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The Prophet, after having spoken of God’s wrath, and shown how terrible it would be, and also how near, now exhorts the Jews to repentance, and thus mitigates the severity of his former doctrine, provided their minds were teachable. We hence learn that God fulminates in his word against men, that he may withhold his hand from them. The more severe, then, God is, when he chastises us and makes known our sins, and sets before us his wrath, the more clearly he testifies how precious and dear to him is our salvation; for when he sees us rushing headlong, as it were, into ruin, he calls us back by threatening and chastisements. Whenever, then, God condemns us by his word, let us know that he will be propitious to us, if, touched with true repentance, we flee to his mercy; for to effect this is the design of all his reproofs and threatening. There follows then a seasonable exhortation, after the Prophet had spoken of the dreadfulness of God’s vengeance. Gather yourselves , he says, gather, ye nation not worthy of being loved . Others read—Search among yourselves, search; and interpreters differ as to the root of the verb; some derive it from קשש , koshesh , and others from קוש , kush ; while some deduce the verb from the noun קש kosh , which signifies chaff or stubble. But however this may be, I consider the real meaning of the Prophet to be—Gather yourselves, gather; for this is what grammatical construction requires. I do not see why they who read search yourselves, depart from the commonly received meaning, except they think that the verb gather does not suit the context; but it suits it exceedingly well. Others with more refinement read thus—Gather the chaff, gather the chaff, as though the Prophet ridiculed the empty confidence of the people. But as I have already said, he no doubt shows here the remedy, by which they might have anticipated God’s judgment, with which he had threatened them. He indeed compares them to stubble, as we find in the next verse, but he shows that still time is given them to repent, so that they might gather themselves, and not be dissipated; as though he said—The day of your scattering is at hand; ye shall then vanish away like chaff, for ye shall not be able to stand at the breath of the Lord’s wrath. But now while God withholds himself, and does not put forth his hand to destroy you, gather yourselves, that ye may not be like the chaff. There are then two parts in this passage; the first is, that if the Jews abused, as usual, the forbearance of God, they would become like the chaff, for God’s wrath would in a moment scatter them; but the Prophet in the meantime reminds them that a seasonable time for repentance was still given them; for if they willingly gathered themselves, God would spare them. Before then the day of Jehovah’s wrath shall come; gather, he says, yourselves (90) But the way of gathering is, when men do not vanish away in their foolish confidences, or when they do not indulge their own lusts; for whenever men give loose reins to wicked licentiousness, and thus go astray in gratifying their corrupt lusts, or when they seek here and there vain confidences, they expose themselves to a scattering. Hence the Prophet exhorts them to examine themselves, to gather themselves, and as it were to draw themselves together, that they might not be like the chaff. Hence he says,—gather yourselves, yea, gather, ye nation not loved Some take the participle נכסף , necasaph , in an active sense, as though the Prophet had said that the Jews were void of every feeling, and had become wholly hardened in their stupidity. But I know not whether this can be grammatically allowed. I therefore follow what has been more approved. The nation is called not worthy of love, because it did not deserve mercy; and God thus amplifies and renders illustrious his own grace, because he was still solicitous about the salvation of those who had willfully destroyed themselves, and rejected his favor. Though then the Jews had by their depravity so alienated themselves from God, that there was no reason why he should save them, he yet still continued to call them back to himself. It is therefore a remarkable proof of the unfailing grace of God, when he shows love to a nation wholly worthy of being hated, and is concerned for its safety. (91) He then adds, Before the decree brings forth . Here the Prophet asserts his own authority, and that of God’s other servants: for the Jews thought that all threatening would come to nothing, as it is the case with most men at this day who deride every true doctrine, as though it were nothing but an empty sound. Hence the Prophet ascribes birth to his doctrine. It is indeed true, that the word decree has a wider meaning; but the Prophet does not speak here of the hidden counsel of God. He therefore calls that a decree, which God had already declared by his servants: and the meaning is, that it is not beating the air when God denounces his vengeance on sinners by his Prophets, but that it is a fixed and unchangeable decree, which shall at length be effected. But the similitude of birth is most apposite; for as the embryo lies hid in the womb, and then emerges in due time into light; so God’s vengeance, though hid for a time, will yet in due season be accomplished, when God sees that men’s wickedness is past a remedy. We now understand why the Prophet says, that the time was near when the decree should bring forth. Then he says, Pass away shall the chaff in a day . Some read, Before the day comes, when the stubble (or chaff) shall pass away. But I take יום , ium , in another sense, as meaning that the Jews shall quickly pass away as the chaff; the like expression we have also met in Hosea. He says then that the Jews would perish in a day, in a short time, and as it were in a moment; though they thought that they would not be for a long time conquered. Pass away , he says, shall they like chaff (92) Then he adds, Before it comes, the fury of Jehovah’s wra
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선지자는 하나님의 진노에 대해 그것이 얼마나 두렵고 임박했는지 말한 후, 이제 유대인들에게 회개를 권하며, 그들의 마음이 가르침을 받을 준비가 되어 있다면 자신의 앞서 교훈의 엄중함을 완화한다. 우리는 여기서 하나님이 말씀으로 사람들을 벼락처럼 치시는 것은 그분의 손을 억제하시려는 것임을 배운다. 따라서 하나님이 우리를 책망하시고 우리의 죄를 알게 하시며 그분의 진노를 우리 앞에 놓으실수록, 그분이 우리의 구원을 얼마나 귀하고 소중히 여기시는지 더욱 분명히 증거하시는 것이다. 우리가 파멸을 향해 돌진할 때, 그분이 위협과 징계로 우리를 다시 부르시기 때문이다. 하나님이 말씀으로 우리를 정죄하실 때마다, 참된 회개로 그분의 자비로 피하면 그분이 우리에게 은혜로우실 것임을 알라. 모든 책망과 위협의 목적이 이것을 이루기 위한 것이기 때문이다. 하나님의 복수의 두려움에 대해 말한 후에 이처럼 적절한 권면이 따라오는 것이다.
"모이라, 모여라, 사랑받을 자격이 없는 민족이여." 다른 이들은 "너희 안에서 찾아라, 찾아라"로 읽고, 해석자들은 동사의 어근에 대해 의견이 다르다. 일부는 '코셰쉬(koshesh)'에서, 다른 이들은 '쿠쉬(kush)'에서 파생시키고, 또 어떤 이들은 겨나 짚을 뜻하는 '코쉬(kosh)'라는 명사에서 동사를 끌어낸다. 어떻든 나는 선지자의 실제 의미가 "모이라, 모여라"임을 고려한다. 일부가 왜 "너희 자신을 찾으라"고 읽으며 일반적으로 받아들여지는 의미에서 벗어나는지 모르겠다. '모이라'는 단어가 문맥에 잘 맞지 않는다고 생각하기 때문인 것 같으나, 그것은 지극히 잘 맞는다. 또 어떤 이들은 "겨를 모아라, 겨를 모아라"로 읽는데, 선지자가 백성의 헛된 자신감을 조롱하는 것처럼 본다. 그러나 내가 이미 말했듯이, 그는 의심할 여지 없이 여기서 그들이 하나님의 심판을 앞지를 수 있었던 방법, 즉 회개를 보여준다. 그는 다음 절에서처럼 그들을 짚에 비유하지만, 하나님이 그분의 손을 뻗어 그들을 멸하시기 전에 아직 그들에게 회개할 시간이 주어졌다고 보여준다.
따라서 이 단락에는 두 부분이 있다. 첫째는 유대인들이 늘 하던 대로 하나님의 인내를 남용하면, 하나님의 진노가 순간에 그들을 흩을 것이므로 그들이 겨처럼 될 것이라는 것이다. 그러나 선지자는 그 사이에 회개할 적절한 때가 아직 그들에게 주어졌음을 상기시킨다. 만약 그들이 기꺼이 모인다면 하나님이 그들을 아끼실 것이기 때문이다. "여호와의 진노의 날이 오기 전에 모여라." 모이는 방법은, 사람들이 어리석은 자신감에서 사라지지 않거나, 자신들의 욕망에 방종하지 않을 때이다. 사람들이 사악한 방종에 고삐를 놓고 타락한 욕망을 만족시키며 방황하거나, 이곳저곳에서 헛된 자신감을 구할 때, 그들은 흩어짐에 자신을 노출시킨다. 따라서 선지자는 그들에게 스스로를 살피고, 모이고, 마치 스스로를 끌어모으도록, 겨처럼 되지 않도록 권한다.
'사랑받을 자격이 없는 민족'이라 불리는 것은 그들이 자비를 받을 자격이 없기 때문이다. 하나님은 이로써 자신의 은혜를 증폭시키고 빛나게 하시는데, 그분이 스스로 자신을 망치고 그분의 은총을 거부한 자들의 구원에 여전히 관심을 가지셨기 때문이다. 유대인들이 자신들의 타락으로 하나님으로부터 자신들을 그처럼 소원하게 만들어 그분이 그들을 구원하실 이유가 없었음에도, 그분은 여전히 그들을 자신에게로 부르기를 계속하셨다. 따라서 그것은 하나님의 변치 않는 은혜의 주목할 만한 증거이다. 그분이 미움을 받아 마땅한 민족을 사랑하시고 그들의 안전을 염려하시기 때문이다.
"결정이 낳기 전에." 선지자는 여기서 자신과 하나님의 다른 종들의 권위를 주장한다. 유대인들은 모든 위협이 허사가 될 것이라고 생각했다. 따라서 선지자는 자신의 교훈에 탄생을 부여한다. 하나님이 선지자들을 통해 죄인들에게 그분의 진노를 선포하실 때 공허한 것을 치는 것이 아니라, 결국 이루어질 확고하고 변치 않는 결정이라는 것이다.
탄생의 비유는 가장 적절하다. 태아가 태중에 숨겨졌다가 때가 되면 빛으로 나오듯이, 하나님의 진노도 한동안 숨겨져 있다가 사람들의 악함이 구제불능이라고 하나님이 보실 때 적절한 시기에 이루어진다. "날이 오기 전에, 겨가 사라지듯이 지나가리라." 일부는 "짚이 사라지는 날이 오기 전에"로 읽는다. 그러나 나는 이것이 유대인들이 하루 만에, 짧은 시간 안에, 한순간에 사라질 것임을 뜻한다고 본다. 그들은 오랫동안 정복되지 않을 것이라고 생각했다. 선지자는 그들이 겨처럼 하루 만에 사라질 것이라고 말한다.
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Here the Prophet turns his discourse to a small number, for he saw that he could produce no effect on the promiscuous multitude. For had his doctrine been addressed in common to the whole people, there were very few who would have attended. We would therefore have been discouraged had he not believed that some seed remained among the people, and that the office of teaching and exhorting had not been in vain committed to him by God. But he shows at the same time that the greater part were wholly given up to destruction. We now see why the Prophet especially addresses the meek of the land ; for few undertook the yoke, though they had been already broken down by many calamities. And it hence appears that the fruit of correction was not found equal in all, for God had chastised the good and the bad, the whole people, from the least to the greatest; they had all been laid prostrate by many evils, yet the same ferocity remained, as God complains in Isaiah, that he labored in vain in punishing that refractory nation. Isaiah 1:5 But we are here taught that though ministers of the word may think that they spend their labor to no purpose, while they sing to the deaf, as the proverb is, they ought not yet to depart from the course of their vocation; for there will ever be some who will really show, after a long time, that they had been divinely and wonderfully saved, so as not to perish with others. But what the Prophet had especially in view was to show, that the faithful ought not to regard what the multitude may do, or how they live; but that when God invites them to repentance, and gives them a hope of pardon, they ought without delay to come to him, that they might not perish with the rest. And it deserves to be noticed, that when God raises his voice, some harden others, and thus men lead one another into ruin. Thus it happens that all teaching becomes unsuccessful. Hence the Prophet applies a remedy, by showing how preposterous it is when some follow others; for in this way they increase the ranks of the rebellious; but that if there be any who are meek, they ought to be teachable, when God stretches forth his hand and shows that he will be propitious, provided they return to the right way. He calls them meek who had profited under the scourges of God; for the Hebrews consider ענוים , onuim , to be the afflicted, deriving the word from ענה , one , to afflict, or to be humble. But as men for the most part are not subdued except by scourges, they call, by a metaphor, ענוים , onuim , the meek, such as have been subdued: for men grow wanton in their pleasures, and abundance commonly produces insolence; but by adversity they learn to become meek. Hence our Prophet calls those the meek of the land who were submissive to God, after having been chastised by him. For we know, that though God may smite the wicked, they yet continue to have a stiff and iron neck and a brazen front: but the faithful are tamed, as Jeremiah confesses as to himself; for he says that he was like an untamed heifer before he was chastised by God’s scourges. So the Prophet directs his discourse to the few who had felt the afflicting hand of God, and had been thus humbled. (93) He bids them to seek Jehovah , and yet he says that they had wrought his judgment . These two clauses seem inconsistent with each other; for if they had been previously alienated from God, justly might the Prophet bid them to return to the right way; but as they had devoted themselves to religion, and formed their life according to the rule of uprightness, the Prophet seems to have exhorted them without reason to seek God. But the passage is worthy of special notice; for we hence learn that even the best are roused by God’s scourges to seek true religion with greater ardor than they had before done. Though then it be our object to serve God and to follow his word, yet when calamities arise and God appears as a judge, we ought to be stimulated to greater care and diligence; for it never is the case that any one of us fully performs his duty. Let us then remember, that we are roused by God whenever adversity impends over us, and when God himself shows by manifest signs that he is displeased. This is the reason why the Prophet bids the pious doers of righteousness to seek God, however much they were before devoted to what was just and upright. There was also another reason: we know how grievously faith is tried, when the good and wicked are indiscriminately and without any difference chastised by God’s hand; for the godly are then tempted to think that it avails them nothing that they have labored sincerely to serve God; they think that this has all been in vain and to no purpose, for they are brought into the same miseries with others. As then this temptation is enough to shake even the strongest, the Prophet here exhorts the faithful to persevere, as though he had said, that in the first confusion no difference would be found between the good and the wicked as to their circumstances, for God would afflict both alike, but that the end would be different; and that there was therefore no reason for them to despond or to think it of no advantage to seek God: for he would at length really show that he approved of their integrity; as though he had said, God will not remunerate you at the first moment; but your patience will at length find that he is a just judge, who has regard for his people, and delivers them in their extremity. To do the judgment of God in this place is to form the life according to the righteousness of the law. The word משפט , meshepheth , has various meanings in Scripture. Sometimes, and indeed often, it designates the punishment which God allots to the wicked: but it frequently means equity or the rule of right living. Hence to do judgment is to observe what is righteous and just, to abstain from what is wrong and injurious. But the Prophet calls it the judgment of God, because it is what he prescribes in his word and what he approves. Fo
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선지자는 여기서 무차별적인 군중에게는 아무 효과도 낼 수 없음을 보았으므로, 소수에게로 말을 돌린다. 그의 교훈이 온 백성에게 무차별적으로 전해졌다면 거의 아무도 귀를 기울이지 않았을 것이다. 그가 백성 중에 어떤 씨가 남아 있고, 가르치고 권하는 직분이 하나님께서 헛되이 맡기신 것이 아니라고 믿지 않았다면 낙담했을 것이다. 그러나 그는 동시에 대부분이 완전히 멸망에 넘겨졌음을 보여준다.
선지자가 특히 '땅의 온유한 자들'에게 말하는 이유는 이것이다. 그들이 이미 많은 고난으로 무너졌음에도 불구하고 멍에를 메는 자들이 소수였기 때문이다. 여기서 교정의 열매가 모든 사람에게 동등하게 나타나지 않았음이 드러난다. 하나님이 선한 자와 악한 자를 전 백성을 가장 작은 자에서 가장 큰 자까지 치셨는데, 모두가 많은 악에 쓰러졌지만 같은 사나움이 남아 있었다.
비록 말씀의 사역자들이 귀먹은 자들에게 노래하는 것처럼 자신들의 수고가 아무 목적이 없다고 생각할 수 있다 해도, 그들의 소명의 과정에서 떠나지 말아야 한다고 여기서 배운다. 언제나 장기간 후에 자신들이 신적으로 그리고 놀랍게 구원받아 다른 사람들과 함께 망하지 않았음을 실제로 보여줄 이들이 있을 것이기 때문이다. 선지자가 특히 염두에 두었던 것은, 신실한 자들이 다수가 하는 것이나 사는 방식을 보아서는 안 된다는 것이다. 그러나 하나님이 그들을 회개로 초대하시고 용서의 소망을 주실 때, 나머지와 함께 망하지 않도록 지체 없이 그분께 와야 한다.
하나님이 목소리를 높이실 때 어떤 이들이 다른 이들을 완강하게 만들어 서로를 멸망으로 이끈다는 것을 주목할 필요가 있다. 그래서 모든 가르침이 실패하게 된다. 따라서 선지자는 어떤 이들이 다른 이들을 따르는 것이 얼마나 어리석은가를 보여줌으로써 치료법을 제시한다. 이 방식으로 그들은 반역자들의 대열을 늘린다. 그러나 온유한 자들이 있다면, 하나님이 손을 펼치시고 그들이 바른 길로 돌아오면 은혜로우실 것임을 보여주실 때, 그들은 가르침을 받아야 한다. 그는 하나님의 채찍 아래서 유익을 얻은 자들을 온유하다 부른다. 히브리인들은 '아누임(onuim)'을 고난받은 자로 여기는데, '아나흐(one)', 즉 고통을 준다 또는 겸손하다에서 파생시킨다. 그러나 대부분의 사람들이 채찍으로만 굴복하지 않으므로, 그들은 은유로 '온유한 자들'을 이미 굴복된 자들이라 부른다.
그는 그들에게 "여호와를 구하라"고 하면서도 그들이 이미 "그분의 심판을 행했다"고 말한다. 이 두 절이 서로 모순되는 것처럼 보인다. 그러나 이 단락은 특별히 주목할 만하다. 우리는 최선의 사람들도 하나님의 채찍으로 이전보다 더 큰 열성으로 참된 종교를 구하도록 일깨움을 받는다는 것을 배운다. 따라서 비록 우리의 목표가 하나님을 섬기고 그분의 말씀을 따르는 것이라 해도, 고난이 닥치고 하나님이 심판관으로 나타나실 때, 우리는 더 큰 주의와 부지런함으로 자극받아야 한다. 어떤 사람도 자신의 의무를 완전히 이행하는 경우는 결코 없기 때문이다.
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The Prophet begins here to console the elect; for when God’s vengeance had passed away, which would only be for a time against them, the heathens and foreigners would find God in their turn to be their judge to punish them for the wrongs done to his people; though some think that God’s judgment on the Jews is here described, while yet the Prophet expressly mentions their neighbors: but the former view seems to me more suitable,—that the Prophet reminds the faithful of a future change of things, for God would not perpetually afflict his chosen people, but would transfer his vengeance to other nations. The meaning then is—that God, who has hitherto threatened the Jews, would nevertheless be propitious to them, not indeed to all the people, for a great part was doomed to destruction, but to the remnant, whom the Lord had chosen as a seed to himself, that there might be some church remaining. For we know, that God had always so moderated the punishment he inflicted on his people, as not to render void his covenant, nor abolish the memory of Abraham’s race: for this reason he was to come forth as their Redeemer. Since then the Prophet speaks here against Gaza, and Ashkelon, and Ashdod, and Akron, and the Philistine, and the Cretians and others, he intended no doubt to add courage to the faithful, that they might not despair of God’s mercy, though they might find themselves very grievously oppressed; for he could at length put an end to his wrath, after having purged his Church of its dregs. And this admonition the faithful also need, that they may not envy the wicked and the despisers of God, as though their condition were better or more desirable. For when the Lord spares the wicked and chastens us, we are tempted to think that nothing is better than to shake off every yoke. Lest then this temptation should have assailed the faithful, the Prophet reminded them in time, that there was no reason why the heathens should flatter or congratulate themselves, when God did not immediately punish them; for their portion was prepared for them. He mentions Gaza first, a name which often occurs in scripture. The Hebrews called it Aza; but as ע , oin , is the first letter, the Greeks have rendered it Gaza, and heathen authors have thought it to be a Persia word, and it means in that language a treasure. But this is a vain notion, for it is no doubt a Hebrew word. He then adds Ashkelon, a city nigh to Gaza. In the third place he mentions Ashdod, which the Greeks have translated Azotus, and the Latins have followed the Greeks. He names Ekron in the last place. All these cities were near to the Jews, and were not far from one another towards the Moabites and the Idumeans. (95) He then adds, Ho! (or, woe to , הו ) the inhabitants of the line of the sea . The region of the sea he calls Galilee; and he joins the Kerethites and the Philistine. Some think that he alludes to the troops, who carried on war under David; for he had chosen his garrison soldiers from that nation, that is, from the people of Galilee, and had called them Kerethites and Philistine. But I know not whether the Prophet spoke so refinedly. I rather think, that he refers here to those heathen nations, which had been hostile to the Jews, though vicinity ought to have been a bond of kindness. Hence he includes them all in the name of Canaan: for I do not take it here, as some do, as signifying merchants; for the Prophet evidently means, that however called, they were all Canaanites, who had been long ago doomed to destruction. Since then those regions had been enemies to the Jews, the Prophet intimates that God would become the defender of his chosen people. The word of Jehovah is against you . God, who has hitherto threatened his own people, summons you to judgment. Think not that you will escape unpunished for having vexed his Church. For though God designed to prove the patience of his people, yet neither the Moabites, nor the rest, were excusable when they cruelly oppressed the Jews; yea, when they purposed through them to fight with God himself, the creator of heaven and earth. He afterwards adds, There shall be no inhabitant , for God would destroy them all. We now see that the Prophet had no other design but to alleviate the bitter grief of the faithful by this consolation,—that their miseries would be only for a time, and that God would ere long punish their enemies. It follows— (95) This verse, literally rendered, retains more of its poetic character,— 4. For Gaza, forsaken shall she be, And Ashkelon shall be a desolation; Ashdod, at mid-day shall they drive it out, And Ekron shall be rooted up. In the first and the last line there is a correspondence in the sound of the words. The following presents another instance of the nominative case absolute,— 5. Woe to the dwellers of the line of the sea, The nation of the Kerethites! The word of Jehovah is against you: Canaan, the land of the Philistines, I will even destroy thee, that there shall be no inhabitant. The line of the sea, meaning the coast along the shore, is so called, says Henderson , “from the custom of using a cord or line in measuring off or dividing a territory.” Some derive “Kerethites” from [ כרת ], to cut off, to destroy; and so they were cutters off or destroyers. They were celebrated men of war in the time of David, 2 Samuel 8:18 . “Philistines” mean emigrants, says Henderson ; the word being derived from a verb, which signifies, in the Ethiopic language, to rove, to migrate.— Ed. return to ' Top of Page ' <a name="verse-6" class="com-number"
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선지자는 여기서 택함받은 자들을 위로하기 시작한다. 하나님의 진노가 그들에게 잠시만 지속된 후에, 이방인들과 외국인들은 차례로 하나님을 그들의 심판관으로 만나게 될 것이다. 선지자는 가사와 아스글론과 아스돗과 에그론에 대해 말하는데, 이 도시들은 유대인들 가까이 있었고 서로 멀지 않았다. 의미는 이것이다—하나님이 지금까지 유대인들을 위협하셨지만, 그들 가운데 남은 자, 즉 하나님이 자신을 위한 씨로 택하신 자들에게 은혜로우실 것이라는 것이다. 그래야 어떤 교회가 남을 것이기 때문이다. 하나님이 항상 자기 백성에게 가하는 형벌을 그처럼 절제하셨으므로, 그분의 언약을 무효화하거나 아브라함 민족의 기억을 폐하지 않으셨다.
그가 가사와 아스글론과 아스돗과 에그론 및 블레셋인들과 그레데인들에 대해 말할 때, 그는 의심할 여지 없이 신실한 자들에게 용기를 더하려 했다. 그래서 하나님의 자비가 그들에게서 멀지 않다는 것을 알게 하려는 것이다. 그분은 교회를 찌꺼기로부터 정화한 후 진노를 끝내실 수 있기 때문이다.
이 권면은 또한 신실한 자들에게도 필요하다. 그들이 경건하지 않은 자들을 부러워하지 않도록, 마치 그들의 상태가 더 낫거나 바람직한 것처럼 보이지 않도록. 주님이 악인들을 아끼시고 우리를 징계하실 때, 모든 멍에를 벗어버리는 것보다 나은 것이 없다는 생각이 들게 한다. 이런 유혹이 신실한 자들에게 가하지 않도록, 선지자는 때맞춰 그들에게 이방인들이 하나님이 즉시 벌하지 않으신다고 스스로 기뻐하거나 축하할 이유가 없다는 것을 상기시켰다. 그들의 분량이 그들을 위해 준비되어 있기 때문이다.
"하나님의 말씀이 너희에게 대적하여 있다." 지금까지 자기 백성을 위협하셨던 하나님이 너희를 심판에 소환하신다. 하나님의 교회를 괴롭혔다고 너희가 벌을 면할 것이라고 생각하지 말라.
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The Prophet confirms what he has before said respecting the future vengeance of God, which was now nigh at hand to the Moabites and other neighboring nations, who had been continually harassing the miserable Jews. Hence, he says, that that whole region would become the habitation of sheep. It is a well known event, that when any country is without inhabitants shepherds occupy it; for there is no sowing nor reaping there, but grass alone grows. Where, therefore, there is no cultivation, where no number of men are found, there shepherds find a place for their flocks, there they build sheep cots. It is, therefore, the same as though the Prophet had said, that the country would be desolate, as we find it expressed in the next verse. (96) He immediately adds, but for a different reason, that the coast of the sea would be a habitation to the house of Judah . And there is here a striking divergence from the flocks of shepherds to the tribe of Judah, which was as it were, the chosen flock of God. The Prophet then, after having said that the region would be waste and desolate, immediately adds, that it would be for the benefit of the chosen people; for the Lord would grant there to the Jews a safe and secure rest. But the Prophet confines this to the remnant; for the greater part, as we have already seen, were become so irreclaimable, that the gate of mercy was completely closed against them. The Prophet, at the same time, by mentioning a remnant, shows that there would always be some seed from which God would raise up a new Church; and he also encourages the faithful to entertain hope, so that their own small number might not terrify them; for when they considered themselves and found themselves surpassed by a vast multitude, they might have thought that they were of no account. Lest then they should be disheartened the Prophet says that this remnant would be the object of God’s care; for when he would visit the whole coast of the sea and other regions, he would provide there for the Jews a safe habitation and refuge. That line then, he says, shall be for the residue of the house of Judah; feed shall they in Ashkelon, and there shall they lie down in the evening ; that is, they shall find in their exile some resting-place; for we know that the Jews were not all removed to distant lands; and they who may have been hid in neighboring places were afterwards more easily gathered, when a liberty to return was permitted them. This is what the Prophet means now, when he says, that there would be a refuge in the night to the Jews among the Moabites and other neighboring nations. A reason follows, which confirms what I have stated, for Jehovah their God , he says, will visit them. We hence see that the Prophet mitigates here the sorrow of exile and of that most grievous calamity which was nigh the Jews, by promising to them a new visitation of God; as though he had said, Though the Lord seems now to rage against you, and seems to forget his own covenant, yet he will again remember his mercy, when the suitable time shall come. And he adds, he will restore their captivity ; and he added this, that he might show that his favor would prove victorious against all hindrances. The Jews might indeed have raised this objection, Why does not the Lord help us immediately; but he, on the contrary, allows our enemies to remove us into exile? The Prophet here calls upon them to exercise patience; and yet he promises, that after having been driven into exile, they should again return to their country; for the Lord would not suffer that exile to be perpetual. It now follows— (96) The words, [ נות כרת רעים ], are rendered by Calvin , “ habitaculum caulis pastorum —an habitation (or a dwelling) for the sheepcots of shepherds.” The Targum takes the two first words in the singular number; the second is evidently so, and the first may be so also: and [ כרת ] certainly does not mean sheepcots, but digging, from [ כרה ], to dig. The reference is either to the pits dug for watering the flock, as Piscator thinks, or to the subterraneous huts, or caves, dug for the purpose of shelter, as Drusius and Bochart suppose. Junius and Tremelius render the words, “sheepcots, the delvings of shepherds;” and Drusius , “dwellings of the digging out of shepherds,” i.e. , dwellings dug out by shepherds. The most literal and the easiest construction is, “dwellings, the digging of shepherds.” Then the verse might be thus rendered,— And the line of the sea shall be dwellings, Dug out by shepherds, and folds for sheep. Parkhurst quotes Harmer , who says, “the Eastern shepherds make use of caves very frequently, sleeping in them and driving their flocks into them at night. The mountains bordering on the Syrian coast are remarkable for the number of caves, and are found particularly in the neighborhood of Ashkelon . ” How fully then was this prophecy fulfilled.— Ed. return to ' Top of Page ' <a name="verse-8" class="com-number"
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선지자는 이미 말한 것을 확증한다—하나님의 진노가 이제 모압과 다른 이웃 민족들에게 가까이 임박해 있다는 것. 따라서 그는 그 온 지역이 양 떼의 거처가 될 것이라고 말한다. 어떤 지방에 사람이 없을 때는 목자들이 점령한다는 것은 잘 알려진 일이다. 거기서는 씨를 뿌리지도 수확하지도 않고, 풀만 자란다. 따라서 아무 경작도 없고 많은 사람들이 없는 곳에서 목자들은 양 떼를 위한 장소를 찾는다. 그러므로 선지자가 그 나라가 황폐해질 것이라고 말하는 것과 같다.
그는 즉시 다른 이유를 덧붙인다—해안 지역이 유다 집안의 거처가 될 것이라는 것. 여기에는 목자들의 양 떼에서 유다 지파로, 하나님이 선택하신 양 떼로의 놀라운 전환이 있다. 선지자는 그 지역이 황폐하고 적막해진다고 말한 후, 즉시 그것이 택함받은 백성에게 유익이 될 것이라고 덧붙인다. 주님이 유대인들에게 안전하고 안심할 수 있는 안식을 거기서 허락하실 것이기 때문이다. 그러나 선지자는 이것을 남은 자로 제한한다. 더 큰 부분은 이미 보았듯이 구제불능이 되어 자비의 문이 그들에게 완전히 닫혔기 때문이다. 선지자는 동시에 남은 자를 언급함으로써, 하나님이 항상 새로운 교회를 일으키실 어떤 씨가 있을 것임을 보여준다. 그는 또한 신실한 자들이 소망을 품도록 격려하는데, 그들의 작은 수가 그들을 두렵게 하지 않도록 하기 위해서다.
"그 해안 지역은 유다 집안의 남은 자들을 위한 것이 될 것이다. 그들이 아스글론에서 먹고 저녁에 거기서 누울 것이다." 즉, 그들이 유랑 중에 어떤 안식처를 찾을 것이다. 유대인들이 모두 먼 곳으로 끌려간 것이 아님을 알기 때문이다. 이웃 나라들에 숨어 있던 자들은 귀환 허가가 주어졌을 때 더 쉽게 모였다. 선지자는 이제 이것을 의미한다.
이유가 따라오는데, 내가 말한 것을 확증한다. "여호와 그들의 하나님이 그들을 방문하실 것이다." 따라서 선지자가 하나님의 새로운 방문을 약속함으로써 유랑과 그 극도의 고난에 대한 슬픔을 여기서 완화한다는 것이 보인다. 마치 그가 말하는 것처럼—비록 주님이 지금은 너희에게 진노하시는 것처럼 보이고 자신의 언약을 잊으신 것처럼 보이지만, 그분은 적절한 때가 오면 자신의 자비를 다시 기억하실 것이다. 그는 덧붙인다, "그분이 그들의 포로 됨을 돌이킬 것이다." 이것은 그분의 은혜가 모든 방해물을 이겨낼 것임을 보여주기 위해 덧붙인 것이다.
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The Prophet confirms what I have just said of God’s vengeance against foreign enemies. Though all the neighboring nations had been eager in their hostility to the Jews, yet we know that more hatred, yea and more fury, had been exhibited by these two nations than by any other, that is, by the Moabites and the Ammonites, notwithstanding their connection with them by blood, for they derived their origin from Lot, who was Abraham’s nephew. Though, then, that connection ought to have turned the Moabites and the Ammonites to mercy, we yet know they always infested the Jews with greater fury than others, and as it were with savage cruelty. This is the reason why the Prophet speaks now especially of them. Some indeed take this sentence as spoken by the faithful; but the context requires it to be ascribed to God, and no doubt he reminds them that he looked down from on high on the proud vauntings of Moab which he scattered in the air, as though he had declared that it was not hidden or unknown to him how cruelly the Moabites and Ammonites raged against the Jews, how proud and inhuman they had been. And this was a very seasonable consolation. For the Jews might have been swallowed up with despair, had not this promise been made to them. They saw the Moabites and the Ammonites burning with fury, when yet they had not been injured or provoked. They also saw that they made gain and derived advantage from the calamities of a miserable people. What could the faithful think? These wicked men not only harassed them with impunity, but their cruelty and perfidy towards them was gainful. Where was God now? If he regarded his own Church, would he not have interposed? Lest then a temptation of this kind should upset the faithful, the Prophet introduces God here as the speaker,— I have heard , he says, the reproach of Moab; I have heard the revilings of Amman : “Nothing escapes me; though I do not immediately show that these things are regarded by me, yet I know and observe how shamefully the Moabites and the Ammonites have persecuted you: they at length shall find that I am the guardian of your safety, and that you are under my protection.” We now apprehend the Prophet’s design. Nearly the same words are used by Isaiah, Isaiah 16:1 , and also by Jeremiah Jeremiah 48:1 , they both pursue the subject much farther, while our Prophet only touches on it briefly, for we see that what he says is comprised in very few words. But by saying that the reproach of Moab and the revilings of the children of Amman had come into remembrance before God, what he had in view was—that the Jews might be assured and fully persuaded that they were not rejected and forsaken, though for a time they were reproachfully treated by the wicked. The Prophet indeed takes the words reproach and revilings, in an active sense. (97) He then adds, By which they have upbraided many people . God intimates here that he does not depart from his elect when the wicked spit, as it were, in their faces. There is indeed nothing which so much wounds the feelings of ingenuous minds as reproach; there is not so much bitterness in a hundred deaths as in one reproach, especially when the wicked licentiously triumph, and do this with the applauding consent of the whole world; for then all difference between good and evil is confounded, and good conscience is as it were buried. But the Prophet shows here, that the people of God suffer no loss when they are thus unworthily harassed by the wicked and exposed to their reproach. He at last subjoins that they had enlarged over their border . Some consider mouth to be understood—they have enlarged the mouth against their border; and the word, it is true, without any addition, is often taken in this sense; but in this place the construction is fuller, for the words על - גבולם , ol-gebulam , over their border, follow the verb. The Prophet means that God’s wrath had been provoked by the petulance of both nations, for they wished to break up, as it were, the borders, which had been fixed by God. The land of Canaan, we know, had been given to the Jews by an hereditary right;—When the Most High, says Moses, divided the nations, he set a line for Jacob. Deuteronomy 32:8 . It is indeed true that the possessions of the nations were allotted to them by the hidden counsel of God; but there was a special reason as to his chosen people; for the Lord had made Abraham the true possessor of that land, even for ever. Genesis 17:8 . Now the Moabites were confined, as it were, to a certain place; the Lord had assigned to them their own inheritance. When, therefore, they sought to go beyond and to invade the land of the Jews, God’s wrath must have been kindled against them; for they thus fought, not against mortals, but against God himself; for by removing the borders fixed by him, they attempted to subvert his eternal decree. We now then understand why the Prophet says that the children of Moab and of Ammon had enlarged over the border of those who had been placed in the land of Canaan by God’s hand; for they not only sought to eject their neighbors, but wished and tried to take away from God’s hand that inheritance which the Lord had given to Abraham, and given, as I have said, in perpetuity. (98) (97) That is, the reproach cast by Moab, and the revilings uttered by Ammon.— Ed. (98) There is a difference as to the meaning of the last line. Newcome adopts our common version,— And magnified themselves against their border Henderson’s rendering is essentially the same— And carried themselves haughtily against their border. The verb [ נדל ] is transitive and intransitive in Kal—to make great and to be great; it seems to partake of a similar character in Hiphil, as it is found here, to magnify, and to grow great or proud, and hence to exult or to triumph; and when followed by [ על ], as here, to exult over a person or a country,—see Job 19:5 ; Psalms 35:26 ; Ezekiel 35:13 . In these verses “to exult over” would be the best rendering; as als
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선지자는 자신이 방금 말한 것, 즉 외부 원수들에 대한 하나님의 진노를 확증한다. 비록 모든 이웃 민족들이 유대인들에 대한 적대감에서 열성을 보였지만, 이 두 민족, 즉 모압과 암몬이 다른 어떤 민족보다 더 큰 증오와 분노를 보였음을 우리는 안다. 그들이 아브라함의 조카 롯에게서 기원했으므로 혈연으로 연결되어 있음에도 불구하고. 따라서 그 연결이 모압과 암몬을 자비로 돌려야 했음에도, 우리는 그들이 항상 다른 이들보다 더 큰 분노로, 말하자면 야만적 잔인함으로 유대인들을 괴롭혔음을 안다. 이것이 선지자가 지금 특별히 그들에 대해 말하는 이유다.
하나님이 여기서 말씀하시는 것으로 소개된다. "내가 모압의 비방을 들었다. 내가 암몬 자손의 욕설을 들었다." 아무것도 나를 피하지 못한다. 내가 즉시 이것들을 돌보고 있음을 보이지 않더라도, 나는 모압과 암몬이 어떻게 너희를 수치스럽게 핍박했는지 알고 관찰한다. 그들은 내가 너희의 안전의 수호자이고 너희가 내 보호 아래 있음을 결국 알게 될 것이다.
"그들이 내 백성을 비방하며 그들의 지경을 넘어 자랑하였다." 하나님은 여기서 그분이 악인들이 마치 자신들의 얼굴에 침을 뱉는 것처럼 그분의 택함받은 자들을 취급할 때 그들로부터 떠나지 않으심을 암시한다. 어떤 것도 비방만큼 정직한 마음을 상하게 하는 것은 없다. 백 번의 죽음에도 비방만큼의 쓴맛이 없다. 특히 악인들이 무절제하게 득의양양해하고 전 세계의 박수를 받으며 그것을 할 때, 선과 악 사이의 모든 차이가 뒤섞이고 선한 양심이 파묻히는 것처럼 된다. 그러나 선지자는 하나님의 백성이 이처럼 부당하게 악인들에게 시달리고 그들의 비방에 노출될 때 아무런 손해를 입지 않는다고 말한다.
선지자는 그들이 그들의 지경 위에 자신들을 크게 만들었다고 덧붙인다. 하나님의 진노가 두 민족의 거드름으로 도발되었음을 뜻한다. 가나안 땅이 유대인들에게 세습적 권리로 주어졌음을 우리는 안다—"지극히 높으신 이가 민족들을 나누실 때, 그분이 야곱을 위한 줄을 그으셨다"(신 32:8). 이제 모압은 말하자면 일정한 장소로 제한되어 있었다. 주님이 그들에게 자신들의 유업을 배정하셨다. 따라서 그들이 그것을 넘어서 유대인들의 땅을 침략하려 할 때, 하나님의 진노가 그들에 대해 불타야 했다. 그들은 필사자들과 싸우는 것이 아니라 하나님 자신과 싸우고 있었기 때문이다.
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In order to cheer the miserable Jews by some consolation, God said, in what we considered yesterday, that the wantonness of Moab was known to him; he now adds, that he would visit with punishment the reproaches which had been mentioned. For it would have availed them but little that their wrongs had been observed by God, if no punishment had been prepared. Hence the Prophet reminds them that God is no idle spectator, who only observes what takes place in the world; but that there is a reward laid up for all the ungodly. And these verses are to be taken in connection, that the faithful may know that their wrongs are not unknown to God, and also that he will be their defender. But that the Jews might have a more sure confidence that God would be their deliverer, he interposes an oath. God at the same time shows that he is really touched with when he sees his people so cruelly and immoderately harassed, when the ungodly seem to think that an unbridled license is permitted them. God therefore shows here, that not only the salvation of his people is an object of his care, but that he undertakes their cause as though his anger was kindled; not that passions belong to him but such a form of speaking is adopted in order to express what the faithful could never otherwise conceive an idea of, that is, to express the unspeakable love of God towards them, and his care for them. He then says that he lives, as though he had sworn by his own life. As we have elsewhere seen that he swears by his life, so he speaks now. Live do I , that is, As I am God, so will I avenge these wrongs by which my people are now oppressed. And for the same reason he calls himself Jehovah of hosts , and the God of Israel . In the first clause he exalts his own power, that the Jews might know that he was endued with power; and then he mentions his goodness, because he had adopted them as his people. The meaning then is that God swears by his own life; and that the Jews might not think that this was done in vain, his power is brought before them, and then his favor is added. Moab , he says, shall be like Sodom, and the sons of Ammon like Gomorrah, even for the production of the nettle and for a mire of salt ; (99) that is, their lands should be reduced to a waste, or should become wholly barren, so that nothing was to grow there but nettles, as the case is with desert places. As to the expression, the mine ( fodina ) or quarry of salt, it often occurs in scripture: a salt-pit denotes sterility in Hebrew. And the Prophet adds, that this would not be for a short time only; It shall be (he says) a perpetual desolation . He also adds, that this would be for the advantage of the Church; for the residue of my people shall plunder them, and the remainder of my nation shall possess them . He ever speaks of the residue; for as it was said yesterday, it was necessary for that people to be cleansed from their dregs, so that a small portion only would remain; and we know that not many of them returned from exile. The import of the whole is, that though God determined to diminish his Church, so that a few only survived, yet these few would be the heirs of the whole land, and possess the kingdom, when God had taken vengeance on all their enemies. It hence follows, according to the Prophet, that this shall be to them for their pride . We see that the Prophet’s object is, to take away whatever bitterness the Jews might feel when insolently slandered by their enemies. As then there was danger of desponding, since nothing, as it was said yesterday, is more grievous to be borne than reproach, God does here expressly declare, that the proud triumph of their neighbors over the Jews would be their own ruin; for, as Solomon says, ‘Pride goes before destruction.’ Proverbs 16:18 . And he again confirms what he had already referred to—that the Jews would not be wronged with impunity, for God had taken them under his guardianship, and was their protector: Because they have reproached , he says, and triumphed over the people of Jehovah of hosts . He might have said, over my people, as in the last verse; but there is something implied in these words, as though the Prophet had said, that they carried on war not with mortals but with God himself, whose majesty was insulted, when the Jews were so unjustly oppressed. It follows— (99) This clause is rendered differently by some. The word [ ממשק ] occurs only here. It is rendered by the Targum by a word which means a "deserted place,” and so Newcome renders it, “A deserted place for the thorn:” so also do Drusius , Grotius , Piscator , and Marckius . The Septuagint have mistaken the word for “Damascus,” and give a version of the whole clause wholly foreign to the context. Henderson thinks that the word has the same meaning with [ משך ], to draw out, to extend, and gives this version, “A region of overrunning brambles.” This is far-fetched. The word, [ חרול ], rendered “nettle” by Calvin , Grotius , and others, cannot be so taken, according to Drusius and Bochart , for in Job 30:7 , men are said to gather under it. It is found besides only in Proverbs 24:31 . It may be rendered either a thorn or a bramble. The other part of the sentence is literally “a digging place for salt.” Moab was to be like Sodom, and Ammon like Gommorah, not as to the manner of their ruin, but as to the extent of it. It was to be an entire overthrow. Their habitation was not to become a pool of water like Sodom and Gommorah, but a place where the bramble was to grow, and salt might be dug. And it was to be “a desolation,” [ עד - עולם ], “for ages;” for the word means an indefinite time. So Drusius regards it here as meaning a long time. But some consider the “desolation,” as having reference to the people and not to the place. If so, the rendering were wholly obliterated. Moab and Ammon, as a separate people, are altogether extinct. The whole verse is as follows— 9. Therefore, as I live, Saith Jehovah of hosts, the God of Israel, Surely M
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비참한 유대인들을 어떤 위로로 기쁘게 하려고, 하나님은 우리가 어제 고려한 것에서 모압의 방자함이 그분에게 알려져 있다고 말씀하셨다. 그분은 이제 언급된 비방들을 형벌로 방문하실 것이라고 덧붙이신다. 하나님이 그들의 잘못을 관찰하셨다는 것만으로는 충분하지 않을 것이다. 형벌이 준비되지 않았다면. 따라서 선지자는 하나님이 세상에서 일어나는 것을 단지 관찰하는 한가한 방관자가 아니라, 모든 경건하지 않은 자들을 위해 보상이 준비되어 있다고 상기시킨다. 이 절들은 연결하여 이해해야 한다—신실한 자들이 그들의 잘못이 하나님에게 알려지지 않은 것이 아님을 알며, 또한 그분이 그들의 수호자가 되실 것임도 알도록.
유대인들이 하나님이 그들의 구원자가 되실 것이라는 더 확실한 확신을 갖도록, 하나님이 맹세를 개재시킨다. 하나님은 동시에 자신이 자기 백성이 그처럼 잔인하고 무절제하게 시달리는 것을 볼 때, 경건하지 않은 자들이 자신들에게 무제한적인 허가가 주어진 것처럼 생각하는 것을 볼 때, 실제로 감동받으심을 보여주신다. 그러므로 하나님은 여기서 자기 백성의 구원이 그분의 관심사일 뿐 아니라, 마치 그분의 분노가 불타는 것처럼 그들의 대의를 자신의 것으로 삼으신다고 보여주신다.
"내가 사는 한." 마치 그분이 자신의 생명을 두고 맹세하시는 것처럼. 내가 하나님인 것처럼, 나는 내 백성이 지금 억압당하는 이 잘못들에 대해 복수할 것이다. 그는 자신을 "만군의 여호와"와 "이스라엘의 하나님"이라 부르신다. 첫 번째 구절에서 그분은 자신의 능력을 높이시는데, 유대인들이 그분이 능력으로 endued되어 있음을 알게 하려는 것이다. 그런 다음 그분의 선하심을 언급하시는데, 그분이 그들을 자기 백성으로 택하셨기 때문이다.
"모압은 소돔 같이 될 것이고, 암몬 자손은 고모라 같이 될 것이다." 즉, 그들의 땅이 황무지로 줄어들거나 완전히 불모가 될 것이다. "이것은 그들의 교만에 대한 것이다." 선지자의 목적이 자신들의 원수들에게 무절제하게 비방을 받았을 때 유대인들이 느낄 수 있는 쓴맛을 제거하는 것임을 우리는 본다. 따라서 하나님은 여기서 이웃들의 유대인들에 대한 교만한 승리가 그들 자신의 멸망이 될 것이라고 분명히 선언하신다. 솔로몬이 말하듯이 "교만은 멸망 앞에 간다"(잠 16:18). 그리고 그분은 이미 언급한 것을 다시 확증하신다. "그들이 만군의 여호와의 백성을 비방하고 그들 위에 승리했기 때문이다."
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He proceeds with the same subject,—that God would show his power in aiding his people. But he calls him a terrible God, who had for a time patiently endured the wantonness of his enemies, and thus became despised by them: for the ungodly, we know, never submit to God unless they are constrained by his hand; and then they are not bent so as willingly to submit to his authority; but when forced they are silent. (100) This is what the Prophet means in these words; as though he had said, that the wicked now mock God, as they disregard his power, but that they shall find how terrible an avenger of his people he is, so that they would have to dread him. And then he compares the superstitions of the nations with true religion; as though he had said, that this would be to the Jews as a reward for their piety, inasmuch as they worshipped the only true God, and that all idols would be of no avail against the help of God. And this was a necessary admonition; for the ungodly seemed to triumph for a time, not only over a conquered people, but over God himself, and thus gloried in their superstitious and vain inventions. The Prophet, therefore, confirms their desponding minds; for God, he says, will at length consume all the gods of the nations The verb רזה , reze , means strictly to make lean or to famish, but is to be taken here metaphorically, as signifying to consume. God then will famish all the inventions of the nations: and he alludes to that famine which idols had occasioned through the whole world; as though he had said, that God’s glory would shortly appear, which would exterminate whatever glory the false gods had obtained among them, so that it would melt away like fatness. He at last adds, that the remotest nations would become suppliants to God; for by saying, adore him shall each from his place , (101) he doubtless means, that however far off the countries might be, the distance would be no hindrance to God’s name being celebrated, when his power became known to remote lands. And, for the same reason, he mentions the islands of the nations , that is, countries beyond the sea: for the Hebrews, as it has been elsewhere observed, call those countries islands which are far distant, and divided by the sea. (102) In short, the Prophet shows, that the redemption of the people would be so wonderful, that the fame of it would reach the farthest bounds of the earth, and constrain foreign nations to give glory to the true God, and that it would dissipate all the mists of superstition, so that idols would be exposed to scorn and contempt. It follows— (100) The word, [ נורא ], is rendered “to be feared,” by Cocceius and Henderson , and [ עליהם ], “above them,” that is, “the gods of the earth,” mentioned in the next line; it being considered an instance of a pronoun preceding its noun. But this is forced; and it is not necessary. Moab and Ammon are evidently referred to; and what is said is, that God would be terrible to them, as well as to others, for he would famish or destroy all the gods of the earth. And then in the next verse he mentions other nations. Some extend what is here said to gospel-times; but there seems no reason for this, inasmuch as God’s judgment is the subject of the Prophet.— Ed. (101) Literally— And bow down to him, every one from his place, Shall all the islands of the nations. (102) By the earth the Jews understood the great continent of all Asia and Africa, to which they had acces by land; and by the isles of the sea they understood the places to which they sailed by sea, particularly all Europe. Sir I. Newton on Daniel, p. 276.”— Newcome. return to ' Top of Page ' <a name="verse-12" class="com-number"
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선지자는 같은 주제를 계속한다—하나님이 자기 백성을 도우심에서 그분의 능력을 보여주실 것이라는 것. 그러나 그는 하나님을 두려운 분이라 부르시는데, 그분이 한동안 원수들의 방자함을 인내하셨으므로 그들이 그분을 멸시하게 되었기 때문이다. 경건하지 않은 자들은 하나님의 손에 강제되지 않는 한 그분께 복종하지 않음을 우리는 안다. 그때도 그들은 기꺼이 그분의 권위에 복종하도록 굴복하지 않는다. 그러나 강제될 때 그들은 침묵한다.
선지자는 이 말들에서 이것을 의미한다. 악인들이 지금은 하나님의 능력을 무시하면서 그분을 조롱하지만, 그분이 자기 백성을 얼마나 두려운 복수자이신지 알게 될 것이며, 그들이 그분을 두려워하게 될 것이라는 것이다. 그런 다음 그는 민족들의 미신을 참된 종교와 비교한다. 마치 그가 말하는 것처럼—이것이 유대인들에게 그들의 경건에 대한 보상이 될 것이다. 그들이 유일하신 참 하나님을 예배했기 때문이다. 또한 모든 우상이 하나님의 도움에 대항하여 아무 소용이 없다는 것이다.
"하나님이 온 나라의 모든 신들을 쇠하게 하실 것이다." 동사 '레제(reze)'는 엄밀히 마르게 하다 또는 굶기다를 뜻하지만, 여기서는 소멸시키다를 뜻하는 은유로 사용된다. 하나님이 민족들의 모든 발명물을 굶기실 것이다. 그는 우상이 온 세상에 유발한 기근을 암시한다. 마치 그가 말하는 것처럼—하나님의 영광이 곧 나타나 거짓 신들이 그들 가운데서 얻은 영광은 무엇이든 소멸시킬 것이며, 비계처럼 녹아 없어질 것이다.
그는 마지막으로 가장 먼 민족들이 하나님께 탄원자가 될 것이라고 덧붙인다. "그에게 엎드릴 것이다, 각자 자기 처소에서"라고 말함으로써, 나라들이 아무리 멀리 있어도 그 거리가 하나님의 이름이 알려지는 것을 방해하지 않을 것이라고 의심할 여지 없이 의미한다. 같은 이유로 그는 "민족들의 섬들"을 언급하는데, 즉 바다 너머의 나라들이다.
요컨대, 선지자는 백성의 구원이 너무 놀라워서 그 소문이 땅 끝까지 이를 것이고, 외국 민족들을 참 하나님께 영광을 돌리도록 강요할 것이며, 미신의 모든 안개를 흩어 우상들이 경멸과 경멸에 노출될 것임을 보여준다.
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The Prophet extends farther the threatened vengeance, and says, that God would also render to the Ethiopians the reward which they deserved; for they had also harassed the chosen people. But if God punished that nation, how could Ammon and Moab hope to escape? For how could God spare so great a cruelty, since he would visit with punishment the remotest nations? For the hatred of the Moabites and of the Ammonites, as we have said, was less excusable, because they were related to the children of Abraham. They ought, on this account, to have mitigated their fierceness: besides, vicinity ought to have rendered them more humane. But as they exceeded other nations in cruelty, a heavier punishment awaited them. Now this comparison was intended for this end—that the Jews might know that God would be inexorable towards the Moabites, by whom they had been so unjustly harassed, since even the Ethiopians would be punished, who yet were more excusable on account of their distance. As to the words, some regard the demonstrative pronoun המה , eme , they, as referring to the Babylonians, and others, to the Moabites. I prefer to understand it of the Moabites, if we read, like them, or with them, as these interpreters consider it: for they regard the particle את , at , with, or כ , caph , like, to be understood, Ye Ethiopians shall be slain by my sword like them, or with them. It would in this case doubtless apply to the Moabites. But it seems to me that the sentence is irregular, even ye Ethiopians , and then, they shall be slain by any sword . The Prophet begins the verse in the second person, summoning the Ethiopians to appear before God’s tribunal; he afterwards adds in the third person, they shall be slain by my sword. (103) God calls whatever evils were impending over the Ethiopians his sword; for though they were destroyed by the Chaldeans yet it was done under the guidance of God himself. The Chaldeans made war under his authority, as the Assyrians did, who had been previously employed by him to execute his vengeance. It follows— (103) Newcome cuts the knot, here by an emendation, by [ אתם ], ye, for [ המה ], they; and Houbigant , by [ תהיו ], ye shall be,—“the wounded of my sword shall ye be.” This is according to the Septuagint; but the former is more in accordance with the Hebrew idiom; for the pronoun is often used without the auxiliary verb. Some take [ המה ] as ipsi in Latin, connected with vos , ye yourselves. Then the rendering would be— Also ye Cushites, The slain of my sword shall ye yourselves be. But what Calvin says is not uncommon in the Prophet, the abrupt change of persons.— Ed. return to ' Top of Page ' <a name="verse-13" class="com-number"
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선지자는 위협받은 진노를 더 확장하여, 하나님이 에티오피아인들에게도 그들이 받아 마땅한 보상을 갚으실 것이라고 말한다. 그들도 택함받은 백성을 괴롭혔기 때문이다. 그러나 하나님이 그 민족을 벌하신다면, 암몬과 모압이 어떻게 도망칠 수 있겠는가? 가장 먼 나라들을 형벌로 방문하실 것이므로, 그토록 큰 잔인함을 아끼실 수 없으시기 때문이다. 모압과 암몬의 증오는 그들이 아브라함의 자녀들과 연관이 있었기 때문에 더욱 용납될 수 없었다. 이것이 더 큰 형벌이 그들을 기다리는 이유다.
이 비교는 이 목적을 위한 것이었다—유대인들이 하나님이 모압인들에게 용서 없이 대하실 것임을 알게 하는 것. 이웃들이 그들을 그처럼 부당하게 괴롭혔기 때문이다. 멀리 있어 더 용납할 수 있는 에티오피아인들조차 벌을 받을 것이기 때문이다.
"너희 에티오피아인들도 내 칼에 죽은 자들이 될 것이다." 하나님이 에티오피아인들에게 임박한 모든 악들을 자신의 칼이라 부르신다. 그들이 갈대아인들에 의해 멸망될 것임에도. 갈대아인들은 하나님 자신의 인도 아래 전쟁을 수행했기 때문이다. 이전에 앗수르인들이 그분의 진노를 집행하기 위해 사용된 것처럼.
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The Prophet proceeds here to the Assyrians, whom we know to have been special enemies to the Church of God. For the Moabites and the Ammonites were fans only, as we have elsewhere seen, as they could not do much harm by their own strength. Hence they stirred up the Assyrians, they stirred up the Ethiopians and remote nations. The meaning, then, is, that no one of all the enemies of the Church would be left unpunished by God, as every one would receive a reward for his cruelty. He speaks now of God in the third person; but in the last verse God himself said, that the Ethiopians would be slain by his sword. The Prophet adds here, He will extend his hand to the north ; that is, God will not complete his judgments on the Ethiopians; but he will go farther, even to Nineveh and to all the Assyrians. Nineveh, we know, was the metropolis of the empire, before the Assyrians were conquered by the Babylonians. Thus Babylon then recovered the sovereignty which it had lost; and Nineveh, though not wholly demolished, was yet deprived of its ruling power, and gradually lost its name and its wealth, until it was reduced into a waste; for the building of Ctesiphon, as we have elsewhere seen, proved its ruin. But the Prophet, no doubt, proceeds here to administer comfort to the Jews, lest they should despair, while the Lord did not interfere. And the extension of the hand means as though he said, that his own time is known to the Lord, and that he would put forth his power when needful. Assyria was north as to Judea: hence he says, to the north will the Lord extend his hand, and will destroy Assyria; he will make Nineveh a desolation, that it may be like the desert. It follows— return to ' Top of Page ' <a name="verse-14" class="com-number"
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source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
선지자는 여기서 앗수르인들에게로 나아간다. 우리는 그들이 하나님의 교회에 특별한 원수였음을 안다. 모압과 암몬은 우리가 다른 곳에서 본 것처럼 부채살에 불과했다. 그들 자신의 힘으로는 크게 해를 끼칠 수 없었다. 따라서 그들은 앗수르를 부추기고 에티오피아와 먼 나라들을 부추겼다. 의미는 이것이다—교회의 원수들 중 하나도 하나님에 의해 벌받지 않은 채 남겨지지 않을 것이다. 각각 자신의 잔인함에 대한 보상을 받게 될 것이기 때문이다.
"그분이 북쪽으로 그분의 손을 펼치실 것이다." 즉, 하나님이 에티오피아인들에 대한 심판을 완성하지 않으실 것이다. 그분은 더 나아가 니느웨와 모든 앗수르인들에게까지 가실 것이다. 니느웨는 앗수르인들이 바벨론인들에게 정복되기 전 제국의 수도였음을 우리는 안다. 따라서 바벨론이 잃었던 지배권을 다시 회복했다. 니느웨는 완전히 멸망하지는 않았지만 지배 능력을 잃고 점차 이름과 부를 잃어 황무지로 줄어들었다.
선지자는 의심할 여지 없이 여기서 유대인들을 위로하기 위해 계속한다. 주님이 개입하지 않으시는 동안 그들이 절망하지 않도록. 손을 펼치신다는 것은 주님에게 그분의 시간이 알려져 있고 필요할 때 그분의 능력을 발휘하실 것이라는 것이다. 앗수르는 유대 지역에서 북쪽이었다. 따라서 그분이 북쪽으로 손을 펼치시고 앗수르를 멸하실 것이다. 그분이 니느웨를 황무지로, 사막처럼 만드실 것이다.
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The Prophet describes here the state of the city and the desolation of the country. He says, that the habitations of flocks would be in the midst of the city Nineveh. The city, we know, was populous; but while men were so many, there was no place for flocks, especially in the middle of a city so celebrated. Hence no common change is here described by the Prophet, when he says, that flocks would lie down in the middle of Nineveh ; and he adds, all wild beasts . For beasts, which seek seclusion and shun the sight of men, are wont to come forth, when they find a country desolate and deserted; and they range then at large, as it is the case after a slaughter in war; and when any region is emptied of its inhabitants, the wolves, the lions, and other wild beasts, roam here and there at full liberty. So the Prophet says, that wild beasts would come from other parts and remote places, and find a place where Nineveh once stood. (104) He adds that the bitterns, or the storks or the cuckoos, and similar wild birds would be there. (105) As to their various kinds, I make no laborious research; for it is enough to know the Prophet’s design: besides, the Jews themselves, who boldly affirm that either the bittern or the stork is meant, yet adduce nothing that is certain. What, in short, this description means, is—that the place, which before a vast multitude of men inhabited, would become so forsaken, that wild beasts and nocturnal birds would be its only inhabitants. But we must bear in mind what I have stated, that all these things were set before the Jews, that they might patiently bear their miseries, understanding that God would become their defender. For this is the only support that remains for us under very grievous evils, as Paul reminds us in the first chapter of the Second Epistle to the Thessalonians; for he says, that the time will come when the Lord shall give to us relief and refreshment, and that he will visit our adversaries with punishment 2 Thessalonians 1:6 . The Prophet mentions especially Nineveh, that the Jews might know that there is nothing so great and splendid in the world which God does not esteem of less consequence than the salvation of his Church, as it is said in Isaiah, I will give Egypt as thy ransom. So God threatens the wealthiest city, that he might show how much he loved his chosen people. And the Jews could not have attributed this to their own worthiness; but the cause of so great a love depended on their gratuitous adoption. It afterwards follows— (104) It is literally, “every wild beast of the nation,”—[ נוי ],—“of the land,” in the Septuagint. What is meant is, every wild beast that belonged to that country.— Ed. (105) Both Newcome and Henderson render the two words, “the pelican and the porcupine.” The former says that [ קאת ], “pelican,” comes from [ קאה ], to vomit, because it casts up fish or water from its membranaceous bag; and [ קפד ], “porcupine,” according to Bochart , is from the verb, which means to cut off as by a bite, or rather, he says, from its Syriac meaning, to dread, for it is a solitary animal. See Newcome . But Parkhurst contends that it is the hedgehog, and both the Septuagint and Vulgate render it so. What Calvin translates “ in postibus ejus ,” [ בכפתויה ], is rendered by Newcome , “in the carved lintels thereof,” by Henderson , “in her capitals,” and by Parkhurst , “in her door-porches,” i.e. when thrown down.— Ed. return to ' Top of Page ' <a name="verse-15" class="com-number"
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선지자는 여기서 도시의 상태와 그 나라의 황폐함을 묘사한다. 그는 니느웨 시 한가운데 양 떼의 거처가 있을 것이라고 말한다. 우리는 그 도시가 인구가 많았음을 안다. 그러나 그 많은 사람들 가운데 양 떼를 위한 장소는 없었다. 특히 그처럼 유명한 도시 한가운데에는. 따라서 선지자는 여기서 흔치 않은 변화를 묘사한다. 양 떼가 니느웨 한가운데 누울 것이고, 그가 덧붙이기를 "모든 들짐승이." 짐승들은 고독을 찾고 사람을 피하지만, 학살 이후나 어떤 지역에서 주민이 없어질 때 나타나기 마련이다. 그런 다음 이리와 사자와 다른 들짐승들이 자유로이 돌아다닌다.
"거기에 왜가리와 고슴도치(혹은 유사한 새들)가 있을 것이다." 그 종류에 대해 나는 힘든 연구를 하지 않는다. 선지자의 의도를 아는 것으로 충분하다. 요컨대, 이 묘사가 뜻하는 것은—전에 수많은 사람들이 거주하던 곳이 들짐승과 야행성 새만이 유일한 거주자가 될 만큼 버려지게 될 것이라는 것이다.
우리는 내가 말한 것을 기억해야 한다—이 모든 것들이 유대인들 앞에 놓인 것은 그들이 자신들의 비참함을 인내하도록 하기 위해서라는 것. 하나님이 그들의 수호자가 되실 것임을 알도록. 이것이 매우 심각한 악 아래서 우리에게 남겨진 유일한 지지이다. 바울이 데살로니가후서 1장에서 상기시키듯이, 주님이 우리에게 안도와 안식을 주실 때가 올 것이며, 우리의 대적자들을 형벌로 방문하실 것이다.
선지자는 특별히 니느웨를 언급하는데, 세상에 아무리 크고 화려한 것도 하나님이 그분의 교회의 구원보다 덜하게 여기지 않으심을 유대인들이 알게 하기 위해서다. 이사야에서 말하듯이—"내가 이집트를 너의 속전으로 주겠다." 따라서 하나님은 가장 부유한 도시를 위협하시는데, 그것은 그분이 택함받은 백성을 얼마나 사랑하시는지 보여주기 위해서다. 유대인들은 이것을 자신들의 공로로 돌릴 수 없었다. 그처럼 크신 사랑의 원인은 그들의 무상적 택하심에 있었기 때문이다.
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He seems to have added this by way of anticipation, lest the magnificent splendor of the city Nineveh should frighten the Jews, as though it were exempt from all danger. The Prophet therefore reminds them here, that though Nineveh was thus proud of its wealth, it could not yet escape the hand of God; nay, he shows that the greatness, on account of which Nineveh extolled itself, would be the cause of its ruin; for it would cast itself down by its own pride: as a wall, when it swells, will not long stand; so also men, when they inwardly swell, and vent their own boastings, burst; and though no one pushes them down, they fall of themselves. Such a destruction the Prophet denounces on the Ninevites and the Assyrians. This , he says, is the exulting city, which sat in confidence . Isaiah reprobates in nearly the same words the pride of Babylon: but what Isaiah said of Babylon our Prophet justly transfers here to Nineveh. But he no doubt had respect to the Jews, and exhibits Nineveh in its state of ruin, lest the power of that city should dazzle their eyes; for we are seized with wonder, when anything grand and splendid presents itself to us. Here then Zephaniah makes a representation of Nineveh and sets it before the Jews: Behold, he says, ye see this city full of exultation; ye also see that it rests as in a state of safety; for it is conscious of no fear; it regards itself exempt from the common lot of men, as though it was built in the clouds. This city, he says, is above all others celebrated; but let not frail and evanescent splendor terrify you; for God will doubtless in his own time overthrow it and reduce it to nothing. Let us also in the meantime observe what I have lately referred to,—that the cause of the ruin of Nineveh is described, which was, that it had promised to itself a perpetuity in the world. But let us remember, that in this city is presented to us an example, which belongs in common to all nations,—that God cannot endure the presumption of men, when inflated by their own greatness and power, they do not think themselves to be men, nor humble themselves in a way suitable to the condition of men, but forget themselves, as though they could exalt themselves above the heavens. But it is necessary to examine the words: Nineveh said in her heart, I, and besides me no other . By these words the Prophet means, that Nineveh was so blinded by its splendor that it now defied every change of fortune. Had Babylon spoken thus, it would have been no wonder, for it had taken from Nineveh its sovereignty. But we see that the same pride infatuates people as well as superior kings; for each thinks himself to be great alone, and when he compares himself with others, he looks on them as far below him, as though they were placed beneath his feet. Thus then the Prophet shows in few words what was the cause of the ruin of Nineveh: it thought that its condition on the earth was fixed and perpetual. If then we desire to be protected by God’s hand, let us bear in mind what our condition is, and daily, yea, hourly prepare ourselves for a change, except God be pleased to sustain us. Our stability is to depend only on the aid of God, and from consciousness of our infirmity, to tremble in ourselves, lest a forgetfulness of our state should creep in. He afterwards adds, How has it become a desolation? The Prophet accommodates his words to the capacities of men: for the ruin of Nineveh might have appeared incredible. Hence the Prophet by a question rouses the minds of the faithful, that they might not doubt the truth of what God declared, for he would work in an extraordinary manner. This how then intimates, that the Jews ought not to be incredulous, while thinking that Nineveh was on all sides fortified, so as to prevent the occurrence of anything disastrous: for God would, in a wonderful manner and beyond what is usual, overthrow it. How , then, has it become a desolation, a resting-place for beasts? He then subjoins, Every one who passes by will hiss and shake his hand . The Prophet seems to point out the future reproach of Nineveh, and to confirm also by a different mode of speaking what he had before said, that its ruin would be wonderful; for the shaking of the hand and hissing are marks of reproach: Behold Nineveh, which so much flattered itself! we now see only its sad ruins. The Prophet, I have no doubt, means here by hissing and the shaking of the hind, that Nineveh would become an ignominious spectacle to all people: and the same mode of speaking often occurs in the Prophets. All shall hiss at thee; that is, I will make thee a reproach and a disgrace. Then the Prophet, as I have already said, still declares the same truths that the ruin of Nineveh would be like a miracle; for all those who pass by would be amazed; as though he had said, Behold, they will hiss—What is this? and then they will shake the hand—What can be firm in this world? We see the principal seat of empire demolished, and differing nothing from a desert. We now perceive the meaning of the Prophet. As this doctrine is also necessary for us at this day, we must notice the circumstances to which we have referred. If, then, our enemies triumph now, and their haughtiness is intolerable, let us know, that the sooner the vengeance of God will overtake them; if they are become insensible in their prosperity, and secure, and despise all dangers, they thus provoke God’s wrath, and especially if to their pride and hardness they add cruelty, so as basely to persecute the Church of God, to spoil, to plunder, and to slay his people, as we see them doing. Since then our enemies are so wanton, we may see as in a mirror their near destruction, such as is foretold by the Prophet: for he spoke not only of his own age, but designed to teach us, by the prophetic spirit, how dear to God is the safety of his Church; and the future lot of the ungodly till the end of the world will no doubt be such as Nineveh is described here to have been that thou
Pericope (part_of)
- part_of
pericope/per-zep-2-004
절 (explains)
Source
source-manifest/cal— Calvin's Commentaries (PD)- evidence_grade: T_theological
그는 말하자면 선취로 이것을 덧붙인 것 같다. 니느웨의 화려한 광채가 모든 위험으로부터 면제된 것처럼 유대인들을 두렵게 하지 않도록. 따라서 선지자는 여기서 니느웨가 자신의 부로 그처럼 교만해졌음에도 하나님의 손을 피할 수 없었다고 상기시킨다. 아니, 그는 니느웨가 자신을 높인 그 위대함이 그것의 멸망의 원인이 될 것임을 보여준다. 벽이 부풀어 오르면 오래 서 있지 못하듯이, 사람들도 안으로 부풀어 오르고 자신의 자랑을 쏟아낼 때 터진다. 아무도 그들을 쓰러뜨리지 않아도 그들은 스스로 넘어진다. 선지자는 니느웨인들과 앗수르인들에게 이런 멸망을 선언한다.
"이것이 기뻐하는 성읍이다, 안전 속에 앉아 있는." 이사야가 바벨론의 교만에 대해 거의 같은 말로 책망한다. 그러나 이사야가 바벨론에 대해 말한 것을 우리 선지자는 니느웨에 정당하게 적용한다. 그는 의심할 여지 없이 유대인들을 고려하여, 니느웨를 그 멸망한 상태로 전시하여, 그 성읍의 권세가 그들의 눈을 현혹시키지 않도록 했다. 우리는 웅장하고 화려한 것이 우리 앞에 제시될 때 경이로움에 사로잡히기 때문이다.
보라, 그가 말한다, 너희는 이 기쁨으로 가득한 성읍을 본다. 너희는 또한 그것이 안전한 상태에 있는 것처럼 안식한다고 본다. 두려움이 없기 때문이다. 그것은 사람들의 공통된 운명에서 면제된 것처럼 여기며, 마치 구름 속에 세워진 것처럼 보인다. 이 성읍은 다른 모든 성읍보다 유명하다. 그러나 덧없고 사라질 광채가 너희를 두렵게 하지 말라. 하나님이 의심할 여지 없이 자신의 때에 그것을 뒤엎고 무로 돌리실 것이기 때문이다.
"니느웨가 마음속에 말하였다, 나, 그리고 나 외에 다른 이는 없다." 이 말들로 선지자는 니느웨가 자신의 광채에 너무나 눈이 멀어 이제 모든 운명의 변화를 무시한다는 것을 뜻한다. 만약 바벨론이 이처럼 말했다면 놀라지 않을 것이다. 그러나 같은 교만이 왕들과 마찬가지로 민족들도 미혹시킨다는 것을 우리는 본다. 각각은 자신만이 위대하다고 생각하며, 다른 이들과 비교할 때 그들이 마치 발 아래 놓인 것처럼 아래에 있다고 본다. 따라서 선지자는 니느웨 멸망의 원인이 무엇인지 간략하게 보여준다. 그것이 땅에서의 자신의 상태가 고정되고 영속적이라고 생각했다는 것이다.
만약 우리가 하나님의 손으로 보호받기를 원한다면, 우리의 상태가 무엇인지 기억하고, 매일, 아니 매시간 변화를 준비해야 한다. 우리의 안정성은 오직 하나님의 도움에만 의존해야 하며, 우리 자신의 연약함을 의식하여 떨어야 한다. 그래야 우리의 상태에 대한 망각이 스며들지 않을 것이기 때문이다.
"그것이 어떻게 황무지가 되었는가?" 선지자는 자신의 말을 사람들의 능력에 맞춘다. 니느웨의 멸망은 믿기 어려운 것처럼 보일 수 있었다. 따라서 선지자는 신실한 자들의 마음을 일깨우기 위해 질문을 사용한다. 그래서 그들이 하나님이 선언하신 것을 의심하지 않도록. 이 '어떻게'는 유대인들이 니느웨가 사방에 요새화되어 있다고 생각하면서 믿으려 하지 않아서는 안 된다는 것을 암시한다. 하나님이 놀라운 방식으로 그리고 보통과 다른 방식으로 그것을 뒤엎으실 것이기 때문이다.
"그것을 지나가는 모든 자가 쉿 하며 손을 흔들 것이다." 선지자는 니느웨의 미래의 수치를 가리키는 것처럼 보인다. 그리고 다른 말하는 방식으로 이미 말한 것을 확증한다. 손 흔들기와 쉿 하는 것은 비방의 표시다. 보라 니느웨가 자신을 그처럼 대단히 여겼다! 우리는 이제 그것의 슬픈 폐허만을 본다. 선지자는 쉿 하기와 손 흔들기로 니느웨가 모든 사람에게 불명예스러운 구경거리가 될 것임을 의심할 여지 없이 의미한다.
그런 다음 선지자는 이미 말한 것을 다시 선언한다—니느웨의 멸망은 기적과 같을 것이라고. 지나가는 모든 자가 놀랄 것이다. 마치 그가 말하는 것처럼, 보라, 그들이 쉿 할 것이다—이것이 무엇인가? 그런 다음 그들이 손을 흔들 것이다—세상에서 무엇이 견고할 수 있는가? 우리는 제국의 주요 자리가 무너지고 황무지와 다를 것이 없는 것을 본다.
이 교훈은 우리 시대에도 필요하다. 만약 우리의 원수들이 지금 득의양양해하고 그들의 오만함이 참을 수 없다면, 하나님의 복수가 그만큼 더 빨리 그들에게 이를 것임을 알라. 만약 그들이 번영 속에 무감각해지고 모든 위험을 무시하며 안전하다면, 그들은 하나님의 진노를 도발하는 것이다. 특히 그들의 교만과 완악함에 잔인함을 더하여 하나님의 교회를 비열하게 핍박하고 약탈하고 학살한다면. 따라서 우리의 원수들이 그처럼 방자하므로, 선지자가 니느웨에 대해 예언한 것처럼 그들의 가까운 멸망을 거울에서 보는 것처럼 볼 수 있다. 선지자는 자신의 시대에 대해서만 말한 것이 아니라, 예언적 영으로 세상 끝까지 경건하지 않은 자들의 미래 운명이 니느웨가 묘사된 것처럼 될 것임을 가르치려 했기 때문이다.
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