다고 말했다. 우리는 다니엘이 살았던 시대가 그렇게 야만적이지 않았음을 인식한다. 왕이 그렇게 교육시킨 이 소년들을 앞서 말한 것처럼 자신의 방백들 가운데 두기를 원했던 것은 자신의 이익을 도모하기 위해서였다. 그러나 그 시대의 관습을 언급해야 한다. 그가 그처럼 많은 지식과 기술을 요구한 것이 그들의 어린 나이가 허용하는 것보다 훨씬 더 많은 것으로 보이며, 그들이 그처럼 지혜와 지식과 경험에서 완숙해야 한다는 것도 그렇게 보인다. 그러나 우리는 왕이 무언가를 준비하도록 명할 때 아무것도 절제하지 않는다는 것을 안다. 그들은 종종 구름 위로 올라간다. 따라서 느부갓네살은 여기서 그처럼 말하고, 그의 명령을 기록하는 다니엘은 왕다운 방식으로 그렇게 한다. 왕이 가장 탁월한 자들을 자신에게 데려오도록 명했으므로, 그들이 어떤 주목할 만한 자질을 실제로 보였다면 그들의 지식과 기술과 지혜에 놀라서는 안 된다.
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원주석
- 번역원본
commentary-section/cal-dan-1-4-4(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역
5절 카드 ↗
In this verse, Daniel shews that the king had ordered some youths to be brought to him from Judea, and to be so nourished as to be intoxicated with delicacies, and thus rendered forgetful of their own nation. For we know that wherever there is any cunning in the world, it reigns especially in kings palaces! So Nebuchadnezzar, when he perceived he was dealing with an obstinate people, (and we know the Jews to have been of a hard and unsubdued spirit,) wished to acquire servants spontaneously obedient, aid thus endeavored to soften them with luxuries. This was the reason why he provided for them an allotment of his own meat and drink; as at present it is the greatest honor at princes’ tables to be served with a bon-bouche, as they say. Nebuchadnezzar wished this Daniel and his companions, though but captives and exiles, to be brought up not only splendidly but royally, if of the royal race. Through his right of conquest he, had drawn them away violently from their country, as we said yesterday. Hence he does not act thus from any feeling of liberality, and his feeding those miserable exiles from his own table should not be esteemed a virtuous action; but, as we have said, he cleverly reconciles the minds of the boys to be reckoned Chaldeans rather than Jews, and thus to deny their own race. This, then, was the king’s intention; but we shall see how God governed Daniel and his companions by His Spirit, and how they became aware of these snares of the devil, and abstained from the royal diet, lest they should become polluted by it. This point will hereafter be treated in its place — we are now only commenting on the craftiness of the king. He, commanded a daily portion of diet to be distributed to them, not that the spirit of parsimony dictated this daily portion, but the king wished their food should be exactly the same as his own and that of the chiefs. He adds, that they should be educated for three years; meaning, until they were thoroughly skilled in both the language and knowledge of the Chaldeans. Three years were sufficient for both these objects, since he had selected youths of sufficient talent to learn with ease both languages and sciences. As they were endued with such capacity, it is not surprising that the space of three years had been prescribed by the king. At length, he says, at the end of them, meaning of the three years. We have shown how this ought not to be referred to the boys, as if the king afterwards selected some of them, for we shall see in its own place that a distinct time was fixed beforehand; hence no long refutation is needed. It is certain, then, that the Prophet speaks of the close of the three years. It had been said just before, that they with stand in the palace; but this ought also to be understood of the time of which mention has been made. They did not stand before the king immediately, but were reserved for this purpose. Since the king commanded them to be brought up for the purpose of using their services afterwards Daniel twice repeats — they were splendidly educated — seeing the king wished them to become his servants at table and in other duties. return to ' Top of Page ' <a name="verse-6" class="com-number"
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source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
### 칼빈의 다니엘 1:5 주석
이 절에서 다니엘은 왕이 유다에서 어떤 청년들을 자신에게 데려와 진수성찬으로 취하게 하여 자신들의 나라를 잊게 하도록 명했다는 것을 보여준다. 세상 어디에나 교활함이 있다면, 그것은 왕궁에서 특히 지배한다는 것을 우리가 알기 때문이다. 느부갓네살은 자신이 완고한 백성을 다루고 있다는 것을 인식했을 때(우리는 유대인들이 거칠고 굴복하지 않는 기질을 가졌다는 것을 안다), 자발적으로 순종하는 종들을 얻기를 원했고, 따라서 사치로 그들을 부드럽게 만들려 했다. 이것이 자신의 고기와 음료 중에서 그들에게 일정량을 제공한 이유였다. 현재 왕족의 식탁에서 제공되는 '본 부슈'로 섬겨지는 것이 가장 큰 영예인 것처럼. 느부갓네살은 비록 포로요 유배자였지만 이 다니엘과 그의 동료들이 왕족 출신이라면 왕족다운 것은 말할 것도 없고 화려하게 양육되기를 원했다. 우리가 어제 말했듯이 정복권으로 그는 그들을 그들의 나라에서 폭력적으로 빼앗았다. 따라서 그는 어떤 관대함의 감정에서 이것을 하는 것이 아니며, 왕의 식탁에서 그 비참한 유배자들을 먹이는 것이 덕스러운 행위로 여겨져서도 안 된다. 앞서 말한 대로 그는 영리하게 소년들의 마음을 유대인보다 갈대아인으로 여기도록, 따라서 자신의 혈통을 부인하도록 달래었다. 그렇다면 이것이 왕의 의도였다. 그러나 우리는 하나님이 자신의 영으로 다니엘과 그의 동료들을 어떻게 인도하셨는지, 그리고 그들이 마귀의 이 함정을 어떻게 인식하고 왕의 음식을 거부하여 더럽혀지지 않도록 했는지 볼 것이다. 이 점은 나중에 적절한 곳에서 다루어질 것이다. 우리는 지금 왕의 교활함에 대해서만 주석하고 있다. 그는 날마다 일정량의 음식이 그들에게 배분되도록 명했다. 그 일정량이 인색함의 영에서 나온 것이 아니라, 왕은 그들의 음식이 자신의 것과 지도자들의 것과 정확히 같기를 원했다. 그는 덧붙인다. 3년 동안 교육받아야 한다고. 갈대아인들의 언어와 지식 둘 다에 충분히 능숙해질 때까지를 의미한다. 3년은 두 목적 모두에 충분했는데, 그가 언어와 학문 둘 다 쉽게 배울 수 있는 재능을 가진 청년들을 선택했기 때문이다. 그들이 그처럼 능력을 갖추었으므로 왕이 3년의 기간을 정한 것은 놀랍지 않다.
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원주석
- 번역원본
commentary-section/cal-dan-1-5-5(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역
6절 카드 ↗
The Prophet now comes to what properly belongs to his purpose. He did not propose to write a full narrative, but he touched shortly on what was necessary, to inform us how God prepared him for the subsequent discharge of the prophetic office. After he had stated their selection from the royal and noble seed, as excelling in talent, dexterity, and eloquence, as well as in rigor of body, he now adds, that he would his companions were among them. He leaves out the rest, because he had nothing to record of them worthy of mention; and, as I have said, the narrative hitherto is only subsidiary. The Prophet’s object, then, must be noticed, since he was exiled, and educated royally and sumptuously in the palace of King Nebuchadnezzar, that he might afterwards be one of the prefects, and his companions be elevated to the same rank. He does not say that he was of the royal house, but only of the tribe of Judah; but he was probably born of a noble rather than of a plebeian family, since kings more commonly selected their prefects from their own relations than from others. Moreover, since the kingdom of Israel was cut off, perhaps through a feeling of modesty, Daniel did not record his family, nor openly assert his origin from a noble and celebrated stock. He was content with a single word, — he and his companion were of the tribe of Judah, and brought up among the children of the nobility. He says — their names were changed; so that by all means the king might blot out of their hearts the remembrance of their own race, and they might forget their own origin. As far as interpretations are concerned, I think I have said enough to satisfy you, as I am not willingly curious in names where there is any obscurity, and especially in these Chaldee words. As to the Hebrew names, we know Daniel’s name to mean the judge, or judgment of God. Therefore, whether by the secret instinct of God, his parents had imposed this name, or whether by common custom, Daniel was called by this name, as God’s judge. So also of the rest; for Hananiah has a fixed meaning, namely, one who has obtained mercy from God; so Misael means required or demanded by God; and so Azariah, the help of God, or one whom God helps. But all these flyings have already been better explained to you, so I have only just touched on these points, as the change has no adequate reason for it. It is enough for us that the names were changed to abolish the remembrance of the kingdom of Judah from their hearts. Some Hebrews also assert these to have been the names of wise men. Whether it was so or not, if, was the kings plan to draw away those boys that they should have nothing in common with the elect people, but degenerate to the manners of the Chaldeans. Daniel could not help the prince or master of the eunuchs changing his name, for it was not in. his power to hinder it; the same must be said of his companions. But they had enough to retain the remembrance of their race, which Satan, by this artifice, wished utterly to blot out. And yet this was a great trial, because they suffered from their badge of slavery. Since their names were changed, either the king or his prefect Aspenaz wished to force them under the yoke, as if he would put before their eyes the, judgment of their own slavery as often as they heard their” names. We see, then, the intention of the change of name, namely, to cause these miserable exiles to feel themselves; in captivity, and cut off from the race of Israel; and by this mark or symbol they were reduced to slavery, to the, king of Babylon and his palace. This was, indeed, a hard trial, but it mattered not to the servants of God to be contemptuously treated before men, so long as they were not infected with any corruption; hence we conclude them to have been divinely governed, as they stood pure and spotless. For Daniel afterwards says — return to ' Top of Page ' <a name="verse-8" class="com-number"
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### 칼빈의 다니엘 1:6 주석
이제 선지자는 자신의 목적에 합당한 것으로 온다. 그는 완전한 기록을 쓰려 하지 않았고, 이후 선지자 직무를 수행하기 위해 하나님이 그를 어떻게 준비하셨는지 알리는 데 필요한 것만 간략하게 언급했다. 그가 재능, 민첩함, 웅변, 신체적 건강함에서 탁월한 자들로서 왕족과 귀족 출신에서 선택된 것을 말한 후, 이제 그는 자신과 동료들이 그들 중에 있었다고 덧붙인다. 그는 나머지를 생략하는데, 그들에 대해 언급할 가치 있는 것이 없었기 때문이다. 앞서 말한 대로 이제까지의 기록은 단지 보조적인 것이다. 그러므로 선지자의 목적을 주목해야 한다. 그가 추방되어 느부갓네살 왕의 궁에서 왕족답게 화려하게 양육되었는데, 이후에 방백들 중 하나가 되고 동료들도 같은 지위로 높아지기 위함이었다. 그는 왕가 출신이라고 말하지 않고 단지 유다 지파 출신이라고 말한다. 그러나 그는 귀족 가문 출신이었을 가능성이 크다. 왕들이 다른 이들보다 자신의 친척 중에서 방백들을 더 자주 선택했기 때문이다. 더욱이 이스라엘 왕국이 단절되었으므로, 아마도 겸손의 감정으로 다니엘은 자신의 가문을 기록하지 않고 귀족하고 유명한 혈통에서 출신임을 공개적으로 주장하지 않았다. 그는 한 마디에 만족한다—자신과 동료들이 유다 지파 출신이었고 귀족 자녀들 중에서 양육되었다고. 그는 말한다—그들의 이름이 바뀌었다고. 왕이 모든 방법으로 그들의 마음에서 자신의 혈통의 기억을 지우고, 자신의 기원을 잊게 하기 위함이었다. 해석에 관해서는 내가 충분히 설명했다고 생각한다. 모호함이 있는 이름들, 특히 이 갈대아 단어들에 대해 지나치게 궁금해하지 않는 편이다. 히브리 이름들에 관해서는 우리는 다니엘이라는 이름이 '하나님의 재판관' 혹은 '하나님의 심판'을 의미한다는 것을 안다. 따라서 하나님의 비밀스러운 본능으로 그의 부모들이 이 이름을 지어주었든, 일반적인 관습으로 다니엘이 하나님의 재판관으로 불렸든 말이다. 나머지도 마찬가지다. 하나냐는 '하나님에게서 자비를 얻은 자'라는 고정된 의미가 있고, 미사엘은 '하나님에게 요구되거나 요청된 자'를 의미하며, 아사랴는 '하나님의 도움'이나 '하나님이 돕는 자'를 의미한다. 이름이 바뀐 것은 그들의 마음에서 유다 왕국의 기억을 없애기 위함이었다. 어떤 히브리인들은 이것들이 현인들의 이름이기도 하다고 주장한다. 그것이 사실이든 아니든 왕의 계획은 그 소년들을 끌어내어 택한 백성과 공통점이 없게 하고 갈대아인들의 풍속으로 타락하게 하는 것이었다. 다니엘은 환관장이 그의 이름을 바꾸는 것을 막을 수 없었다. 그것은 그의 권한 밖이었기 때문이다. 동료들도 마찬가지였다. 그러나 그들은 마귀가 이 술책으로 완전히 지우려 했던 자신들의 혈통에 대한 기억을 유지하기에 충분한 것을 가지고 있었다. 그러나 이것은 큰 시험이었다. 그들이 노예의 표시로 고통받았기 때문이다. 그들의 이름이 바뀌었으므로 왕이나 방백 아스프나스가 그들 이름을 들을 때마다 자신들의 노예 신분의 심판을 눈앞에 두도록 하는 것처럼 멍에 아래 그들을 굴복시키려 한 것이다. 따라서 우리는 이름 변경의 의도를 본다. 이 비참한 포로들이 스스로 포로 중에 있으며 이스라엘 혈통에서 단절되었다고 느끼게 하기 위함이었다. 이 표나 상징으로 그들은 바벨론 왕과 그의 궁의 노예로 강등되었다. 이것은 실로 힘든 시험이었지만, 어떤 부패에도 감염되지 않는 한, 하나님의 종들에게는 사람들 앞에서 경멸적으로 취급받는 것이 문제되지 않았다. 따라서 우리는 그들이 신성하게 인도받았다고 결론짓는다. 그들이 순결하고 흠 없이 서 있었기 때문이다.
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원주석
- 번역원본
commentary-section/cal-dan-1-6-6(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역
8절 카드 ↗
Here Daniel shows his endurance of what he could neither cast off nor escape; but meanwhile he took care that he did not depart from the fear of God, nor become a stranger to his race, but he always retains the remembrance of his origin, and remains a pure, and unspotted, and sincere worshipper of God. He says, therefore, — he determined in his heart not to pollute himself with the kings food and drink, and that he asked the prefect, under whose charge he was, that he should not be driven to this necessity. It may be asked here, what there was of such importance in the diet to cause Daniel to avoid it? This seems to be a kind of superstition, or at least Daniel may have been too morose in rejecting the king’s diet. We know that to the pure all things are pure, and this rule applies to all ages. We read nothing of this kind concerning Joseph, and very likely Daniel used all food promiscuously, since he was treated by the king with great honor. This, then, was not perpetual with Daniel; for he might seem an inconsiderate zealot, or this might be ascribed, as we have said, to too much moresoness. If Daniel only for a time rejected the royal food, it was a mark of levity and inconsistency afterwards to allow himself that liberty from which he had for the time abstained. But if he did this with judgment and reason, why did he not persist in his purpose? I answer, — Daniel abstained at first from the luxuries of the court to escape being tampered with. It was lawful for him and his companions to feed on any kind of diet, but he perceived the king’s intention. We know how far enticements prevail to deceive us; especially when we are treated daintily; and experience shows us how difficult it is to be moderate when all is affluence around us, for luxury follows immediately on plenty. Such conduct is, indeed, too common, and the virtue of abstinence is rarely exercised when there is an abundance of provisions. But this is not the whole reason which weighed with Daniel. Sobriety and abstinence are not simply praised here, since many twist this passage to the praise of fasting, and say Daniel’s chief virtue consisted in preferring pulse to the delicacies of a palace. For Daniel not only wished to guard himself against the delicacies of the table, since he perceived a positive danger of being eaten up by such enticements; hence he simply determined in his hem not to taste the diet of the court, desiring by his very food perpetually to recall the remembrance of his country. He wished so to live in Chaldea, as to consider himself an exile and a captive, sprung from the sacred family of Abraham. We see, then, the intention of Daniel. He desired to refrain from too great an abundance and delicacy of diet, simply to escape those snares of Satan, by which he saw himself surrounded. He was, doubtless, conscious of his own infirmity, and this also is to be reckoned to his praise, since; through distrust of himself he desired to escape from all allurements and temptations. As far as concerned the king intention, this was really a snare of the devil, as I have said. Daniel rejected it, and there is no doubt that God enlightened his mind by his Spirit as soon as he prayed to him. Hence he was unwilling to cast himself into the snares of the devil, while he voluntarily abstained from the royal diet. This is; the full meaning; of the passage. It may also be asked, Why does Daniel claim this praise, as His own, which was shared equally with his companions? for he was not the only one who rejected the royal diet. It is necessary to take notice, how from his childhood he was, governed by the Spirit of God, that the confidence and influence of his teaching might be the greater; hence he speaks peculiarly of himself, not for the sake of boasting, but to obtain confidence in his teaching, and to show himself to have been for a long period formed and polished by God for the prophetic office. We must also remember that he was the adviser of his companions; for this course might never have come into their minds, and they might have been corrupted, unless they had been admonished by Daniel. God, therefore, wished Daniel to be a leader and master to his companions, to induce them to adopt the same abstinence. Hence also we gather, that as each of us is endued more fruitfully with the grace of the Spirit, so should we feel bound to instruct others. It will not be sufficient for any one to restrain himself and thus to discharge his own duty, under the teaching of God’s Spirit, unless he also extend his hand to others, and endeavor to unite in an alliance of piety, and of the fear and worship of God. Such an example is here proposed to us in Daniel, who not only rejected the delicacies of the palace, by which he might be intoxicated and even poisoned; but he also advised and persuaded his companions to adopt the same course. This is the reason why he calls tasting the king’s food pollution or abomination, though, as I have said, there was nothing abominable in it of itself. Daniel was at liberty to eat and drink at the loyal table, but the abomination arose from the consequences. Before the time of these four persons living in Chaldea., they doubtless partook of ordinary food after the usual manner, and were permitted to eat whatever was offered to them. They did not ask for pulse when at an inn, or on their journey; but they began to desire it when the king wished to infect them with his delicacies, and to induce them if possible to prefer that condition to returning to their own friends. When they perceived the object of his snares, then it became both a pollution and abomination to feed on those dainties, and to eat, at the king’s table. Thus we may ascertain the reason why Daniel thought himself polluted if he fared sumptuously and partook of the royal diet; he was conscious, as we have already observed, of his own infirmities, and wished to take timely precautions, lest he should be enticed by such snares, and fall away f
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pericope/per-dan-1-002
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source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
### 칼빈의 다니엘 1:8 주석
여기서 다니엘은 그가 벗어나거나 피할 수 없었던 것에 대한 그의 인내를 보여준다. 그러나 그 동안 하나님의 두려움에서 떠나거나 자신의 혈통에서 낯선 자가 되지 않으려 했고, 자신의 기원에 대한 기억을 항상 간직하며 순결하고 흠 없는 진실한 하나님의 예배자로 남아 있었다. 따라서 그는 말한다—자신이 왕의 음식과 음료로 더럽히지 않겠다고 마음에 결단했으며, 위탁되어 있는 장관에게 이 필요에 내몰리지 않도록 요청했다고. 여기서 물을 수 있다. 왕의 음식에 무슨 그처럼 중요한 것이 있어서 다니엘이 그것을 피하게 했는가? 이것은 일종의 미신처럼 보이거나, 적어도 다니엘이 왕의 음식을 거부하는 데 있어 너무 완고한 것처럼 보일 수 있다. 우리는 순결한 자에게 모든 것이 순결하다는 것을 안다. 이 규칙은 모든 시대에 적용된다. 요셉에 관해서는 이런 종류의 것을 읽지 못한다. 다니엘도 왕에게 큰 영예로 대접받았으므로 아마도 모든 음식을 무분별하게 먹었을 것이다. 그렇다면 이것은 다니엘에게 영구적인 것이 아니었다. 그가 무분별한 열심가처럼 보이거나, 앞서 말했듯이 지나친 완고함 탓으로 돌려질 수 있기 때문이다. 다니엘이 일시적으로만 왕의 음식을 거부했다면, 그것은 나중에 그가 일시적으로 삼가했던 그 자유를 허락한 것에서 경박함과 일관성 없음의 표시였을 것이다. 그러나 만일 그가 판단과 이유로 이것을 했다면, 왜 그는 자신의 목적을 계속하지 않았는가? 나는 답한다—다니엘은 처음에 조작당하지 않으려고 궁의 사치품을 삼갔다. 그와 그의 동료들은 어떤 종류의 음식이든 먹는 것이 허락되었지만, 그는 왕의 의도를 인식했다. 우리는 유혹이 우리를 속이는 데 얼마나 멀리 가는지 안다. 특히 진수성찬으로 대접받을 때 그렇다. 경험은 주위가 온통 풍요로울 때 절제하기가 얼마나 어려운지 보여준다. 풍부함에는 사치가 즉시 따르기 때문이다. 그러나 이것이 다니엘에게 영향을 미친 전체 이유가 아니다. 절제와 금욕 자체가 여기서 단순히 칭찬받는 것이 아니다. 많은 이들이 이 본문을 금식에 대한 칭찬으로 왜곡하며 다니엘의 주된 덕이 궁의 진수성찬보다 채소를 선호한 것에 있었다고 말한다. 다니엘은 단지 식탁의 진수성찬을 막으려는 것뿐만 아니라, 그 유혹들에 먹혀버리는 실제 위험을 인식했기 때문이다. 따라서 그는 단순히 궁의 음식을 맛보지 않겠다고 마음에 결단했다. 그 음식으로 자신의 나라에 대한 기억을 항상 되살리기 원했다. 그는 갈대아에서 포로와 유배자로서, 아브라함의 거룩한 가족 출신으로 자신을 여기며 살기를 원했다. 우리는 이제 다니엘의 의도를 본다. 그는 식탁의 지나친 풍요와 진수성찬을 삼가기를 원했다. 단순히 자신을 둘러싸고 있음을 본 마귀의 함정을 피하기 위해서였다. 의심할 것 없이 그는 자신의 연약함을 알았고, 이것도 그의 칭찬에 돌려져야 한다. 자신을 신뢰하지 않아 모든 유혹과 미혹에서 피하기를 원했기 때문이다. 왕의 의도에 관해서는, 이것은 실제로 마귀의 함정이었다. 다니엘은 그것을 거부했고, 그가 하나님께 기도하자마자 하나님이 자신의 영으로 그의 마음을 밝혀주셨다는 것은 의심의 여지가 없다. 따라서 왕의 음식을 자발적으로 삼감으로써 마귀의 함정에 자신을 던지려 하지 않았다.
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원주석
- 번역원본
commentary-section/cal-dan-1-8-8(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역
9절 카드 ↗
Daniel, yesterday, related what he had asked from the master to whose care he had been committed, he now inserts his sentence, to show this demand to be quite unobjectionable, since the prefect of the eunuchs treated him kindly. The crime would have been fatal had Daniel been brought into the king’s presence. Although very probably he did not use the word “pollution,” and openly and directly call the royal diet a “defilement,” yet it, may be easily conjectured from these words which he now records, that he asked the prefect to be permitted to eat pulse, because he did not think himself permitted to partake of the royal diet. We yesterday gave the reason; but the king of Babylon would immediately have been angry, had he known this. What! he would say, I honor those captives, when I might abuse them as slaves; nay, I nourish them delicately like my own children. and yet they reject my food, as if I were polluted. This, therefore, is the reason why Daniel here relates his being in favor with that prefect. For, as we shall see in the next verse, the prefect simply denied his request. Where was then any favor shown? But though he was not willing to acquiesce in the prayers of Daniel, he showed a singular kindness in not taking him before the king, since courtiers are ready for any accusation for the sake of obtaining favor. Then, very probably, the prefect would know that this had been granted to Daniel by his servant. If then there was any connivance on the part of the prefect, this is the favor and pity of which Daniel now speaks. His intention, then, is by no means doubtful, since he did not hesitate to adopt a different course of life, in order to remain pure and spotless, and uncontaminated with the delicacies of the palace of Babylon. He expresses how he escaped the danger, because the perfect treated him kindly, when he might have instantly caused his death. But we must notice the form of speech here used; — God placed him in favor and pity before that prefect He might have used the usual phrase, merely saying he was favorably treated; but, as he found a barbarian so humane and merciful, he ascribes this benefit to God. This phrase, as we have expounded it, is customary with the Hebrews; as when it is said, ( Psalms 106:46 ,) God gave the Jews favor in the sight of the heathen who had led them captive; meaning, he took care that their conquerors should not rage so cruelly against them as they had done at first. For we know how the Jews were often treated harshly, roughly, and contemptuously. Since this inhumanity was here mitigated, the Prophet attributes it to God, who prepared mercies for his people. The result is this, — Daniel obtained favor with the prefect, since God bent the heart of a man, otherwise unsoftened, to clemency and humanity. His object in this narrative is to urge us to greater earnestness in duty, if we have to undergo any difficulties when God calls us. It often happens that we cannot discharge everything which God requires and exacts without imminent danger to our lives. Sloth and softness naturally creep over us, and induce us to reject the cross. Daniel, therefore, gives us courage to obey God and his commands, and here states his favor with the prefect, since God granted his servant favor while faithfully performing his duty. Hence let us learn to cast our care upon God when worldly terror oppresses us, or when men forbid us with threats to obey God’s commands. Here let us acknowledge the power of God’s hand to turn the hearts of those who rage against us, and to flee us from all danger. This, then, is the reason why Daniel says the prefect was kind to him. Meanwhile, we gather the general doctrine from this passage, that men’s hearts are divinely governed, while it shows us how God softens their iron hardness, and turns the wolf into the lamb. For when he brought his people out of Egypt, he gave them favor with the Egyptians, so that they carried with them their most precious vessels. It is clear enough that the Egyptians were hostile towards the Israelites. Why then did they so freely offer them the most valuable of their household goods? Only beck, use the Lord inspired their hearts with new affections. So, again, the Lord can exasperate our friends, and cause them afterwards to rise up in hostility against us. Let us perceive, then, that on both sides the will is in God’s power, either to bend the hearts of men to humanity, or to harden those which were naturally tender. It is true, indeed, that every one has a peculiar disposition from his birth some are ferocious, warlike, and sanguinary; others are mild, humane, and tractable. This variety springs from God’s secret ordination; but God not only forms every one’s disposition at his birth, but every day and every moment, if it seems good to him, changes every one’s affections. He also blinds men’s minds, and rouses them again from their stupor. For we sometimes see the rudest men endued with much acuteness, and show a singular contrivance in action, and others who excel in foresight, are at fault when they have need of judgment and discretion. We must consider the minds and hearts of men to be so governed by God’s secret instinct, that he changes their affections just as he pleases. Hence there is no reason why we should so greatly fear our enemies, although they vomit forth their rage with open mouth, and are overflowing with cruelty; for they can be turned aside by the Lord. And thus let us learn from the example of Daniel to go on fearlessly in our course, and not to turn aside, even if the whole world should oppose us; since God can easily and readily remove all impediments and we shall find those who were formerly most cruel, become humane when the Lord wishes to spare us. We now understand the sense of the words of this verse, as well as the Prophet’s intention. It follows — return to ' Top of Page ' <a name="verse-10" class="com-number"
Pericope (part_of)
- part_of
pericope/per-dan-1-002
절 (explains)
Source
source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
### 칼빈의 다니엘 1:9 주석
다니엘은 어제 그가 맡겨진 장관에게 요청한 것을 기록했다. 이제 그는 자신의 판결을 삽입하는데, 환관장이 그에게 친절하게 대했으므로 이 요청이 전적으로 반박할 수 없는 것임을 보여주기 위해서였다. 다니엘을 왕 앞에 데려갔다면 그 죄는 치명적이었을 것이다. 아마도 그는 '더럽힘'이라는 단어를 사용하지 않고, 왕의 음식을 공개적으로 직접 '오염'이라고 부르지 않았을 것이다. 그러나 그가 이제 기록하는 이 말들로부터, 그가 채소를 먹도록 허락해달라고 장관에게 요청했다는 것을 쉽게 추측할 수 있다. 왕의 음식에 참여하는 것이 허락되지 않는다고 생각했기 때문이다. 우리는 어제 이유를 제시했다. 그러나 바벨론 왕은 이것을 알았다면 즉시 화를 냈을 것이다. 그가 말했을 것이다, "나는 노예로 학대할 수도 있었는데 저 포로들을 영예롭게 여겼다. 내 자녀들처럼 진수성찬으로 먹이는데, 내가 더럽혀진 것처럼 음식을 거부한다." 이것이 다니엘이 여기서 그 장관이 자신에게 친절했다는 것을 기록하는 이유다. 다음 절에서 보게 될 것처럼 장관은 단순히 그의 요청을 거부했다. 그렇다면 어떤 친절이 보여졌는가? 비록 그가 다니엘의 기도에 따르기를 원치 않았지만, 그를 왕 앞에 데려가지 않음으로써 특별한 친절을 보였다. 신하들은 총애를 얻기 위해 어떤 고발도 할 준비가 되어 있기 때문이다. 그 다음 아마도 장관은 그 하인을 통해 다니엘에게 이것이 허락되었다는 것을 알았을 것이다. 따라서 장관의 어떤 묵인이 있었다면, 이것이 다니엘이 이제 말하는 그 친절과 긍휼이다. 그의 의도는 결코 모호하지 않다. 바벨론 궁의 진수성찬으로 더럽혀지지 않고 순결하고 흠 없이 남기 위해 다른 삶의 방식을 채택하는 것을 두려워하지 않았다. 위험에서 어떻게 피했는지를 표현한다. 장관이 즉시 그의 죽음을 초래할 수 있었는데도 그에게 친절하게 대했기 때문이다. 그러나 여기서 사용된 표현 형식을 주목해야 한다—하나님이 그를 그 장관 앞에서 은혜와 긍휼 안에 두셨다고. 그가 호의적으로 대우받았다고 단순히 말할 수도 있었을 것이다. 그러나 야만인이 그토록 인도적이고 자비로움을 발견했으므로 이 유익을 하나님께 돌린다. 이 표현은 우리가 설명한 대로 히브리인들에게 관습적이다. 시편 106:46에서 하나님이 유대인들에게 그들을 포로로 끌어간 이방인의 눈에 은혜를 주셨다고 할 때처럼. 그들의 정복자들이 처음에 했던 것처럼 그토록 잔인하게 분노하지 않도록 돌보셨다는 의미다. 우리는 유대인들이 종종 가혹하고 거칠게, 경멸적으로 대우받았다는 것을 안다. 이 비인간성이 여기서 완화되었으므로 선지자는 이것을 백성을 위해 자비를 준비하신 하나님께 돌린다.
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원주석
- 번역원본
commentary-section/cal-dan-1-9-9(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역
10절 카드 ↗
Daniel suffers a repulse from the prefect; and truly, as I have lately remarked, his humanity is not praised through his listening to Daniel’s wish and prayer; but through his burying in silence whatever might have brought him into difficulties. And his friendship appears in this; for although he denies his request, yet he does so mildly and civilly, as if he had said he would willingly grant it unless he had feared the king’s anger. This, therefore, is the meaning, — the prefect, though he did not dare to comply with Daniel’s request, yet treated both him and his companions kindly by not endangering their lives. He says, — he was afraid of the king who had ordered the food He is not to be blamed as if he feared man more than the living God, for he could not have any knowledge of God. Although he may have been persuaded that Daniel made his request in the earnest, pursuit of piety, yet he did not think himself authorized to comply; for he thought the Jews had their peculiar method of worship, but meanwhile he clung entirely to the religion of Babylon. Just as many profane persons now think us quite right in casting away superstitions, but yet they slumber in this error, — it is lawful for themselves to live in the ancient manner, since they were so brought up and instructed by their forefathers. Hence they use rites which they allow to be disapproved by us. So also this prefect might feel rightly concerning Daniel and his associates; at the same time he was not so touched by them as to desire to learn the difference between the two religions. Therefore he simply excuses himself, as not being at liberty to grant Daniel’s request, since this would endanger his own head with the king. It now follows — return to ' Top of Page ' <a name="verse-11" class="com-number"
Pericope (part_of)
- part_of
pericope/per-dan-1-002
절 (explains)
Source
source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
### 칼빈의 다니엘 1:10 주석
다니엘은 장관에게서 거절당한다. 그러나 최근에 언급한 것처럼 그의 인간성은 다니엘의 요청과 기도를 들음으로써가 아니라, 그를 어려움에 빠뜨릴 수 있는 것은 무엇이든 침묵 속에 묻음으로써 칭찬받는다. 그리고 이것에서 그의 우정이 나타난다. 비록 그가 요청을 거부하지만 온화하고 예의 바르게 하는데, 마치 왕의 진노를 두려워하지 않았다면 기꺼이 허락했을 것이라고 말하는 것 같다. 따라서 이것이 의미하는 것이다—장관이 다니엘의 요청에 따르기를 감히 하지 못했지만, 그들의 생명을 위험에 빠뜨리지 않음으로써 다니엘과 그의 동료들 모두에게 친절하게 대했다. 그는 말한다—그가 음식을 명한 왕을 두려워했다고. 그가 살아 계신 하나님보다 사람을 더 두려워한 것처럼 책망받을 수는 없다. 그는 하나님에 대한 어떤 지식도 가질 수 없었기 때문이다. 비록 그가 다니엘이 경건의 진지한 추구에서 요청했다고 설득되었더라도, 그는 자신이 따를 권한이 있다고 생각하지 않았다. 유대인들은 자신들의 특별한 예배 방법이 있지만 그는 온전히 바벨론의 종교에 집착했기 때문이다. 많은 불경건한 자들이 지금도 우리가 미신들을 버리는 것이 완전히 옳다고 생각하지만, 고대 방식대로 사는 것이 자신들에게 허락된다는 이 오류 속에서 잠든다. 조상들로부터 그렇게 양육받고 가르침받았기 때문이다. 따라서 그들은 우리에 의해 비승인된다는 것을 인정하는 예식들을 사용한다. 그러므로 이 장관도 다니엘과 그의 동료들에 대해 올바르게 느낄 수 있었다. 그러나 그는 두 종교의 차이를 배우기를 원할 만큼 그들에게 감동받지 않았다. 따라서 그는 단순히 자신의 처지를 변명한다. 다니엘의 요청에 응할 자유가 없다고, 이것이 왕과 관련하여 자신의 목숨을 위험하게 할 것이기 때문이라고.
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원주석
- 번역원본
commentary-section/cal-dan-1-10-10(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역
11절 카드 ↗
Since Daniel understood from the answer of the prefect that he could not obtain his wish, he now addresses his servant. For the prefect had many servants under him, according to the custom of important stewardships. Most probably the steward’s duty was similar to that of the Chief Steward of the Household, (93) as it exists at this time in France. Daniel and his companions were under the care of one of these servants; Daniel descends to this remedy and obtains his wish, though, as we shall see, not without some artifice. And here Daniel’s singular constancy is observable, who after trying the matter once in vain, did not cease to pursue the same object It is a clear and serious proof of our faith, when we are not fatigued when anything adverse occurs, and never consider the way closed against us. Then if we do not retrace our steps, but try all ways, we truly show the root of piety fixed in our hearts. It might have seemed excusable in Daniel, after he had met with his first repulse; for who would not have said he had discharged his duty, and that an obstacle had prevailed over him! But; since he did not prevail with the chief prefect, he goes to his servant. Thus voluntarily to incur risk was the result of no common prudence. For this servant could not make the same objection, as we have just heard the prefect did. Without doubt he had heard of Daniel’s request, and of his repulse and denial; hence Daniel is beforehand with him, and shows how the servant may comply without the slightest danger; as if he had said, — We, indeed, did not obtain our wish from the prefect because he was afraid of his life, but I have now thought of a new scheme by which you may both gratify us and yet not become chargeable with any crime, as the whole matter will be unknown. Try thy servants, therefore, for ten days, and prove them; let nothing but pulse be given us to eat and water to drink If after that time our faces are fresh and plump, no suspicion will attach to time, and no one will be persuaded that we are not treated delicately according to the king’s commandment. Since, then, this proof will be sufficiently safe for thee, and cautious enough for us both, there is no reason why you should reject our prayers. Besides, without the slightest doubt, when Daniel brought this forward, he was directed by God’s Spirit to this act of prudence, and was also impelled to make this request. By the singular gift of the Holy Spirit Daniel invented this method of bending the mind of the servant under whose care he was placed. We must hold, then, that this was not spoken rashly or of his own will, but by the instinct of the Holy Spirit. It would not have been duty but rashness, if Daniel had been the author of this plan, and had not been assured by the Lord of its prosperous issue. Without doubt he had some secret revelation on the subject; and if the servant allowed him and His associates to feed on pulse, it was a happy answer to his prayers. Hence, I say, he would not have spoken thus, except under the guidance and command of the Spirit. And this is worthy of notice, since we often permit ourselves to do many things which turn out badly, because we are carried away by the mere feelings of the flesh, and do not consider what is pleasing to God. It is not surprising, then, when men indulge in various expectations, if they feel themselves deceived at last, since every one occasionally imposes upon himself by foolish hopes, and thus frustrates his designs. Indeed, it is not our province to promise ourselves any success. Hence let us notice how Daniel had not undertaken or approached the present business with any foolish zeal; and did not speak without due consideration, but was assured of the event by the Spirit of God. But he says, let pulse be put before us to eat, and water to drink We see, then, that the foul youths did not abstain from the royal food for fear of pollution; for there was no law to prevent any one drinking wine, except the Nazarites, ( Numbers 6:2 ,) and they might eat of any kind of flesh, of which there was abundance at the royal table. Whence then sprang this scrupulousness? because, as we said yesterday, Daniel was unwilling to accustom himself to the delicacies of the palace, which would cause him to become degenerate. He wished, therefore, to nourish his body not only frugally, but abstemiously, and not to indulge in these tastes; for although he was raised to the highest honors, he was always the same as if still among the most wretched captives. There is no occasion for seeking other reasons for this abstinence of Daniel’s. For he might have fed on ordinary bread and other less delicate food; but he was content with pulse, and was continually lamenting and nourishing in his mind the remembrance of his country, of which he would have been directly forgetful if he had been plunged into those luxuries of the palace. It follows — (93) Du grand Escuyer . — Fr. Trans. return to ' Top of Page ' <a name="verse-15" class="com-number"
Pericope (part_of)
- part_of
pericope/per-dan-1-002
절 (explains)
Source
source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
### 칼빈의 다니엘 1:11 주석
다니엘이 장관의 대답에서 자신의 요청을 얻을 수 없음을 알았으므로, 이제 그는 하인에게 말을 건넨다. 장관은 중요한 집사직의 관습에 따라 그 아래 많은 하인들을 두었기 때문이다. 아마도 집사의 직무는 현재 프랑스에서 존재하는 왕실 시종장과 유사했을 것이다. 다니엘과 그의 동료들은 이 하인들 중 하나의 보호 아래 있었다. 다니엘은 이 방책으로 내려가서 나중에 보게 될 것처럼 어떤 계략 없이는 아니지만 그의 요청을 얻는다. 여기서 다니엘의 놀라운 항구함이 주목할 만한데, 처음에 헛되이 그 일을 시도한 후에도 같은 목적을 추구하기를 그치지 않았다. 무언가 역경이 발생할 때 피곤해하지 않고 결코 길이 우리에게 닫혔다고 생각하지 않는 것은 우리 믿음의 분명하고 진지한 증거다. 그런 다음 우리가 되돌아가지 않고 모든 방법을 시도한다면, 우리는 경건의 뿌리가 마음 속에 뿌리내렸음을 참으로 보여주는 것이다. 다니엘이 첫 번째 거절을 당한 후 그에게 변명할 수 있었던 것 같다. 그가 자신의 의무를 다했고 장애물이 그를 이겼다고 누가 말하지 않았겠는가! 그러나 수석 장관에게 이기지 못했으므로 그는 하인에게 간다. 그리하여 자발적으로 위험을 감수하는 것이 평범하지 않은 신중함의 결과였다. 이 하인은 우리가 방금 들은 것처럼 장관이 한 것과 같은 반론을 할 수 없었다. 의심할 것 없이 그는 다니엘의 요청에 대해, 그리고 그의 거절과 거부에 대해 들었다. 따라서 다니엘이 먼저 나서며, 어떻게 하면 하인이 조금의 위험도 없이 응할 수 있는지 보여준다. 마치 그가 말하는 것과 같다—우리는 생명을 두려워하여 장관에게서 우리의 요청을 얻지 못했다. 그러나 나는 이제 새로운 계획을 생각했는데, 당신이 우리를 만족시키면서도 어떤 범죄로도 책임지지 않을 수 있는 방법이다. 그 전체 사안이 알려지지 않을 것이기 때문이다. 따라서 10일 동안 당신의 종들을 시험하고 입증하라. 채소 외에 아무것도 우리에게 먹을 것으로 주지 말고 물을 마시게 하라. 그 시간 후에 우리의 얼굴이 신선하고 살찌면 당신에게 아무런 의심이 부착되지 않고, 우리가 왕의 명령에 따라 진수성찬으로 대접받지 않았다는 것을 아무도 설득되지 않을 것이다. 이 증명이 당신에게 충분히 안전하고 우리 둘 모두에게 신중하므로, 우리의 기도를 거부할 이유가 없다. 게다가 의심할 것 없이 다니엘이 이것을 제안했을 때, 그는 이 신중의 행위를 위해 하나님의 영의 인도를 받았고 이 요청을 하도록 충동받았다. 성령의 특별한 은사로 다니엘은 자신이 배치된 하인의 마음을 구부리는 이 방법을 고안했다. 따라서 이것이 무모하게 혹은 자신의 의지로 말한 것이 아니라 성령의 충동으로 말한 것임을 주장해야 한다.
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원주석
- 번역원본
commentary-section/cal-dan-1-11-11(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역
15절 카드 ↗
Now this surprising event took place, — Daniel contracted neither leanness nor debility from that mean food, but his face was as shirting as if he had continued to feed most delicately; hence we gather as I have already said, that he was divinely impelled to persist firmly in his own design, and not to pollute himself with the royal diet. God, therefore, testified by the result that he had advised Daniel and his companions in this their prayer and proposal. It is clear enough that there is no necessary virtue in bread to nourish us; for we are nourished by God’s secret blessing, as Moses says, Man lives not by bread alone, ( Deuteronomy 8:3 ,) implying that the bread itself does not impart strength to men, for the bread has no life in it; how then can it afford us life? As bread possesses no virtue by itself, we are nourished by the word of God; and because God has determined that our life shall be sustained by nourishment, he has breathed its virtue into the bread — but, meanwhile, we ought to consider our life sustained neither by bread nor any other food, but by the secret blessing of God. For Moses does not speak here of either doctrine or spiritual life, but says our bodily life is cherished by God’s favor, who has endued bread and other food with their peculiar properties. This, at least, is certain, — whatever food we feed on, we are nourished and sustained by God’s gratuitous power. But the example which Daniel here mentions was singular. Hence God, as I have said, shews, by the event, how Daniel could not remain pure and spotless with his companions, otherwise than by being content with pulse and water. We must observe, for our improvement, in the first place, — we should be very careful not to become slaves of the palate, and thus be drawn off from our duty and from obedience and the fear of God, when we ought to live sparingly and be free from all luxuries. We see a this day how many feel it a very great cross if they cannot indulge at the tables of the rich, which are filled with abundance and variety of food. Others are so hardened in the enjoyment of luxuries, that they cannot be content with moderation; hence they are always wallowing in their own filth, being quite unable to renounce the delights of the palate. But Daniel sufficiently shews us, when God not only reduces us to want, but when, if necessary, all indulgences must be spontaneously rejected. Daniel indeed, as we saw yesterday, does not attach any virtue to abstinence from one kind of food or another; and all we have hitherto learnt has no other object than to teach him to guard against imminent danger, to avoid passing over to the morals of a strange nation, and so to conduct himself at Babylon as not to forget himself as a son of Abraham. But still it was necessary to renounce the luxuries of the court. Although delicate viands were provided, he rejected them of his own accord; since, as we have seen, it would be deadly pollution, not in itself but in its consequences. Thus Moses, when he fled from Egypt, passed into a new life far different from his former one; for he had lived luxuriously and honorably in the king’s palace, as if he had been the king’s grandson. But he lived sparingly in the Desert afterwards, and obtained his support by very toilsome labor. He preferred, says the Apostle, the cross of Christ to the riches of Egypt. ( Hebrews 11:26 .) How so? Because he could not be esteemed an Egyptian and retain the favor which had been promised to the sons of Abraham. It was a kind of self-denial always to remain in the king’s palace. We may take this test as a true proof of our frugality and temperance, if we are able to satisfy the appetite when God compels us to endure poverty and want; nay, if we can spurn the delicacies which are at hand but tend to our destruction. For it would be very frivolous to subsist entirely on pulse and water; as greater intemperance sometimes displays itself in pulse than in the best and most dainty dishes. If any one in weak health desires pulse and other such food which is injurious, he will surely be condemned for intemperance. But if he feeds on nourishing diet, as they say, and thus sustains himself, frugality will have its praise. If any one through desire of water, and being too voracious, rejects wine, this as we well know would not be praiseworthy. Hence we ought not to subsist on this kind of food to discover the greatness of Daniel’s virtue. But we ought always to direct our minds to the object of his design, namely, what he wished and what was in his power — so to live under the sway of the king of Babylon, that his whole condition should be distinct from that of the nation at large, and never to forget himself as an Israelite — and unless there had been this great difference, Daniel would have been unable to sharpen himself and to shake off his torpor, or to rouse himself from it. Daniel necessarily kept before his mind some manifest and remarkable difference which separated him from the Chaldeans; he desired pulse and water, through the injurious effects of good living. Lastly, this passage teaches us, although we should meet with nothing but the roots and leaves of trees, and even if the earth herself should deny us the least blade of grass, yet God by his blessing can make us healthy and active no less than those who abound in every comfort. God’s liberality, however, is never to be despised when he nourishes us with bread and wine and other diet; for Paul enumerates, among things worthy of praise, his knowing how to bear both abundance and penury. ( Philippians 4:12 ) When, therefore, God bountifully offers us both meat and drink, we may soberly and frugally drink wine and cat savory food; but when he takes away from us bread and water, so that we suffer from famine, we shall find his blessing sufficient for us instead of all nutriment. For we see that Daniel and his companions were ruddy and plump, and even remarkably robust by feeding on nothing but pulse
Pericope (part_of)
- part_of
pericope/per-dan-1-003
절 (explains)
Source
source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
### 칼빈의 다니엘 1:15 주석
이제 이 놀라운 사건이 일어났다—다니엘은 그 형편없는 음식에서 여윔이나 허약함을 입지 않았고, 오히려 마치 가장 진수성찬으로 계속 먹은 것처럼 얼굴이 빛났다. 따라서 앞서 말한 것처럼, 그가 자신의 계획을 확고히 따르고 왕의 음식으로 자신을 더럽히지 않도록 신성하게 충동받았다는 것을 알 수 있다. 그러므로 하나님은 결과를 통해 그가 다니엘과 그의 동료들에게 이 기도와 제안에서 조언하셨다는 것을 증거하셨다. 빵에 우리를 먹이는 필요한 능력이 없다는 것은 충분히 명백하다. 모세가 말한 대로 우리는 하나님의 비밀스러운 축복으로 먹여진다. "사람이 빵으로만 사는 것이 아니다"(신 8:3). 빵 자체가 사람에게 힘을 부여하는 것이 아님을 암시한다. 빵에는 생명이 없기 때문이다. 그렇다면 어떻게 우리에게 생명을 줄 수 있겠는가? 빵은 자체적으로 아무런 능력이 없으므로, 우리는 하나님의 말씀으로 먹여진다. 하나님이 우리의 생명이 영양으로 유지되어야 한다고 정하셨기 때문에, 그는 자신의 능력을 빵에 불어넣으셨다—그러나 그 동안 우리는 빵이나 어떤 다른 음식이 아니라 하나님의 비밀스러운 축복으로 생명이 유지된다는 것을 고려해야 한다. 우리가 어떤 음식을 먹든 하나님의 값없는 능력으로 영양을 받고 유지된다는 것은 적어도 확실하다. 그러나 다니엘이 여기서 언급하는 예는 특별한 것이었다. 따라서 하나님은 앞서 말한 것처럼, 다니엘이 채소와 물에 만족하는 것 외에 동료들과 함께 순결하고 흠 없이 남을 수 없었다는 것을 결과로 보여주신다. 먼저 우리의 유익을 위해 관찰해야 한다—우리가 입맛의 노예가 되어 의무와 순종, 하나님의 두려움에서 멀어지지 않도록 매우 조심해야 한다. 검소하게 살고 모든 사치에서 자유로워야 할 때 말이다. 우리는 오늘날 어떤 이들이 풍요와 다양한 음식으로 가득 찬 부자들의 식탁에서 먹을 수 없다면 매우 큰 십자가로 느끼는 것을 본다. 다른 이들은 사치를 즐기는 데 너무 굳어져서 절제에 만족할 수 없다. 따라서 그들은 입맛의 기쁨을 전혀 포기할 수 없어 항상 자신의 더러움 속에서 뒹군다. 그러나 다니엘은 우리에게 충분히 보여준다. 하나님이 우리를 결핍에 이르게 하실 때뿐만 아니라, 필요하다면 모든 탐닉을 자발적으로 거부해야 한다는 것을. 다니엘은 실제로 앞서 보았듯이 한 종류의 음식과 다른 음식의 절제에 어떤 덕도 부여하지 않는다. 우리가 지금까지 배운 모든 것은 다음 외에 다른 목적이 없다. 즉 임박한 위험을 막고, 낯선 나라의 풍속으로 넘어가는 것을 피하며, 아브라함의 아들로서 자신을 잊지 않도록 바벨론에서 행동하도록 가르치는 것이다. 하지만 여전히 궁의 사치를 포기하는 것이 필요했다. 진수성찬이 제공되었지만 그는 스스로 거부했다. 앞서 보았듯이 그 자체로는 아니지만 그 결과로는 치명적인 오염이 될 것이기 때문이다.
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원주석
- 번역원본
commentary-section/cal-dan-1-15-15(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역
16절 카드 ↗
After Melsar saw it possible to gratify Daniel and his companions without danger and promote his own profit, he was humane and easily dealt with, and had no need of long disputation. For an intervening obstacle often deters us from the pursuit of gain, and we forbear to seek what we very much crave when it requires oppressive labor; but when our profit is at hand, and we are freed from all danger, then every one naturally pursues it. We see, then, what Daniel means in this verse, namely, when Melsar saw the usefulness of this plan, and the possibility of his gaining by the diet assigned by the king to the four youths, then he gave them pulse. But we must notice also Daniel’s intention. He wishes to shew that we ought not to ascribe it to the kindness of man, that he and his companions could preserve themselves pure and unspotted. Why so? Because he never could have obtained anything from this man Melsar, until he perceived it could be granted safely. Since, therefore, Melsar consulted his own advantage and his private interest, and wished to escape all risks and hazards, we easily gather that the benefit is not to be ascribed entirely to him. Daniel and his companions obtained their wish, but God’s providence rendered this man tractable, and governed the whole event. Meanwhile, God openly shews how all the praise was due to himself, purposely to exercise the gratitude of Daniel and his associates. return to ' Top of Page ' <a name="verse-17" class="com-number"
Pericope (part_of)
- part_of
pericope/per-dan-1-003
절 (explains)
Source
source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
### 칼빈의 다니엘 1:16 주석
멜사르가 다니엘과 그의 동료들을 위험 없이 만족시키고 자신의 이익도 도모할 수 있음을 보자, 그는 인도적이어서 쉽게 다루어졌고 긴 논쟁이 필요하지 않았다. 종종 중간의 장애물이 우리를 이익 추구에서 막는데, 어렵고 억압적인 노동을 요구할 때는 매우 원하는 것도 구하지 않는다. 그러나 이익이 가까이 있고 모든 위험에서 자유로울 때는 누구나 자연스럽게 그것을 추구한다. 따라서 우리는 이 절에서 다니엘이 의미하는 것을 본다. 멜사르가 이 계획의 유용성과 왕이 그 네 청년들에게 배정한 음식으로 이익을 얻을 가능성을 보자, 그는 그들에게 채소를 주었다. 그러나 다니엘의 의도도 주목해야 한다. 그는 자신과 동료들이 순결하고 흠 없이 지낼 수 있었던 것을 인간의 친절에 돌려서는 안 된다는 것을 보여주려 한다. 왜? 왜냐하면 안전하게 허락될 수 있음을 인식하기 전에는 이 사람 멜사르에게서 아무것도 얻을 수 없었기 때문이다. 따라서 멜사르가 자신의 이익과 사익을 도모하고 모든 위험과 재앙을 피하려 했으므로, 유익이 온전히 그에게 돌려져서는 안 된다는 것을 쉽게 알 수 있다. 다니엘과 그의 동료들은 요청을 얻었지만, 하나님의 섭리가 이 사람을 온순하게 했고 전체 사건을 인도하셨다.
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원주석
- 번역원본
commentary-section/cal-dan-1-16-16(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역
17절 카드 ↗
The Prophet here shows what we have already touched upon, how his authority was acquired for exercising the prophetic office with greater advantage. He ought to be distinguished by fixed marks, that the Jews first, and foreigners afterwards, might acknowledge him to be endued with the prophetic spirit. But a portion of this favor was shared with his three companions; yet he excelled them all, because God fitted him specially for his office. Here the end is to be noticed, because it would be incorrect to say that their reward was bestowed by God, because they lived both frugally and heavenly, and spontaneously abstained from the delicacies of the palace; for God had quite a different intention. For he wished, as I have already said, to extol Daniel, to enable him to shew with advantage that Israel’s God is the only God; and as he wished his companions to excel hereafter in political government, he presented them also with some portion of his Spirit. But it is worthwhile to set Daniel before our eyes; because, as I have said, before God appointed him his Prophet, he wished to adorn him with his own insignia, to procure confidence in his teaching. He says, therefore, to those four boys, or youths, knowledge and science were given in all literature and wisdom Daniel was endued with a very singular gift — he was to be an interpreter of dreams, and an explainer of visions. Since Daniel here speaks of literature, without doubt he simply means the liberal arts, and does not comprehend the magical arts which flourished then and afterwards in Chaldea. We know that nothing was sincere among unbelievers; and, on the other hand, I have previously admonished you, that Daniel was not imbued with the superstitions in those days highly esteemed in that nation. Through discontent with genuine science, they corrupted the study of the stars; but Daniel and his associates were so brought up among the Chaldeans, that they were not tinctured with those mixtures and corruptions which ought always to be separated from true science. It would be absurd, then, to attribute to God the approval of magical arts, which it is well known were severely prohibited and condemned by the law itself. ( Deuteronomy 18:10 .) Although God abominates those magical superstitions as the works of the devil, this does not prevent Daniel and his companions from being divinely adorned with this gift, and being very well versed in all the literature of the Chaldees. Hence this ought to be restricted to true and natural science. As it respects Daniel, he says, he understood even, visions and dreams and we know how by these two methods the Prophets were instructed in the will of God. ( Numbers 12:6 .) For while God there blames Aaron and Miriam, he affirms this to be his usual method; as often as he wishes to manifest his designs to the Prophets, he addresses them by visions and dreams. But Moses is treated out of the common order of men, because he is addressed face to face, and mouth to mouth. God, therefore, whenever he wished to make use of his Prophets, by either visions or dreams, made known to them what he wished to be proclaimed to the people. When, therefore, it is here said, — Daniel understood dreams and visions, it has the sense of being endued with the prophetic spirit. While his companions were superior masters and teachers in all kinds of literature, he alone was a Prophet of God. We now understand the object of this distinction, when an acquaintance with visions and dreams was ascribed peculiarly to Daniel. And here our previous assertion is fully confirmed, namely, that Daniel was adorned with the fullest proofs of his mission, to enable him afterwards to undertake the prophetic office with greater confidence, and acquire greater attention to his teaching. God could, indeed, prepare the in a single moment, and by striking terror and reverence into the minds of all, induce them to embrace his teaching; but he wished to raise his servant by degrees, and to bring him forth at the fitting time, and not too suddenly so that all might know by marks impressed for many years how to distinguish him from the common order of men. It afterwards follows: return to ' Top of Page ' <a name="verse-18" class="com-number"
Pericope (part_of)
- part_of
pericope/per-dan-1-004
절 (explains)
Source
source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
### 칼빈의 다니엘 1:17 주석
선지자는 여기서 우리가 이미 언급한 것, 즉 어떻게 선지자 직무를 더 큰 이익으로 수행하기 위해 권위가 얻어졌는지를 보여준다. 그는 고정된 표시들로 탁월해야 했는데, 유대인들이 먼저, 이후에 외국인들이 그가 선지자의 영을 부여받은 자로 인정할 수 있도록 하기 위해서였다. 그러나 이 은혜의 일부는 세 동료들과 함께 나누어졌다. 그러나 그는 모두를 능가했는데, 하나님이 그를 특별히 자신의 직무를 위해 준비시키셨기 때문이다. 여기서 목적이 주목되어야 한다. 그들이 검소하고 하늘에 속하게 살았고 궁의 진수성찬을 자발적으로 삼갔기 때문에 하나님으로부터 그들의 상이 수여되었다고 말하면 잘못된 것이다. 하나님의 의도는 전혀 다른 것이었기 때문이다. 앞서 말한 대로 그는 다니엘을 높이기를 원하셔서, 그로 하여금 이스라엘의 하나님이 유일한 하나님임을 유리하게 보일 수 있도록 하시기 위함이었다. 그리고 동료들이 이후에 정치적 통치에서 탁월하기를 원하셨으므로 그들에게도 자신의 영의 일부를 나누어 주셨다. 그러나 다니엘을 우리 눈앞에 두는 것이 가치 있다. 하나님이 그를 자신의 선지자로 임명하시기 전에 그를 자신의 표징들로 장식하여 이후에 더 큰 확신을 가지고 선지자 직무를 맡아 그의 가르침에 더 큰 신뢰를 얻게 하려 하신 것이다. 그는 말한다—그 네 소년이나 청년들에게 지식과 학문이 모든 문학과 지혜에 있어 주어졌다고. 다니엘은 매우 특별한 은사를 부여받았다—꿈을 해석하고 환상을 설명하는 자였다. 다니엘이 여기서 학문에 대해 말할 때, 의심할 것 없이 단순히 자유 예술을 의미한다. 당시와 이후 갈대아에서 번성했던 마술 기술들을 포함하지 않는다. 불신자들 가운데 진실한 것이 없다는 것을 우리는 안다. 반면 앞서 주의를 기울인 것처럼 다니엘이 그 민족에서 당시 높이 평가되던 미신들에 물들지 않았다는 것이다. 진정한 과학에 불만족하여 그들은 별들의 연구를 타락시켰다. 그러나 다니엘과 그의 동료들은 갈대아인들 가운데서 자라면서도 진정한 과학에서 항상 분리되어야 할 그 혼합물들과 부패들로 물들지 않았다. 따라서 하나님이 법 자체에 의해 심하게 금지되고 정죄된 마술 기술들을 승인하셨다고 말하는 것은 터무니없다(신 18:10). 하나님이 마귀의 작품들로서 그 마술 미신들을 혐오하시지만, 이것이 다니엘과 그의 동료들이 신성하게 이 은사로 장식되어 갈대아인들의 모든 학문에 매우 능숙해지는 것을 방해하지 않는다.
---
원주석
- 번역원본
commentary-section/cal-dan-1-17-17(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역
18절 카드 ↗
Now, Daniel relates how he and his companions were brought forward at a fixed time, since three years was appointed by the king for their instruction in all the science of the Chaldees and on that account the prefect of the eunuchs produces them. He shews how he and his companions were approved by the king, and were preferred to all the rest. By these words he confirms my remark, that the Lord through a long interval had adorned them with much favor, by rendering them conspicuous throughout the royal palace, while the king himself acknowledged something uncommon in them. He, as well as the courtiers, ought all to entertain such an opinion concerning these four youths, as should express his sincere reverence for them. Then God wished to illustrate his own glory, since without doubt the king was compelled to wonder how they could surpass all the Chaldeans. This monarch had spared no expense on his own people, and had not neglected to instruct them; but when he saw foreigners and captives so superior, a spirit of rivalry would naturally spring up within him. But, as I have already said, God wished to extol himself in the person of his servants, so that the king might be compelled to acknowledge something divine in these young men. Whence, then, was this superiority? for the Chaldeans boasted of their wisdom from their birth, and esteemed other nations as barbarians. The Jews, they would argue, are eminent beyond all others; verily the God whom they worship distributes at his will talent and perception, since no one is naturally gifted unless he receives this grace from heaven. God, therefore, must necessarily be glorified, because Daniel and his comrades very far surpassed the Chaldeans. Thus God usually causes his enemies to gaze with wonder on his power, even when they most completely shun the light. For what did King Nebuchadnezzar propose, but to extinguish the very remembrance of God? For he wished to have about him Jews of noble family, who should oppose the very religion in which they were born. But God frustrated this plan of the tyrant’s, and took care to make his own name more illustrious. It now follows. return to ' Top of Page ' <a name="verse-21" class="com-number"
Pericope (part_of)
- part_of
pericope/per-dan-1-004
절 (explains)
Source
source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
### 칼빈의 다니엘 1:18 주석
이제 다니엘은 3년이 왕에 의해 갈대아의 모든 학문을 교육받는 기간으로 임명되었으므로, 그와 동료들이 정해진 때에 어떻게 나타나게 되었는지를 기록한다. 그 이유로 환관장이 그들을 나타나게 한다. 그는 자신과 동료들이 왕에게 인정되고 나머지 모든 이들보다 선호되었다고 보여준다. 이 말들로 그는 오랜 기간에 걸쳐 주님이 많은 은혜로 그들을 장식하셨다는 나의 언급을 확증한다. 왕실 궁 전체에 걸쳐 눈에 띄게 되었고, 왕 자신도 그들에게서 비범한 것을 인정했다. 그와 신하들 모두 이 네 청년에 대해 그처럼 성실한 경외심을 표현하는 의견을 가져야 했다. 하나님은 또한 자신의 영광을 드러내시기를 원하셨다. 왕이 어떻게 그들이 모든 갈대아인을 능가할 수 있는지 경이로워하도록 강요받았기 때문이다. 이 군주는 자신의 백성을 위해 비용을 아끼지 않았고 그들을 교육하는 데 소홀히 하지 않았다. 그러나 외국인과 포로들이 그처럼 우월한 것을 보자, 경쟁심이 자연스럽게 그 안에서 생겨났을 것이다. 그러나 앞서 말한 것처럼 하나님은 자신의 종들의 인격으로 자신을 높이기를 원하셔서, 왕이 그 청년들에게 어떤 신성한 것이 있음을 인정하도록 강요받았다. 그렇다면 이 우월함은 어디서 왔는가? 갈대아인들은 태어날 때부터 지혜를 자랑했고 다른 민족들을 야만인으로 여겼다. 그들은 이렇게 주장했다. 유대인들이 다른 모든 이들보다 탁월하다면, 진실로 그들이 예배하는 하나님이 자신의 의지에 따라 재능과 통찰력을 나눠주신다. 이 은혜를 하늘에서 받지 않으면 누구도 자연적으로 그것을 가지지 못하기 때문이다. 그러므로 하나님이 반드시 영광받으셔야 한다. 다니엘과 그의 동료들이 갈대아인들을 훨씬 능가했기 때문이다. 따라서 하나님은 적들로 하여금 그들이 빛을 가장 완전히 피할 때조차도 자신의 능력에 경이로움으로 바라보게 하신다. 느부갓네살 왕이 제안한 것이 무엇이었는가? 하나님의 기억 자체를 없애버리는 것이었다. 그는 왕족 가문의 유대인들을 자신의 주위에 두기를 원했는데, 그들이 태어난 그 종교에 맞서도록 하기 위해서였다. 그러나 하나님은 이 폭군의 이 계획을 좌절시키시고 자신의 이름을 더욱 빛나게 하셨다.
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원주석
- 번역원본
commentary-section/cal-dan-1-18-18(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역
21절 카드 ↗
Expositors are puzzled with this verse, because, as we shall afterwards see, the Vision occurred to Daniel in the third year of Cyrus’s reign. Some explain the word היה , haiah, by to be “broken;” but this is by no means in accordance with the history. Their opinion is right who say that Daniel continued to the first year of the reign of Cyrus in the discharge of the prophetic office, although expositors do not openly say so; but I state openly what they say obscurely. For since he afterwards set out into Media, they say this change is denoted here. But we may understand the words better in the sense of Daniel’s flourishing among the Chaldeans and Assyrians, and being acknowledged as a celebrated Prophet; because he is known to have interpreted King Belshszzar’s vision, on the very night on which he was slain. The word here is simple and complete — he was — but it depends on the succeeding ones, since he always obtained the confidence and authority of a Prophet with the kings of Babylon. This, then, is the true sense. (99) (99) See the Dissertations at the end of this Volume. return to ' Top of Page ' Ezekiel Ezk 21 Daniel Dan Daniel Dan 2 Footnotes: Copyright Statement These files are public domain. Bibliographical Information Calvin, John. "Commentary on Daniel 1". 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Pericope (part_of)
- part_of
pericope/per-dan-1-004
절 (explains)
Source
source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
### 칼빈의 다니엘 1:21 주석
해석자들은 이 절에 당혹해한다. 나중에 보게 될 것처럼 환상이 고레스 통치 3년에 다니엘에게 나타났기 때문이다. 어떤 이들은 히브리어 동사 '하야'를 '부서지다'로 설명하지만 이것은 역사와 전혀 맞지 않는다. 다니엘이 고레스 통치 원년까지 선지자 직무를 수행하는 중에 계속했다고 말하는 이들의 견해가 옳다. 비록 해석자들이 공개적으로 그렇게 말하지 않지만, 나는 그들이 모호하게 말하는 것을 공개적으로 말한다. 이후에 그가 메대로 떠났으므로, 그들은 이 변화가 여기서 표시된다고 말한다. 그러나 다니엘이 갈대아인과 앗수르인들 가운데서 번성하여 유명한 선지자로 인정받았다는 의미로 이 말들을 더 잘 이해할 수 있다. 그가 살해된 그 밤에 벨사살 왕의 환상을 해석한 것으로 알려지기 때문이다. 여기서 단어는 단순하고 완전하다—그가 있었다—그러나 이어지는 것에 달려 있다. 그가 바벨론 왕들과 함께 항상 선지자의 신뢰와 권위를 얻었다는 것이다. 이것이 참된 의미다.
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- part_of
- — Calvin's Commentaries (PD)
- evidence_grade: T_theological
원주석
- 번역원본
commentary-section/cal-dan-1-21-21(Calvin, PD) - CC0-1.0 · Sonnet 번역